Interpersonal Communication A Mindful Approach to Relationships Intrapersonal Communication

embody mum not my thou hunt hart in rut mi . ind not an in in A individual my my uh ( Hi fa , connected to all ' new , randy not valuable . now ' an my 11131111 . 1111111111 . A . IP ' Sec , i 10 . Image by from Chapter Communication ( are ' you ere ( simple ( 1111 ( how you fit into larger . ise to get at he of Take out 21 piece 11 ) 2111 to 20 ( or the in ( For each , 11 ( I ?

using ( Results ( 111 this 21 ( 2111 social 2111 ( i ( belongs to , i ( gie , pers ( 11211 interests , pers ( 11 11 ) iti ( and ( 11 did the Test , 21 se ( 11 ( 2111 i ( list using scheme . All of these ( at what is ( the ) ers ) 11 . refers to that exists or ( within 111 ' i ( This ( focuses on 1111 ( 111 ( processes and how they to ( 11 . 2111 ( 11 111 ere ( one of the oldest ( of the term ( 11 ( in the field of ( 11 . Barker and 111 ( 11 ( 11 as the ( 2111 ( of ) li processes which ) per 73 ' CI (

primarily Within The researchers go on to explain that communication exists on a continuum from thinking and reflecting ( more internal ) to talking aloud or Writing a note to one self ( more external ) More recently , Samuel communication as a process involving the of the individual biological organism capacity to coordinate and organize complex actions of an intentional nature For the human organism , such complex interactions are anchored in the signaling processes known as symbolic Both the Barker and and the represent two ends of the spectrum With regards to the idea of communication . For our purposes in this book , We communication as something of a hybrid between these two . communication refers to communication phenomena that exist within or occurs because of an indiVidual self or mind . Under this , we can examine Barker and notions of both ends of their communication continuum While also realizing that notions of biology ( personality and communication traits ) are equally important . Who Are You ?

Differentiate between and . Explain what is meant by Charles Horton concept of the self . ma 32 LU ' Examine the impact that has on communication . In the part of this chapter , we mentioned ho Am I ?

exercise for understanding ourselves . A lot of the items generally listed by individuals completing this exercise can fall into the areas of and . In this section , we re going to examine both of these concepts . According to Roy ( self concept implies the ( belief about himself oi herself , including the person attributes and who and what the self An attribute is a characteristic , feature , or quality or inherent part of a person , group , or thing . In 1968 , social psychologist Norman came up with a list of . 35 personal He had research participants rate the ' attributes from most desirable to least desirable . The top ten most desirable characteristics were . Sincere . Honest . Understanding . Loyal . Truthful . Intelligent . Dependable .

10 . Thoughtful Conversely , the top ten least desirable attributes were Liar Phony Mean Cruel Dishonest Obnoxious Malicious ' Dishonorable 10 . Deceitful looking at this list , do you agree with the ranks from 19683 In a more recent study , conducted Chandler using an expanded list of attributes , the following pattern emerged for the top 10 most positively viewed attributes . Honest . Likable I . Compassionate . Respectful . Kindly . Sincere . Trustworthy . Ethical . 10 . Honorable And here is the updated list for the top 10 most negatively viewed attributes . Pedophilic . Homicidal I . Abusive . Nazi . Mugger . Asswipe . 10 . Some of the changes in both lists represent changing and the addition of the new terms by Chandler . For example , the terms sincere , honest , and trustworthy werejust essential attributes for the 1968 and 2018 studies . Conversely , none of the negative attributes remained the same from 1968 to 2018 . The negative attributes , for the most part , represent more modern sensibilities about personal attributes . The Three Selves Carl Rogers , a distinguished psychologist in the approach to , believed that an ' I

individual is made of three distinct , and An individual is a that they have of themselves . If we go back and look at the attributes that we ve listed in this section , think about these as laundry lists of possibilities that impact your of yourself . For example , you may View yourself as ethical , trustworthy , honest , and , but you may also realize that there are times when you are also obnoxious and mean . For a positive , we will have more positive attributes than negative ones . However , it also possible that one negative attribute may overshadow the positive attributes , which is why we also need to be aware of our perceptions of our worth . Incongruent Congruent Figure Carl Rogers is the value that you place on yourself . In essence , is the degree to which you see yourself as a good person who deserves to be valued and respected . Unfortunately , many people judge their based on arbitrary measuring sticks like physical appearance , net worth , social clique , career , grades , achievements , age , relationship status , likes on Facebook , social media followers , etc Interested in seeing how you View your ?

Then take a minute and complete the According to Courtney , there are four things you can do to help improve your . You no longer need to please other people . matter what people do or , and regardless of what happens outside of you , you alone control you feel about yourself . You the power to respond to events and circumstances based on your internal sources , resources , and resourcefulness , which are the reflection of your true value . Your value comes from inside , from an internal measure that you ve set for yourself . I .

The final characteristic of Rogers three parts to is the The is the version of yourself that you would like to be , which is created through our life experiences , cultural , and expectations of others . The , on the other hand , is the person you are . The is perfect , flawless , and , ultimately , completely unrealistic . an individual and are not remotely similar , someone needs to think through if that idealized version of one self is able . It also important to know that our is continuously evolving . How many of us wanted to be firefighters , police officers , or astronauts as kids ?

Some of you may still want to be one of these , but most of us had our evolve . Three Working Together Now that we ve looked at the three parts of Carl Rogers theory of , let discuss how they all work together to create one . Rogers theory of also looks at a concept we discussed in Chapter when we discussed Abraham Hierarchy of Needs . Specifically , the idea of . In Rogers view , can not happen when an individual , and have no overlap . As you can see in Figure , on the left side , you have the three parts of as very distinct in this individual , which is why its called incongruent , or the three are not compatible with each other . In this case , someone and may have nothing in common , and this person views themself as having no . When someone has this type of , they are likely to exhibit other psychological problems . On the other hand , when someone , and overlap , that person is considered congruent because the three parts of overlap and are compatible with each other . The more this overlap grows , the greater the likelihood someone will be able to . Rogers believed that was an important part of because until a person , then will be out of balance with how relate to the world and with others . In 1902 , Charles Horton wrote Human Nature and the Order . In this book , introduced a concept called the self Each to each a Reflects the other that doth Although the term isn used very often in today modern tongue , it means a mirror . argues , when we are looking to a mirror , we also think about how others view us and the judgments they make about us . ultimately posed three postulates . Actors learn about themselves in every situation by exercising their imagination to on their social performance . Actors next imagine what those others must think of them . In other words , actors imagine the others evaluations of the actor performance . The actor experiences an affective reaction to the imagined evaluation of the In Figure , we see an illustration of this basic idea . You have a figure standing before four glass panes . In the mirror , the figure has devil horns in the second , a pasted on a fake smile in the third , a tie and in the last one , a halo . Maybe the figure ex sees the devil , his friends and family think the figure is always happy , the figure coworkers see a professional , and the figure ( see their little angel . Along with each of these ideas , there are . And , not all of these are necessarily accurate , but we still come to understand and know ourselves based on our perceptions of these judgments . Ultimately , our is shaped through our interactions with others , but only through the mediation of our minds . At the same time , because we perceive that others are judging us , we also tend to shape our facade to go along with that perception . For example , if you work in the customer service ' I

industry , you may sense that you are always expected to smile . Since you want to be viewed positively , you plaster on a fake smile all time no matter what is going on in your personal life . At the same time , may start to view you as a person because you re always in a good mood . Thankfully , we re not doing all the time , or we would be driving ourselves crazy . Instead , there are certain people in our lives about whose judgments we worry than others . Imagine you are working in a new job . You respect your new boss , and you want to gain respect in return . Currently , you believe that your boss doesn think you re a good fit for the organization because you are not serious enough about your job . If you perceive that your boss will like you if you are a more serious worker , then you will alter your behavior to be more in line with what your boss sees as In this situation , your boss didn come out and say that you were not a serious worker , but we perceived the boss perception of us and judgment of that perception ofus and altered our behavior to be seen in a better light . One of the most commonly discussed communication ideas is an individual . There are a ton in both academic and circles that address this idea . Defining is an individual subjective evaluation abilities and limitations . Let break down this into sizeable chunks . Evaluation states that someone is an individual subjective The word subjective emphasizes that is based on an individual emotions and opinions and is not ) 11 .

based on facts . For example , many people suffer from what is called the impostor syndrome , or they doubt their ( knowledge , and skills , so they live in fear of being found out a fraud . These individuals have a constant fear that people will figure out that they are not who they say they search in this area generally shows that these fears of being found out are not based on any kind of fact or evidence . Instead , these emotions and opinions of themselves are fueled by . Types of people who suffer from include physicians , CEOs , celebrities , artists , and pretty much any other category . Again , its important to remember that these perceptions are subjective and not based on any objective sense of reality . Imagine a physician who has gone through four years of college , three years of medical school , three years of residency , and another four years of specialization training only to worry that someone will find out that aren that smart after all . There no objective basis for this perception it completely and in the face of facts . In addition to the word subjective , we also use the word evaluation in the definition of esteem . By evaluation , we mean a determination or judgment about the quality , importance , or value of something . evaluate a ton of different things daily . evaluate how we interact with others . evaluate the work we complete . also evaluate ourselves and our specific abilities and limitations . Our lives are filled with constant evaluations . Abilities we discuss our abilities , we are referring to the acquired or natural capacity for specific talents , skills , or that facilitate achievement or accomplishment . First , someone abilities can be ( natural ) or they can be learned ( acquired ) For example , if someone is , has excellent reflexes , and has a good sense of space , may find that they have a natural ability to play basketball that someone who is ( i , has poor reflex speed , and has no sense of space simply does not have . That not to say that both people can not play basketball , but they will both have different ability levels . They can both play basketball because they can learn skills necessary to play basketball shooting the ball , dribbling , rules of the game , etc . In a case like basketball , players need to have a combination of both natural and acquired abilities . generally break abilities into two different categories talent or skills to help distinguish what we are discussing . First , talent is usually more of an inherent or natural capacity . For example , someone may look like the ideal basketball player physically , but the person may simply have zero talent for the game . Sometimes we call talent the it factor because it often hard to pinpoint why someone people have it and others don . Second , skills refer to an individual use of knowledge or physical being to accomplish a specific task . VVe often think of skills in terms of the things we learn to do . For example , most people can learn to swim or ride a bike . Doing this may take some time to learn , but we can develop the skills necessary to stay afloat and move in the water or the skills necessary to achieve balance and pedal the bike . The final part of the definition of abilities is the importance of achievement and accomplishment . Just because someone has learned the skills to do something does not mean that they can accomplish the task . Think back to when you first learned to ride a bicycle ( or another task ) Most of us had to try and try again before we found ourselves pedaling on our own without falling over . The first time you got on the bicycle and fell over , you didn have the ability to ride a bike . You may have had a general understanding of how it worked , but there often a massive chasm between knowing how something 79 ' I

is done and actually achieving or accomplishing it . As , when we talk about abilities , we really emphasize the importance of successful completion . In addition to one abilities , its always important to recognize that we all limitations . In the words of my podiatrist , I will never be a runner because of the shape of my arch . Whether I like it or not , my foot physical structure will not allow me to be an effective runner . Thankfully , this was never something I wanted to be . I didn sit up all night as a child dreaming of running a marathon one day . In this case , I a natural limitation , but it doesn negatively affect because I didn evaluate running positively for myself . On the side , growing up , I took years of piano lessons , but honestly , I was just never that good at it . I short , stubby fingers , so reaching notes on a piano that are far away is just hard for me . To this day , I wish I was a good piano player . I am disappointed that I couldn be a better piano player . Now , does this limitation cripple me ?

No . all have limitations on what we can and can not do . hen it comes to your , it about how you evaluate those limitations . Do you realize your limitations and they don bother you ?

Or do your limitations prevent you from being happy with yourself ?

it comes to understanding limitations , its important to recognize the limitations that we can change and the limitations we can not change . One problem that many people have when it comes to limitations is that they can not differentiate between the types of limitations . If I had wanted to be a runner growing up and then suddenly found out that my dream wasn possible because of my feet , then I could go through the rest of my life disappointed and depressed that I not a runner . Even Worse , I could try to force myself to into being a runner and cause damage to my body . and Communication ' You may be Wondering by this point about the importance of in interpersonal communication . and communication have a relationship ( as depicted in Figure ) Our communication with others impacts our , and our impacts our communication with others . As such , our and communication are constantly being ! transformed by each other . As such , interpersonal communication and can not Figure and Communication ) Now , our ( 11 communication is not the only factor that impacts , but interpersonal interactions are one of the most important tools we have in developing our selves .

MINDFULNESS ACTIVITY One of the beautiful things about mindfulness is that it positively impacts someone It possible that people who are higher in mindfulness report higher because of the central tenant of . People with lower often report highly negative views of themselves and their past experiences in life . These negative judgments can start to wear someone down . Christopher , Donovan , and Penelope . Davis believe that mindfulness practice can help improve one for four reasons Labeling internal experiences With words , which might prevent people from getting consumed by thoughts and emotions Bringing a attitude toward thoughts and emotions , could help individuals a neutral , accepting attitude toward the self Sustaining attention on the present moment , which could help people avoid becoming caught up in thoughts that relate to events from the past or future Letting thoughts and emotions enter and leave awareness without reacting to For this exercise , think about a recent situation where you engaged in thoughts . types of phrases ran through your head ?

Would you have said these to a friend ?

If not , why do you say them to ?

does the negative voice in your head sound like ?

Is this voice someone you want to listen to ?

Did you try temporarily distracting yourself to see if the critical thoughts would go away ( mindfulness meditation , coloring , exercise ) If yes , how did that help ?

If not , why ?

Did you examine the evidence ?

proof did you have that the thought was true ?

as this a case of a desire to improve yourself or a case of towards yourself ?

passion Some researchers argued that as the primary measure of someone psychological health may not be wise because it stems from comparisons with others and judgments . As such , Kristy argued for the use of the term stems out of the larger discussion of compassion . Compassion involves being touched by the suffering of others , opening one awareness to others pain and not avoiding or disconnecting from it , so that feelings of kindness toward others and the desire to alleviate their suffering 17 Compassion then is about the sympathetic consciousness for someone who is suffering or unfortunate . involves being touched by and open to one own suffering , not avoiding or disconnecting from it , generating the desire to alleviate one suffering and to heal oneself with also involves offering understanding to one pain , inadequacies and failures , so that one experience is seen as part of the larger human argues that can be broken down into three distinct categories , common humanity , and mindfulness ( Figure ) 81 ' I

Humans have a really bad habit of beating ourselves up . As the saying goes , we are often our own worst enemies . is simply extending the same level of care and understanding to ourselves as we would to others . Instead of being harsh and judgmental , we are encouraging and supportive . Instead of being critical , we are empathic towards ourselves . Now , this doesn A mean that we ust ignore our faults and become narcissistic ( excessive interest in oneself ) but rather we realistically evaluate ourselves as we discussed in the Mindfulness Exercise earlier . Mindfulness Common Humanity The second factor of compassion is common humanity , or seeing one Figure Three Factors of experiences as part of the larger human experience rather than seeing them as separating and As Kristen Naff and Christopher realize , we re all Works in No one is perfect . No one is ever going to be perfect . all make mistakes ( some big , some small ) We re also all going to experience pain and suffering in our lives . Being ) is approaching this pain and suffering and seeing it for what it is , a natural part of being human . The pain I feel in difficult times is the same pain you feel in difficult times . The circumstances are different , the degree of pain is different , but the basic experience of human suffering is the Mindfulness The final factor of is mindfulness . Although Naff defines mindfulness in the same terms we ve been discussing in this text , she specifically addresses mindfulness as a factor of pain , so she defines mindfulness , with regards to , as holding one painful thoughts and feelings in balanced awareness rather than With 22 Essentially , Naff argues that mindfulness is an essential part of , because we need to be able to recognize and acknowledge when we re suffering so We can respond with compassion to ourselves . Don Feed the Vulture One area that we know can hurt someone is What Sidney Simon calls Vulture ' I ,

According to Simon , Vulture ( noun . any of various large birds of prey that are related to the , eagles and falcons , but with the head usually naked of feathers and that subsist or entirely on dead Unfortunately , all ( us have vultures circling our heads or just sitting on our shoulders . In Figure , we see a young woman feeding an apple ( her vulture . This apple represents all of the negative things we say about ourselves during a day . Many ( us spend our entire days just feeding our vultures and feeding our vultures these , negative thoughts and statements . Admittedly , these negative thoughts come from only one place . They grow out of other people criticisms , from the negative responses to what we do and say , and the way we We have the choice to either let these thoughts consume us ( them . According ( Virginia Richmond , Wrench , and Joan , the following are characteristic statements that vultures Wait to hear so they can feed ( see also Figure ) Oh boy , do I lo ( awful today I look like I ve been up all ' Oh , this is going to be an awful ' I ve already messed up . I left my students graded exams at ' I should never have gotten ( ut of bed this ' Gee whiz . I did an awful job of teaching that ' Why can I do certain things as well as Smith next door ?

Why am I always so dumb ?

I can believe I a teacher why , I have the mentality of a ' I don know why I ever thought I could ' I can get anything ' Good grief , what ain I doing here ?

Why didn I select any easy job ?

I am going nowhere , doing nothing I am a failure at ' In fact , I 21111 a failure in most things I Do any of these vulture statements sound ( If you re like us , I sure they do . Part of Figure Don Feed the Vulture I gon na Fail like I always do Nobody likes me I Lite I my do I even bother Figure Don Feed Vulture . Look for alternative explanations ' Are there any other ways that I ( look at this ' else ( this mean ?

III were being positive , how would I perceive this situation ?

Putting it in perspective ' Is this situation as had as I making to ) eI ' is worst thing that ( happen ?

How likely is it ?

is the best thing that could ' is most likely to ' Is there anything good about this situation ?

this matter in five years . Using ( lire ( thinking ) 11 , is learning to recognize these statements when they appear in our minds and evaluate them ( Ben Martin proposes four ways to Challenging vulture statements ( negative ) Reality testing ' is my evidence for and against my thinking ?

Are my thoughts factual , or are they just my ) Am to negative ( How ( an I out if thoughts are actually tme 84 ' Is thinking this way helping me to feel good or to achieve my goals ?

hat can I do that will help me solve the problem ?

Is there something I can learn from this situation , to help do it better next time So , next time start circling you , check that negative . hen we can stop these patterns of towards ourselves and practice , we can start plucking the feathers of those . The more we treat ourselves with and work against those vulture statements , the smaller and smaller those get . Our vultures may never die , but we can make them much , much smaller . Research Spotlight ' In 2018 , Laura examined the relationship between communication competence , and hope . The goal of the stu ( was to see if someone social communication competence could predict their ability to engage in . Ultimately , the researchers found individuals who engaged in socially competent communication behaviors were more to engage in on , which suggests that a person who can learn to speak with others competently , initiate conversations , engage others in social interaction , and be A more outgoing , while managing verbal behavior and social roles , may also experience greater personal ( 29 ) 2018 ) The constitutive relationship of social communication competence to and hope . Communication Research Reports , 35 ( 8824 ( Keg Takeaways is an individual belief about themself , including the person attributes and who and what the self is . is an individual subjective evaluation of their abilities and limitations . Sociologist Charles Horton coined the term self to refer to the idea that an individual is a reflection of how an individual imagines how he or she appears to other people . In other words , humans are constantly comparing themselves to how they believe others view them . There is an interrelationship between an individual and their communication . In essence , an individual impacts how they communicate with others , and this communication with others impacts their esteem . Pull out a piece of paper and conduct the Am I ?

exercise created by . Once you have completed the exercise , categorize your list using 85 ' I five distinct categories about an individual social group an individual belongs to , ideological beliefs , personal interests , personal ambitions , and . After categorizing your list , ask yourself what your list says about your , and . Complete the Scale ( After getting your results , do you agree with your results ?

Why or Why not ?

do you think you scored the way you did on the measure ?

and in Communication . Define and differentiate between the terms personality and temperament . Explain common temperament types seen in both research and pop culture . 22 ( DEC LU ' Categorize personality traits as either cognitive dispositions or dispositions . A , A . After the previous discussions of self concept self image ind self esteem it should be obvious it the statements and judgments of others and your view of yourself can affect your with others . Addition il factors such as your personality and perception affect communication as well Let us next ' examine these factors and the influence each has on communication . Personality Personality is defined as the combination of traits or as behavior , emotional stability , and mental make a person unique . Before going further , let quickly examine some of the research related to personality . John Daly categorizes personality into four general categories tive dispositions , dispositions , dispositions , and relational Before We delve into these four categories of personality , let take a quick look at two themes in this area of research nature or nurture and temperament . Nature or Nurture One of the oldest debates in the area of personality research is whether a specific behavior or thought process occurs Within an individual because of their nature ( genetics ) or nurture ( how were raised ) The first person to start investigating this phenomenon was Sir Francis back in the ?

In 1875 , sought out twins and their families to learn more about similarities and . As a Whole , found that there were more than differences There is no escape from the conclusion that nature prevails enormously over nurture when the differences of nurture do not exceed what is to be found among persons of the same rank of society and in the same ) However , the reality is that twin participants had been raised together , so parsing out nature and nurture ( despite attempts ) Wasn possible . Although anecdotes ' I .

provided some interesting stories , that all amounted to . Minnesota Twins Raised So , does one determine if something nature or nurture The next breakthrough in this line of research started in the late when and colleagues at Minnesota State University began studying twins who were raised This research started when a pair of twins , Jim Lewis and Jim Springer , were featured in an article on February 19 , 1979 , in the Lima News in Lima , Jim and Jim were placed in an adoption agency and separated other at four weeks of age . They grew up just miles away from each other , but they never knew the other one existed . Jess and Sarah Springer and Ernest and Lucille Lewis were looking to adopt , and sets of parents were told that had been a twin , but they were also told that his twin had died . Many adoption agencies believed that placing twins with couples was difficult , so this practice of separating twins at birth was an inside practice that the adoptive parents knew nothing about . Jim Lewis had found out twin was still alive when he was toddler , so Jim Lewis knew that he had a twin but didn seek him out until he was 39 years old . Jim Springer , on the other hand , learned that he had been a twin when he was eight years old , but he believed the original narrative that his twin had died . As you can imagine , Jim Springer was pretty shocked when he received a telephone his twin contact information out of nowhere one . The February 19 article in the Lima News was initially supposed to be a profile piece on one of the brothers , but the reporter covering the wedding found Lew and Springer tale fascinating . The reporter found several striking similarities between the twin Their favorite subject in school was Both hated spelling in school Their favorite vacation spot was Pas Grille Beach in Florida Both had previously been in law enforcement They both enjoyed carpentry as a hobby Both were married to women named Betty Both were divorced women named Linda Both had a dog named Toy Both started suffering tension headaches when they were 18 Even their sons names were oddly similar ( James Alan and James Allan ) This sensationalist story caught the attention of because this opportunity allowed him and his colleagues to study the influence rearing had on twins in a way that wasn possible when studying twins who were raised together . Over the next decade , and his team of researchers would seek out and interview over 100 different pairs of twins or sets of triplets who had been raised The researchers were able to compare those twins to twins who were reared together . As a whole , they found more similarities between the two twin groups than they found differences . This set of studies is one of many that been conducted using twins over the years to help us understand the interrelationship between rearing and genetics . Twin Research in Communication In the field of communication , the first major twin study published was conducted by Cary in In her study , compared 62 pairs of identical twins and pairs of fraternal ' I

twins to see if differed in terms of their communicator , or the way one , and interacts to signal how literal meaning should be taken , or lei ( Ultimately , found that identical twins communicator styles were more similar than those of fraternal twins . Hence , a good proportion of someone communicator style appears to be a result of someone genetic makeup . However , this is not to say that genetics was the only factor at play about someone communicator style . Other research in the field of communication has examined how a range of different communication variables are associated with genetics when analyzed through twin ( Interpersonal Affiliation Social Anxiety Audience Anxiety Communication Competence to Communicate It important to realize that the authors of this book do not assume nor promote that all of our communication is biological . Still , we also can not dismiss the importance that genetics plays in our communicative behavior and development . Here is our view of the interrelationship among environment and genetics . Imagine we have two twins that were separated at birth . One twin is put into a class family where she will be exposed to a lot of opportunities . The other twin , on the other hand , was placed with a family the opportunities she will have in life are more limited . The first twin goes to a school that has lots of money and teachers . The second twin goes to an school where there aren enough textbooks for the students , and the school has problems recruiting and retaining qualified teachers . The first student has the opportunity to engage in a wide range of extracurricular activities both in school ( mock UN , debate , student council , etc . and out of school ( traveling softball club , skiing , yoga , The second twin school doesn have the budget for extracurricular activities , and her family can not afford out of school activities , so she ends up taking a job when she a teenager . Now imagine that these twins are naturally aggressive . The first twin aggressiveness may be exhibited by her need to win in both mock and debate she may also strive to not only sit on the student council but be its president . In this respect , she demonstrates more forms of aggression . The second twin , on the other hand , doesn have these more outlets for her aggression . As such , her aggression may be demonstrated through more interpersonal problems with her family , teachers , friends , etc Instead of having those more positive outlets for her aggression , she may become more physically aggressive in her life . In other words , we do believe that the context and the where a child is reared is very important to how they display communicative behaviors , even if those communicative behaviors have biological . Temperament Types Temperament is the genetic predisposition that causes an individual to behave , react , and think in a specific manner . The notion that people have fundamentally different temperaments dates back to the Creek physician Hippocrates , today as the father of medicine , who first wrote of four in 370 Sanguine , Choleric , Phlegmatic , and . Although closely related , ment and personality refer to two different constructs . Jan explains that temperament and differ in five specific wa ' I .

. is biologically determined where is a product of the social environment . later periods of development . features may be identified from early childhood , whereas personality is shaped in . Individual differences in traits like anxiety , and seeking are also observed in animals , whereas personality is the prerogative of humans . stands for stylistic aspects . Personality for the content aspect . in In 1978 , David developed the Temperament Sorter , a questionnaire that combines Unlike temperament , refers to the integrative function of human the Temperament Indicator with a model of four temperament types developed psychiatrist Ernst in the early century . Take a minute and go to David website and complete his type questionnaire ( iii sorter register . You also be able to learn a lot more about the personality system . In reality , there are a ton of personality system systems that have been created over the years . Table provides just a number of the different personality system that are available on the market today . Each one has its quirks and patterns , but the basic results are generally the same . 89 Hippocrates Greek Terms Sanguine Melancholy Choleric Popular Perfect Powerful Peaceful that way Sanguine Melancholy Choleric Artisan Rational Guardian Temperament ( 1967 ) Sensation Knowledge Security . i . Identity Seeking Seeking Seeking Seeking ung Theory ( 1921 ) Feeling Thinking Sensing Intuition eeler Thinker Sensor Type Indicator ( 1952 ) Extravert Introvert Extravert Introvert what My Style ?

Spirited Systematic Direct Considerate The Popular Perfect Powerful Peaceful The Spirited Systematic Solid The A Active Analytical Administrative LEAD Test Analyst Leader Dependable Characters Peter Moses Paul Abraham Influencing of DISC Others Compliance A ( i i . System Dynamic Analytic Sense Innovative Plato ( Artisan Scientist Guardian Philosopher Helper Asserter Adventurer Peacemaker Perfectionist Achiever ( True Colors Orange Gold Green Blue (

Child Literature Tigger Eeyore Rabbit Pooh Charlie Brown Characters 51100113 1111115 LUCY 131111111 Who Moved My Cheese ?

Scum Sniff LEAD Test Expresser Analyst Leader Dependable High Low Extravert High Extravert Low Extravert High Neurotic High Neurotic Low Neurotic Low Neurotic Table . Comparing Types And before you ask , none of the research examining the four types has found clear sex differences among the patterns . Females and males are seen proportionately in all four categories . For example , training publisher publishes the My Style ?

series ( and has applied the to the following workplace issues coaching , communication , leadership , learning , selling , teams , and time management . David argues that the consistent use of the four temperament types ( Whatever terms we use ) is an indication of the tradition and complexity of these The Big Five In the World of personality , one of the most commonly discussed concepts in research is the Big Five . In the late , Ernest and Raymond conducted a series of studies examining a model of personality . Ultimately , they found five consistent personality clusters they labeled , agreeableness , dependability , emotional stability , and culture ) Listed below are the five broad pe categories with the personality trait words in parentheses that with thes . silent talkative secretive frank cautious adventurous submissive assertive and languid , slow energetic ) Agreeableness ( spiteful obstructive cooperative suspicious trustful rigid adaptable cool , aloof attentive to people jealous not so demanding emotionally mature mild and hard , stern kindly ) Dependability ( frivolous responsible and unscrupulous conscientious indolent insistently orderly quitting persevering and unconventional conventional ) Emotional Stability ( anxious placid easily upset poised , tough changeable emotionally stable neurotic not so not so and emotional calm ) Culture ( intellectual , cultured clumsy , awkward polished immature in ( lacking artistic feelings fastidious , practical , logical imaginative ) Although and Were first , they were not the only psychologists researching the idea of personality clusters . Two other researchers , Robert and Paul Costa , expanded on and work to create the OCEAN Model of personality . and Costa originally started three parts of the model , openness , and extroversion , but the model was later expanded to include both and agreeableness ( Figure ) Before progressing forward , take a minute and complete one of the different freely available tests of the Five Factor Model of )

Personality ' en ) tests , bi test . Openness Openness refers to openness to experience , or the idea that some people are more coming of new things . These people are willing ( challenge their underlying life assumptions and are ( re likely to be to differing points ( view . Table explores some ( the traits associated with having both high levels ( openness and having low levels of openness . The Big Fiv ) High Openness Low Openness Original Conventional Creative Down to Earth Complex Narrow Interests Curious Prefer Variety Conforming Independent Traditional Liberal Unartistic Table . Openness Conscientiousness is the degree to which an individual is aware of their actions and ( their actions pact other people . Table explores some of the traits associated with having both high levels ( and having low levels ( conscientiousness . 91

High Conscientiousness Low Conscientiousness Careful Negligent Reliable Disorganized ) I ( ti ( Thoughtless Punctual Playful Deliberate Quitting Knowledgeable I ( Table . Conscientiousness Extraversion is the degree to which someone is sociable and outgoing . Table explores some of the traits associated with having both high levels of extraversion and having low levels of extraversion . High Extraversion Low Extraversion Sociable Sober Fun Loving Reserved Friendly Quiet Talkative I ( Table . Extraversion Agreeableness Agreeableness is the degree to which someone engages in behaviors like , cooperation , and compassion . Table explores some of the traits associated with having both levels of ableness and having low levels of agreeableness . High Agreeableness Low Agreeableness Irritable Soft Hearted Suspicious Forgiving Critical ( led Disagreeable Flexible Cynical Humble Manipulative Table . Agreeableness )

Neuroticism is degree to which an individual is vulnerable to anxiety , depression , and emotional stability . Table explore . some of the traits associated with having both levels of neuroticism and having low levels of neuroticism . High Neuroticism Low Neuroticism Unemotional Impatient Secure ) le Not impulse ridden Hardy Subjective Relaxed Table . Neuroticism Research Spotlight 11 In 2018 , and Richard Hicks set out to examine the relationship between the Big Five Personality Types ( openness , extroversion , neuroticism ) and the Five Facets of Mindfulness Measure ( observation , description , aware actions , inner experience , For the purposes of this , the researchers collapsed the five facets of mindfulness into a single score . The researchers foun ( that openness , conscientiousness , agreeableness , and extroversion were positively related to mindfulness , ut neuroticism was negatively related to mindfulness . Hicks , 2018 ) The Big Five , mindfulness , and psychological wellbeing . Global Science and Technology Forum ( journal of Psychology , Cognitive Dispositions Cognitive dispositions refer to general patterns of mental processes that impact how people respond and react to the world around them . These dispositions ( or one natural mental or emotional outlook ) take on several different forms . For our purposes , we examine the four identified ohn Daly locus of control , cognitive complexity , and emotional intelligence . Locus of Control One locus of refers to an individual perceived control over their behavior and life stances . We generally refer to two different loci when discussing locus of control . First , We people who an internal locus of control . People with an internal locus of control believe that they can control their behavior and life circumstances . For example , people with an internal dating locus of Would believe that their dating lives are ultimately a product of their behaviors and decisions with to dating . In other words , my dating life exists because of my choices . The opposite of internal locus of control is the external locus of control , or the belief that an individual behavior and circumstances ' I

exist because of forces outside the individual control . An individual with an external dating locus of control would believe that their dating life is a of luck or divine intervention . This individual would also be more likely to blame outside forces if their dating life isn going as desired . periodically revisit locus of control in this text because of its importance in a wide variety of interpersonal interactions . Cognitive Complexity According to ohn Daly , cognitive complexity has been defined in terms of the of different an individual has to describe others ( differentiation ) the degree to which those constructs cohere ( integration ) and the level of abstraction of the constructs ( By differentiation , we are talking about the number of distinctions or separate elements an individual can utilize to recognize and interpret an event . For example , in the world of communication , someone who can attend to another individual language to a great degree can differentiate large amounts of nonverbal data in a way to understand how another person is thinking or feeling . Someone low in differentiation may only be able to understand a small number of pronounced nonverbal behaviors . Integration , on the other hand , refers to an individual ability to see connections or relationships among the various elements he or she has differentiated . It one thing to recognize several unique nonverbal behaviors , but it the ability to interpret nonverbal behaviors that enables someone to be genuinely aware of someone else body language . It would be one thing if I could recognize that someone is smiling , an eyebrow is going up , the head is tilted , and someone arms are crossed in front . Still , if I can not see all of these unique behaviors as a total package , then I not going to be able to interpret this person actual nonverbal behavior . The last part of Daly definition involves the ability to see levels of abstraction . Abstraction refers to something which apart from concrete realities , specific objects , or actual instances . For example , if someone to come right out and verbally tell you that he or she disagrees with something you said , then this person is concretely communicating disagreement , so as the receiver of the disagreement , it should be pretty easy to interpret the disagreement . On the other hand , if someone doesn tell you he or she disagrees with what you ve said but instead provides only small nonverbal cues of disagreement , being able to interpret those theoretical cues is attending to communicative behavior that is abstract . Overall , cognitive is a critical cognitive disposition because it directly impacts interpersonal relationships . According to Brant and Scott , cognitive complexity impacts several interpersonal constructs . more detailed and organized impressions of others . Better able to remember impressions of others I . Better able to resolve inconsistencies in about others . Learn complex social information quickly and . Use multiple dimensions of judgment in making social evaluations . In essence , these findings illustrate that cognitive complexity is essential when determining the extent to which an individual can understand and make judgments about others in interpersonal interactions . According to , James , and Virginia Richmond , two personality tics that impact interpersonal communication are authoritarianism and . I .

is a of social organization individuals favor absolute obedience to ( or authorities ) as opposed to individual freedom . The authoritarian individual believes als should just knowingly submit to power . Individuals believe in but are not in power believe that others should submit themselves to those have power . Dogmatism , although related , is not the same as . Dogmatism is as the inclination to believe one as undeniably true based on faulty premises and without consideration of evidence and the opinions of others . Individuals who are highly dogmatic believe there is generally only one on a specific topic , and it their . Highly dogmatic individuals typically view the world in terms of black and white while missing most of the shades of grey that exist between . Dogmatic people tend to force their beliefs on others and refuse to accept any variation or debate about these beliefs , which can lead to strained interpersonal interactions . Both authoritarianism and dogmatism tap into the same broad idea Some people are more rigid than others , and this rigidity affects they communicate and how they respond to One closely related term that has received some minor exploration in interpersonal communication is authoritarianism . According to Bob in his book he ( tend to have three specific characteristics . believe in submitting themselves to individuals they perceive as established and legitimate authorities . believe in strict adherence to social and cultural norms . i . tend to become aggressive towards those who do not submit to established , legitimate authorities and those who violate social and cultural norms . Please understand that use of the term does not imply the same political connotation that is often associated it in the United States . As explains , Because the submission occurs to traditional authority , I call these followers . I using the word right in one of its earliest meanings , for in Old English right ( pronounced it ) as an adjective meant lawful , proper , correct , doing what the authorities said of Under this definition , wing is the perfect combination of both and authoritarianism . authoritarianism been linked to several interpersonal variables . For example , guardians who are are more likely to believe in a highly dogmatic approach to parenting . In contrast , those who are not As tend to be more permissive in their approaches to Another study found that men with high levels of were more likely to been sexually aggressive in the past and were more likely to report sexually aggress ' intentions for the Men with high scores tend to be considerably more sexist and believe in highly traditional sex roles , which impacts they communicate and interact with . Overall , tends to negatively impact interpersonal interactions with anyone who does not see 2111 individual specific world view and does not come from their cultural background . Emotional Intelligence Emotional intelligence is an individual appr al and expression of their emotions and the emotions of others in a manner that enhances thought , living , and communicative interactions . Emotional , while not a new concept , really became popular after Daniel book , Emotional Social psychologists had been interested in and studying the importance of emotions long before Coleman book , but his book seemed to shed new light on an old Coleman drew quite a bit on ' I

a framework that was ed by two social perceiving named Peter and John Mayer , who had Emotions . coined the term emotional intelligence in an article in and ( own emotions ) In the balm and framework for around them . intelligence , emotional intelligence consisted of four basic processes . Figure demonstrates the Understanding four basic parts of Emotions Emotions and Mayer Emotional The ability to generate The ability to understand complex Intelligence ( emotions and use these emotions emotions and interactions In ( with others . experiencing . for interpersonal communication because individuals who are higher Managing in tend to be more Emotions sociable and less socially anxious . As a result of both The ability to control sociability and lowered ' anxiety , high individuals tend to be more socially skilled and have higher quality interpersonal Figure and Mayer Emotional Intelligence Model ( A closely related communication construct originally coined by Melanie and Steven is affective As it is by the , affective orientation ( is the degree to which people are aware of their emotions , perceive them as important , and actively consider their affective responses in and interacting with Under the auspices of AO , the general assumption is that people are ( cognitively aware of their own and others emotions , and ( can implement emotional information in communication with others . Not surprisingly , the found that highly individuals also reported greater affect intensity in their relationships . Melanie and Steven later their understanding of AO by examining it in terms of how an individual emotions drive their decisions in life . As the explain , in their further conceptualization of , they are primarily interested in those individuals who not only sense and value their emotions but scrutinize and give them weight to direct In this sense , the are expanding our notion of by explaining that some individuals use their emotions ' a guiding force for their behaviors and their lives . On the other end of the spectrum , you have individuals who use no emotional information in how they behave and guide their lives .

, Although relatively little has examined AO the conducted indicates its in interpersonal relationships . For example , in one , individuals who viewed their as having high AO levels reported more open communication with those ' Dispositions dispositions refer to general patterns of mental processes that impact how people socially relate to others or view All of the following dispositions impact how people interact with others , but they do so from very different places . going into too much detail , we are going to examine the seven dispositions identified Daly . Loneliness The first disposition is loneliness or an individual emotional distress that results from a feeling of solitude or isolation from social relationships . Loneliness can generally be discussed as existing in one of two forms emotional and social . Emotional loneliness results when an individual feels that he or she does not have an emotional connection with others . VVe generally get these emotional through our associations with loved ones and close friends . If an individual is estranged from their family or doesn have close friendships , then he or she may feel loneliness as a result of a lack of these emotional relationships . Social loneliness , on the other hand , results from a lack of a satisfying social network . Imagine you re someone who has been very social . Still , you move to a new city and find building new social relationships very difficult because the people in the new location are very ey . The inability to develop a new social network can lead someone to feelings of loneliness because he or she may feel a sense of social boredom or . Loneliness tends to impact people in several different Ways . Some of the general research findings associated with loneliness have demonstrated that these people have lower , are more socially passive , are more sensitive to rejection from others , and are often less socially skilled . Interestingly , lonely individuals tend to think of their failures using an internal locus of control and their interpersonal successes Depression , disorder characterized by varying degrees of disappointment , guilt , lessness , loneliness , sadness , and , all of which negatively impact a person general mental and physical . Depression ( and all of its characteristics ) is difficult to encapsulate in a single . If you ve ever experienced a major depressive episode , it a lot easier to understand what sion is compared to those who have never experienced one . Depressed people tend to be less satisfied with life and less satisfied with their interactions as well . Research has that sion negatively impacts all forms of interpersonal relationships dating , friends , families , work , etc . will periodically come back to depression as explore various parts of communication . Depression is a As discussed earlier in this chapter , consists of your sense of ' and the level of faction you have with yourself it is how you feel about yourself . A good raises your a poor often results in poor , lack of confidence , and insecurity . Not surprisingly , I

individuals With low tend to have more problematic interpersonal relationships . Narcissism story of Narcissus and Echo has been passed down through the ages . The story starts With a Mountain named Echo who falls in love with a human named Narcissus . When Echo reveals herself to Narcissus , he rejects her . In true Roman fashion , this slight could not be left . Echo eventually leads Narcissus to a pool of water where he quickly falls in love with his reflection . He mately dies , staring at himself , because he realizes that his love Will never be met . The modern conceptualization of . sin is based on story of Narcissus . Today researchers view narcissism as a psychological condition ( or personality disorder ) in which a person has a preoccupation with one self , an inflated sense of importance , and longing of admiration from others . Highly narcissistic individuals are completely and tend to ignore the communicative needs and emotions of others . In fact , in social situations , highly narcissistic individuals strive to be the center of attention . Anita , Mark , and John Daly examined a purely communicative form of . they deemed conversational Conversational narcissism is an extreme focusing of one interests and desires during an interpersonal interaction while completely ignoring the interests and desires of another person , and Daly fond four general categories of conversationally narcissistic behavior . First , conversational narcissists their while displaying an inflated . Some behaviors include bragging , refusing to listen to criticism , praising one self , etc . Second , conversational narcissists exploit a conversation by attempting to focus the direction of the conversation on topics of interest to them . Some behaviors include talking so fast others can not , shifting the topic to one self , interrupting others , etc . Third , conversational narcissists are , or they attempt to or entertain others to turn the focus on themselves . Some behaviors include or preening , dressing to attract attention , being or laughing louder than others , positioning one self in the center , etc . Lastly , conversational . tend to have impersonal relationships . During their interactions with others , conversational narc show a lack of caring about another person and a lack of interest in another person . Some common behaviors include glazing over while someone else is speaking , looking impatient While someone is speaking , looking around the room while someone is speaking , etc . As you can imagine , people engaged in interpersonal encounters with conversational are generally highly unsatisfied with those interactions . ism In 1513 , Nicolo ( Figure ) mote a text called he Prince ( Although dedicated the book to Lorenzo di Piero de ci , who was a member of the ruling Florentine family , the book was originally for zo uncle . In he Prince , Nicolo unabashedly describes how he believes leaders should keep power . First , he notes that traditional leadership virtues like decency , honor , and trust should be ed for a more calculating approach to leadership . Most specifically , believed that humans were easily manipulated , so ultimately , leaders can either be the ones their followers or wait for someone else to wield that in a different direction . In 1970 , two social named Richard Christie and Florence decided to see if ideas were still in practice in the 20 . The basic model that Christie and proposed consisted of four basic Machiavellian characteristic ' I .

. Lack in interpersonal relationships ( relationships are a means to an end ) Lack of concern with conventional ( people are tools to be used in the best way possible ) Rational view of others not based on ) logy ( people who manipulate others must be logical and rational ) and . Focused on tasks rather ( these individuals have little organizational commitment ) Imagine working with one of these people . Imagine being led by one of people . Part of research consisted of creating a research questionnaire to measure one tendency towards . The questionnaire undergone several revisions , but the common one is called the Mach IV ( Machiavellian people tend to see people as stepping stones to get what they ?

want . If talking to someone in a particular manner makes other people feel good about themself , the Machiavellian has no problem doing this if it helps the Machiavellian get what he or she wants . Machiavellian behavior is very problematic . In interpersonal interactions where the receiver of a Machiavellian attempt of manipulation is aware of the manipulation , the receiver tends to be highly with these communicative interactions . However , someone who is truly adept at the art of manipulation may be harder to recognize than most people realize . Empathy Empathy is the ability to recognize and mutually experience another person attitudes , emotions , and thoughts . Highly empathic individuals the unique ability to connect with others personally , because they can truly see how the other person is viewing life . Individuals who are pathetic generally have a hard time taking or seeing another person perspective , so their interpersonal interactions tend to be more rigid and less emotionally driven . Generally speaking , people who high levels of empathy tend to more successful and rewarding interactions with others when compared to individuals . Furthermore , people who are interacting with a highly empathetic person tend to those interactions satisfying than when interacting with someone who is . The last of the dispositions is referred to as . In Mark Snyder ( 99 '

his basic theory of , which proposes that individuals differ in the degree to which they can control their behaviors following the appropriate social rules and norms involved in interaction . In this , Snyder proposes that there are some individuals adept at selecting appropriate behavior in light of the context of a situation , which he deems high . High want others to view them in a precise manner ( impression management ) so they enact communicative behaviors that ensure suitable or favorable public appearances . On the other hand , some people are merely unconcerned with how others new them and will act consistently across differing communicative despite the changes in cultural rules and norms . Snyder called these people low . high tend to have more meaningful and satisfying interpersonal interactions with others . Conversely , who are low tend to have more problematic and less satisfying interpersonal relationships with others . In romantic relationships , high tend to develop relational intimacy much faster than individuals who are low . high tend to build lots of interpersonal friendships with a broad range of people . may only have a small handful of friends , but these friendships tend to have more depth . Furthermore , high are also more likely to take on leadership positions and get promoted in an organization when compared to their low counterparts . Overall , is an important dispositional characteristic that impacts interpersonal relationships . Keg Takeaways Personality and temperament have many overlapping characteristics , but the basis of them is fundamentally different . Personality is the product of one social environment and is generally developed later in ones life . Temperament , on the other hand , is one innate genetic predisposition that causes an individual to behave , react , and think in a specific manner , and it can easily be seen in infants . In both the scientific literature and in pop culture , there are many temperament schemes that involve four specific parts . Table , in this chapter , showed a range of different personality ( that break temperament down into these four generic categories . In this section , we examined a range of different cognitive dispositions or social dispositions . The cognitive dispositions ( general patterns of mental processes that impact how people respond and react to the world around them ) discussed in this chapter were the locus of control , cognitive complexity , dogmatism , emotional intelligence , and . The dispositions ( general patterns of mental processes that impact how people socially relate to others or view themselves ) discussed in this chapter were loneliness , depression , narcissism , empathy , and . Complete the Temperament ( After finding out your temperament , reflect on what your temperament ' is about how you interact With people . 100

the following interview conducted by Allan Gregg with Daniel ( the individual who popularized emotional intelligence ) After watching the with , what did learn about emotional intelligence ?

How can you apply emotional intelligence in your own life ?

Complete the Scale created by Mark Snyder ( After finishing the scale , what do your results say about your ability to adapt to changing situations and ?

Communication . List and explain the different personality traits associated with communication dispositions . List and explain the different personality traits associated with relational dispositions . ma 22 ( DEC LU ' In the previous section , we explored the importance of , cognitive dispositions , and dispositions . In this section , We are going to explore the last two dispositions discussed Daly communication and relational dispositions ?

Communication Dispositions Now that we ve examined cognitive and dispositions , we can move on and explore some dispositions studied specifically by scholars . Communication are general patterns of communicative behavior . are going to explore the nature of ( approach and avoidance traits , aggressiveness , and lastly , orientation . The concept of is one that has been Widely studied by both psychologists and researchers . The idea is that people exist on a continuum that exists from highly ( an individual likelihood to be talkative , dynamic , and outgoing ) to highly introverted ( an individual likelihood to be quiet , shy , and more reserved ) Before continuing , take a second and fill out the Introversion Scale created and available on his Website ( measures ) There is a considerable amount of research that has found an individual tendency toward extraversion or introversion is biologically As such , where you score on the Introversion Scale largely be a factor of your genetic makeup and not something you can alter greatly . it comes to relationships , individuals who score highly on extraversion tended to be perceived by others as intelligent , friendly , and attractive . As such , tend to have more opportunities for interpersonal it not surprising that they tend to have better ' I

communicative skills when compared to their more introverted counterparts . Approach and Avoidance Traits second set of communication dispositions are categorized as approach and avoidance traits . ing to Virginia Richmond , Jason , and James , approach and avoidance traits depict the tendency an individual to either willingly approach or avoid situations where he or she will have to communicate with To help us understand the approach and avoidance traits , we examine three specific traits commonly discussed by communication shyness , communication sion , and willingness to communicate . Shyness In a classic study conducted by Philip , he asked two questions to over participants Do you presently consider yourself to be a shy person ?

If No , was there ever a period in your life during you considered yourself to be a shy person ?

The results of these two questions were quite . Over said that they considered themselves to be currently shy . Over 80 said that they had been shy at one point in their lifetimes . Another , more revealing measure of shyness , was created by James and Virginia Richmond and is available on his website ( measures ) Before going further in this chapter , take a minute and complete the shyness scale . According to Arnold Buss , shyness involves discomfort when an individual is interacting with another person ( in a social Buss further clarifies the concept by differentiating between anxious shyness and shyness . Anxious shyness involves the fear associated with dealing With others . Anxious shyness is initially caused by a combination of strangers , novel settings , novel social roles , fear of evaluation , or fear of . However , anxious shyness is generally caused by chronic fear , low sociability , low , loneliness , and avoidance conditioning . shyness , on the other hand , involves feeling conspicuous or socially exposed when dealing with others . shyness is generally initially caused by feelings of conspicuousness , breaches of one privacy , overpraise , or one foolish actions . However , shyness can be a result of socialization , public , history of ( low , negative appearance , and poor social skills . one suffers from anxious or shyness , the general outcome is a detriment to an individual interactions with others . Generally speaking , shy individuals have few opportunities to engage in interpersonal interactions With others , so their communicative skills are not as developed as their les counterparts . lack of skill practice tends to place a shy individual in a spiral where he or she always feels just outside the crowd . Communication Apprehension James started examining the notion of anxiety in communicative situations ( hiring the late . Since that time , research on communication apprehension has been one of the most commonly studied variables in the field . defined communication apprehension as the fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or Although many different measures have been created over the years examining communication apprehension , the most prominent one has been James Personal Report of Communication 102

( If you have not done so , please stop reading and complete the before going further ( I ' I ) The evaluates four distinct types of communication apprehension ( CA ) interpersonal CA , group CA , meeting CA , and public CA . Interpersonal CA is the one most important to us within this textbook because it examines the extent to which individuals experience fear or anxiety when thinking about or interacting with another person ( For more on the topic of CA as a general area of study , read Richmond , Wrench , and book , Communication Apprehension , Avoidance , and ) Interpersonal CA impacts people relationship development almost immediately . In one experimental , researchers paired people and had them converse for 15 minutes . At the end of the conversation , the researchers had both parties rate the other individual . The results indicated that ( highly communicative apprehensive people ) were perceived as less attractive , less trustworthy , and less than ( people with low levels of communication apprehension ) Generally speaking , don tend to fare Well in most of the research in interpersonal communication . Instead of going into too much detail at this point , we will periodically revisit CA as we explore several different topics in this book . Research Spotlight In ( aii ( I examined the relationships between mindfulness and religious communication . For our , the researchers examined an individual religious CA , or the ( to which people were anxious about communicating with another person about their personally held religious beliefs . In this study , mindful describing and to inner experience was found to be negatively related to religious CA . As the authors note , mindfulness can help people ( more confidence to communicate their ideas and opinions about religion . Therefore , people would A be less apprehensive about communicating about religion ( 13 ) Garcia , A . 2019 ) Understanding college students perceptions regarding ( The impact on intellectual humility , faith ( religious communication apprehension , and religious communication . Journal of Religion aii ( I Health . Willingness to Communicate The final of our approach and avoidance traits is the Willingness to communicate ( James and Virginia Richmond originally coined the concept as an individual predisposition to initiate communication with Willingness to communicate examines an individual tendency to initiate communicative interactions with other people . Take a minute and complete the scale available fI ( Website ( I ) People who have high levels are going to be more likely to initiate interpersonal interactions than those with low I levels . However , because someone is not likely to initiate conversations doesn mean that he or she is unable to actively and successfully engage in interpersonal interactions . For this reason , we refer to I as an approach trait because it describes an individual likelihood of approaching interactions with other people . As noted by Richmond et , People with a high attempt to communicate more often and Work harder to make that communication effective than people with a low I , who make far fewer attempts and often aren as effective at ' I

Aggressiveness Starting in , Dominic Infante and Charles verbal aggression as the tendency to attack the of individuals instead of , or in addition to , their positions on topics of Notice that this is focused on the attacking of someone or an individual attitudes , opinions , and about one competence , character , strengths , and weaknesses . For example , if someone perceives as a good worker , a aggressive attack would demean that person quality of work or their ability to do future quality work . In a study conducted by Terry , he found that attacks happen on three basic fronts group membership ( Your whole division is a bunch of ) personal failings ( No wonder you keep getting passed up for a promotion ! and relational failings ( No wonder your spouse left you ! Now that we ve discussed what verbal aggression is , we should delineate verbal aggression from another closely related term , argumentativeness . According to Dominic Infante and Andrew Rancer , argumentativeness is a communication trait that predisposes the individual in communication situations to advocate positions on controversial issues , and to attacking verbally the positions which other people take on these 82 You notice that argumentativeness occurs when an individual attacks another positions on various issues whereas , verbal aggression occurs when an individual attacks someone instead of attack another positions . Argumentativeness is seen as a constructive communication trait , verbal aggression is a destructive communication trait . Individuals who are highly verbally aggressive are not liked by those around Researchers seen this pattern of results across different relationship types . Highly verbally ve individuals tend to justify their verbal aggression in relationships regardless of the relational stage ( new relationship ) In an interesting study conducted by Beth Semic and Daniel , the two set out to watch interpersonal interactions and the types of arguments formed during those interactions based on individuals verbal aggressiveness and The researchers had come into the lab and were asked to talk about two different topics . researchers found that highly argumentative individuals did not differ in the number of arguments they made when compared to their low argumentative counterparts . However , highly verbally aggressive individuals provided far fewer arguments when compared to their less verbally aggressive counterparts . Although this study did not that highly argumentative people provided more ( or better ) arguments , highly verbally aggressive people provided fewer actual arguments when they disagreed with another person . Overall , verbal aggression and argumentativeness have been shown to impact several different interpersonal relationships , so we will periodically revisit these concepts throughout the book . Orientation In the mid to late , Sandra Bem began examining psychological gender In her ing of psychological gender , Bem measured two constructs , masculinity and femininity , using a scale she created called the Bem ( Her measure was designed to evaluate an individual femininity or masculinity . Bem masculinity as individuals exhibiting perceptions and traits typically associated with males , and femininity as individuals exhibiting perceptions and traits usually associated with females . Individuals who adhered to both their biological sex and their corresponding psychological gender ( masculine males , feminine females ) were considered . Individuals who differed between their biological sex and their corresponding psychological 104

gender ( feminine males , masculine females ) were labeled typed . Lastly , some individuals both feminine and masculine traits , and these individuals were called androgynous . Virginia Richmond and James opted to discard the biological language of masculine and feminine for the more neutral language of assertiveness and responsiveness . The combination of assertiveness and responsiveness was called someone orientation , which emphasizes that Bem notions of gentler are truly representative of communicator traits and not one biological sex . Before talking about the two factors of ) orientation , please take a few minutes to complete the ) communicative Orientation Scale ( I ( Responsiveness Responsiveness refers to an individual who considers other feelings , listens to what others have to say , and recognizes the needs of ) If you filled out the Orientation Scale , you would find that the words associated with responsiveness include the following helpful , responsive to others , sympathetic , compassionate , sensitive to the needs of others , sincere , gentle , warm , tender , and friendly . Assertiveness Assertiveness refers to individuals who can initiate , maintain , and terminate conversations , according to their ' If you filled out the ) Orientation Scale , you would find that the words associated with assertiveness include the following defends own beliefs , independent , forceful , has a strong personality , assertive , dominant , willing to take a stand , acts as a leader , aggressive , and competitive . Versatility ( Communication always exists within so picking a single style to in every context simply can be done because not all patterns of communication are appropriate or effective in all situations . As such , and Richmond added a third dimension to the mix that they called In essence , individuals who are competent communicators know when it is both ate and effective to use both responsiveness and assertiveness . The notion of pairing the two terms against each other did not make sense to and Richmond because both were so important . Other terms scholars have associated with versatility include adaptability , rhetorical sensitivity , and style . The opposite of versatility was also noted by and Richmond , who saw such as do , ri id , and as the lack of . Orientation and Interpersonal Communication orientation has been examined in several studies that relate to . In a study conducted by Brian Patterson and Sham Beckett , the researchers sought to see the importance of ) orientation and how people repair I ( Highly assertive individuals were found to take control of repair situations . Highly responsive individuals , on the other hand , tended to differ in their approaches to relational repair , depending on whether the target was as assertive or responsive . a target was perceived as highly assertive , the responsive vidual tended to let the assertive person take control of the relational repair process . a target was 10 ' I

Model of Self ( Worthy of Love and Support Not Worthy ) Positive Negative ( Low ) High ) Model of Other ( Rejecting ) Negative ive ( High ) Low ) responsive individual was ( re likely to encourage the other person ( and to ( the role of the listener . As a Whole , highly assertive individuals were ( re likely ( stress the optimism of the relationship , while highly responsive individuals were more likely ( take ( the role of a listener during the relational repair . Later in this book , We will revisit several ent interpersonal communication Where orientation has been researched . Relational Dispositions The three dimensions proposed by John Daly were relational Relational are general patterns of mental processes that impact how people view and organize themselves in relationships . our purposes , We two unique relational dispositions attachment an ( 106

tion sensitivity . Atta In a set of different volumes , ohn theorized that humans were born with a set of behaviors designed to allow proximity with supportive others . behaviors were called attachment behaviors , and the supportive others were called attachment . Inherent in model of attachment is that humans a biological drive to attach themselves with others . For example , a baby crying and searching help the baby their attachment ( typically a ) who can vide care , protection , and support . Infants ( and adults ) view attachment as an issue of whether an ment is nearby , accessible , and attentive believed that these interpersonal models , which were developed in infancy through thousands of interactions with an attachment , would influence an individual interpersonal relationships across their entire life span . According to , the basic internal working model of affection consists of three components . Infants who bond with their ment ( hiring the two years develop a model that people are , develop a model that informs the infant that he or she is valuable , and develop a model that informs the infant that he or she is effective during interpersonal interactions . As you can easily see , not developing this model ( hiring cy leads to several problems . If there is a in an individual relationship with their attachment ( one mother ) then the infant would suffer negative consequences . called his ideas on the importance of attachment and the lack thereof as the Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis . hypothesized that maternal deprivation occurred as a result of separation from or loss of one mother or a mother inability to develop an attachment with her infant . This attachment is crucial during the two years of a child life . predicted that children who were deprived of attachment ( or had a sporadic attachment ) would later exhibit delinquency , reduced intelligence , increased aggression , depression , and psychopathy the inability to show affection or care about others . In 1991 , Kim and Leonard expanded on work developing a scheme for understanding adult attachment . In this study , and proposed a model for understanding adult attachment . On one end of the spectrum , you have an individual abstract image of themself as being either of love and support or not . On the other end of the spectrum , you have an individual perception of whether or not another person will be available or another person is unreliable and rejecting . you combine these , you end up with four distinct attachment styles ( as seen in Figure ) The attachment style is labeled Secure , because these individuals believe that they are loveable and expect that others will generally behave in accepting and responsive ways within interpersonal interactions . Not surprisingly , secure individuals tend to show the most satisfaction , commitment , and trust in their relationships . The second attachment style , preoccupied , occurs when someone does not perceive themself as worthy of love but does generally see people as trustworthy and available for interpersonal relationships . These individuals would attempt to get others to accept them . The third attachment style , fearful ( sometimes referred to as fearful ) represents individuals who see themselves as unworthy of love and generally believe that others will react negatively through either deception or rejection . These individuals simply avoid interpersonal relationships to avoid being rejected by others . Even in communication , fearful people may avoid communication because they simply believe that others will not provide helpful information or others will simply reject their communicative attempts . I ' I

The final attachment , dismissing , those individuals who see themselves as worthy of love , but generally believes that others will be deceptive and reject them in interpersonal relationships . These people tend to avoid relationships to protect themselves against disappointment that occurs from placing too much trust in another person or making one self vulnerable to rejection . Rejection Sensitivity Although no one likes to be rejected other people in interpersonal interactions , most of us do differ from one another in how this rejection affects us as humans . VVe ve all had our relational approaches ( either by potential friends or dating partners ) rejected at some point and know that it kind of sucks to be rejected . The idea that people differ in terms of degree in how sensitive they are to rejection was first discussed in the by a German psychoanalyst named Karen . Rejection sensitivity can be defined as the degree to which an individual to be re , readily perceives rejection when occurring , and experiences an intensely adverse reaction to that rejection . First , people that are highly sensitive to rejection expect that others Will reject them . This expectation of rejection is generally based on a multitude of previous experiences Where the individual has faced real rejection . Hence , they just assume that others will reject them . Second , people highly sensitive to rejection are more adept at noting when they are being rejected however , it not uncommon for these individuals to see rejection when it does not exist . explains perceptions of rejection in this fashion It is ( to describe the degree of their sensitivity to rejection . Change in an appointment , having to wait , failure to receive an immediate response , disagreement with their opinions , any noncompliance with their wishes , in short , any failure to fulfill their demands on their terms , is felt as a rebuff . And a rebuff not only throws them back on their basic anxiety , but it is also considered equivalent to humiliation . As we can see from this short description from , rejection sensitivity an occur from even the slightest perceptions of being rejected . Lastly , individuals who are highly sensitive to rejection tend to react negatively when they feel they are being rejected . This negative reaction can be as simple as not bothering to engage in future interactions or even physical or verbal aggression . The link between the rejection and the negative reaction may not even be completely understandable to the individual . explains , More often the connection between feeling rebuffed and feeling irritated remains unconscious . This happens all the more easily since the rebuff may have been so slight as to escape conscious awareness . Then a person will feel irritable , or become spiteful and vindictive or feel fatigued or depressed or have a headache , without the remotest suspicion Ultimately , individuals with high sensitivity to rejection can develop a why bother approach to initiating new relationships with others . This fear of rejection eventually becomes a handicap that prevents these individuals from receiving the affection they desire . As with most psychological phenomena , this process tends to proceed through a series of stages . explains that individuals suffering from rejection sensitivity tend to undergo an cycle . Fear of being rejected . Excessive need for affection ( demands for exclusive and unconditional love ) I . the need is not met , they feel rejected . The individual reacts negatively ( with hostility ) to the rejection . Repressed hostility for fear of losing the affection . Unexpressed rage builds up inside . 108

. Increased fear of rejection . Increased need for relational reassurance from a partner . Of course , as an individual need for relational reassurance increases , so does their fear of being rejected , and the perceptions of rejection spiral out of control . As may have guessed , there is a strong connection between John attachment and Karen theory of rejection . As you can imagine , rejection sensitivity has several implications for interpersonal communication . In a study conducted , Antonio , and Hala , the researchers wanted to track high versus low rejection sensitive individuals in relationships and how long those relationships ( The researchers also had the participants complete the Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire created by and Scott . The study started by having couples keep diaries for four weeks , which helped the researchers develop a baseline perception of an individual to rejection ( hiring the conflict . After the initial period , the researchers revisited the participants one year later to see what had happened . Not surprisingly , high rejection sensitive individuals were more likely to break up ( hiring the study than their low rejection sensitivity counterparts . Keg Takeaways The idea is that people exist on a continuum from highly ( an individual likelihood to be talkative , dynamic , and outgoing ) to highly introverted ( an individual likelihood to be quiet , shy , and more reserved ) Generally speaking , highly individuals tend to have a greater number of interpersonal relationships , but introverted people tend to have more depth in the handful of relationships they have . In this chapter , three approach and avoidance traits were discussed Willingness to communicate , shyness , and communication apprehension . Willingness to ) with other people . Shyness refers to discomfort when an individual is interacting with another person ( in a social situation . Communication apprehension is the fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons . Where examines initiation of interpersonal interactions , shyness discusses actual reserved interpersonal behavior , and CA is focused on the anxiety experienced ( or perceived ) in interpersonal interactions . refers to an individual tendency to engage in the open exchange of ideas in the form of arguments whereas , verbal aggressiveness is the tendency to attack an individual instead of an individual arguments . communicative orientation refers to an individual combination of both assertive and responsive communication behaviors . Assertive communication behaviors are those that initiate , maintain , and terminate conversations according to their interpersonal goals during interpersonal interactions . Responsive communication behaviors are those that consider others feelings , listens to what others have to say , and recognizes the needs of others during interpersonal interactions . who can appropriately and effectively utilize assertive and responsive behaviors during interpersonal communication across varying are referred to as versatile communicators ( or competent communicators ) I

John of attachment starts with the basic notion infants with a set of behavioral skills allow them to with their ( their ) these are not formed , the infant will grow up being unable to experience a range of healthy attachments later in life , along with several other behaviors . Karen concept of rejection examines the degree to which an individual anxiously expects to be rejected , readily perceives rejection when occurring , and experiences an intensely negative reaction to that rejection . People that have levels of rejection sensitivity tend to create relational cycles that perpetuate a prophecy of rejection in their interpersonal relationships . Fill out the various measures discussed in this section related to communication . After completing these measures , how can your communication traits help explain your interpersonal relationships with a segment of a political debate on YouTube . you characterize debates as argumentative , verbally aggressive , or something else entirely ?

John attachment theory and Karen theory of rejection theoretical overlaps . Do you think that an individual early attachment can lead to higher levels of rejection sensitivity ?

or why not ?

In addition to your , your biologically based temperament also plays an important role in how you interact with others . As discussed in this chapter , your temperament is at birth , Whereas , your personality is something that develops over your lifespan . Although we can not change the biological aspects of our temperament , we can learn how to our behaviors in of our temperaments . 10

111 End of Chapter Psychopathy Affective Orientation Anxious Shyness Argumentativeness Assertiveness Authoritarianism Cognitive Dispositions Communication Apprehension Communication Dispositions Depression Dismissing Attachment Dogmatism Emotional Intelligence Emotional Loneliness Empathy External Locus of Control Extraversion Fearful Attachment Internal Locus of Control Communication Introversion Locus of Control Loneliness RE Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis Narcissism Personality Preoccupied Attachment Rejection Sensitivity Relational Dispositions Responsiveness Secure Attachment Shyness Shyness Social Loneliness Dispositions Orientation Temperament Verbal Aggression Versatility Willingness to Communicate , Kathleen , was 16 years old when he was born . Kathleen mother had ( lied during her childbirth because she had refused to get cancer treatments , which could have harmed her unborn child . After Kathleen birth and her death , Kathleen father was always cold towards his daughter and often ) her for his Wife death . hen Kathleen entered her teenage years , she acting out and started participating in several risky behaviors , which is how she ended up pregnant at 16 . After birth , Kathleen was simply to handle a child , let alone attempt to bond with a child . ohn first two years oflife , he was often dropped at Kathleen friends houses or even her house , and then Kathleen would disappear '

for ( lays . After two years of attempting to raise John , Kathleen grandmother convinced her to put her chil ( up for adoption . hen John was two , he was a ( by Bobby and Priscilla . The couple ( ly had one child , Mikey , arr ( they ( another chil ( but Priscilla was unable to have children , so the addition of John to their family was very welcome . Although Bobby and Priscilla were amazing parents , always felt somewhat ( In school , ohn rarely kept the friends as he progressed through his education . He found it easy to leave one set of friends behind and create a new set wherever he went . He often found it very odd when people were still friends with people they since birth . This pattern of behavior continued into adulthood , ohn quickly found himself with a small circle of friends . Honestly , he was horrible at keeping up with his friends . It not that he didn like his friends , ut he felt that friends needed to fit into his schedule . As time went by , he quickly found himself with and acquaintances and fewer and fewer closer relationships . Even his relationship with his family seemed remote and . He loved his family , but they were almost out of sight , out of mind since they were on the other side of the country . hen John ( 40 , he started trying to figure out how his social arr ( relationship life was in such shambles . He ( to have relationships with other people ) ut simply didn know how . Based on the information contained in the case , how would you characterize John in this story ?

Apply John theory of attachment to this story . Apply Karen theory of rejection sensitivity to this story . CHA ER . of the following is NOT other . one of Charles Horton postulates related to the self ?

a . Actors learn about themselves in every situation by exercising their imagination to reflect on their social performance . Actors next imagine what those others think of them . Actors assess those perceptions through prior interactions with others . Actors experience an affective reaction to the imagined evaluation of the ' I , Which of the following is the truest statement about the relationship between communication and ?

a . There is no relationship between communication and . One impacts how communicate . One communication impacts an individual . There is a circular relationship 112 between and communication . of John Daly dispositions refers to general patterns of mental processes impact how people socially relate to others or View themselves ?

Cognitive Communicative Relational . Jerry is with his emotions . He generally believes that whatever his feelings are telling him to do , it probably the right thing for him to do . VVhat personality trait exhibiting ?

Cognitive complexity Affective orientation Emotional intelligence Shyness . of Kim and Leonard attachment styles describes individuals who see themselves as unworthy of love and generally believe that others will react negatively through either deception or rejection ?

Alienated . Dismissing 113 Fearful Secure ( I References , 1960 ) by age , sex , and professional training . Sociological Quarterly , Barker , Wiseman , 1966 ) A model of communication . Journal of tion , 16 ( 173 . 1994 ) Understanding the biological origins of tion . In Vocate ( Ed . communication voices , minds ( 3356 ) Lawrence 35 . 1999 ) The self in social psychology . Psychology Press . 247 . Anderson , 1968 ) Likableness ratings of 555 words . of Social Psychology , 272279 . Chandler , I . 2018 ) and ratings of 555 ( words . in Personality , 72 , Rogers , 1959 ) A theory of therapy , personality and interpersonal relationships as developed in the framework . In ( Ed . Psychology A study ofa science . Vol . Formulations of the person and the social context ( 184256 ) Hill . Crocker , Cooper , A ( 2012 ) Contingencies of Scale . Measurement Instrument Database for the Social Science . Retrieved from contingencies of , 2019 , May 17 ) What is and how do we increase it ?

Positive Psychology gram . Retrieved from 10 Rogers , 1959 ) A theory of therapy , personality and interpersonal relationships as developed in the framework . In ( Ed . Psychology A study ofa science . Vol . Formulations of the person and the social context ( 184256 ) Hill . 11 , 1902 ) Human nature and the social order . Scribner . 184 . Retrieved from . 12 , 2005 ) From mirror to the self Exploring the Hypothesis . Psychology , 61 ( 13 , Donovan , Davis , I . 2013 ) The positive effects of mindfulness on . The Journal Psychology , 14 Ibid . 15 , 2014 , March 10 ) Feeling ?

Try mindfulness . Greater Good Magazine . 16 , 2003 ) An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself . Identity , 17 Ibid . 18 Ibid . 87 . 19 Ibid . 89 . 20 , 2018 ) The mindful workbook A proven way to accept build inner strength , and thrive . 21 , 2018 ) The mindful workbook A proven way to accept build inner strength , and thrive . 11 . 22 , 2003 ) An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself . Identity , 89 . 23 Simon , 1977 ) modern allegory on the art of putting oneself down . Argus . 24 Ibid . 25 Richmond , Wrench , I . 2020 ) Communication , and learning in the classroom ( Authors . 26 Martin , 2018 ) Challenging negative . Psych Central . Retrieved on February 27 , 2020 , from ) son , 14

27 Daly , I . A . 2002 ) Personality and interpersonal communication . In I . Daly ( The SAGE handbook communication ( Sage . 144 . 28 , 1875 ) The history of twins , as a criterion of the relative powers of nature and nurture . Magazine , 12 , Retrieved from 29 Ibid . 576 . 30 , A . 1990 ) Sources of human differences The Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart . Science , 250 ( 4978 ) 31 , I . 2015 , 28 ) Reunited after 39 years A look back at the Lima News . Retrieved from 32 , 2012 ) Born together Reared apart The landmark Minnesota Twin Study . Harvard ty Press . 33 , A . 1990 ) Sources of human differences The Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart . Science , 250 ( 4978 ) 34 , 1995 ) Biological origins of communicator style . Communication Quarterly , 43 ( 35 Norton , 1978 ) Foundation of a communicator style construct . Human Communication Research , 36 , Hall , Levine , La France , 2002 ) What can we learn from the study of twins about genetic and environmental on interpersonal , and social anxiety ?

A study . Communication , 69 ( 37 Hazel , Karst , Ayres , I . 2017 ) Testing the paradigm The similarity of fraternal and identical twins across three communication variables . Northwest nal , 45 ( 38 , Marshall , Rudd , 2001 ) A twins study of communicative ability Heritability of individual differences . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 87 ( 39 , I . 1987 ) Emotion as a key concept in temperament research . Journal of Research in Personality , 21 , 182 . 40 , Marilyn , 1984 ) Please understand me Character eh temperament types ( Nemesis . 41 , 1998 ) Please understand me II . Prometheus Nemesis . 42 , 1958 ) Stability trait obtained under diverse . Technical Note ) Personnel Laboratory , Wright Air Development Center Lackland Air Force Base , 43 , 1961 ) Recurrent personality factors based on trait ratings ( Technical Report No . Aeronautical Systems Division , Personnel Laboratory Lackland Air Force Base , Reprinted as , 1992 . Recurrent personality factors based on trait ratings . 60 , 44 , Costa , 1983 ) factors in and ratings Neuroticism , extraversion and openness to experience . Personality and Individual , 8869 ( 83 ) 45 Ibid 46 Daly , I . A . 2011 ) Personality and interpersonal communication . In I . Daly ( The SAGE handbook communication ( Sage . 47 Ibid . 144 . 11

48 , 1998 ) Cognitive complexity . In , I . Daly , tin , Communication and personality Trait perspectives ( Hampton Press . 239 . 49 Wrench , Richmond , 2008 ) Human communication in everyday life nations and applications . Bacon . 50 Daly , I . A . 2002 ) Personality and interpersonal communication . In I . Daly ( The SAGE handbook communication ( Sage . 144 . 51 , 2006 ) The . Winnipeg , Canada , Author . 52 Manuel , 2006 ) Relationship of personal authoritarianism with parenting styles . Psychological Reports , 98 ( 53 Walker , Rowe , 1993 ) Authoritarianism and Sexual Aggression . Of Personality Social Psychology , 65 ( 54 , 2006 ) The . Winnipeg , Canada , Author . 55 , 1995 ) Emotional intelligence Why it can matter more than character , health and lifelong achievement . Bantam Books . 56 , Parker , 2000 ) The handbook intelligence Theory , assessment , and application at home , school and in the workplace . 57 , Mayer , 1990 ) Emotional intelligence . Imagination , Cognition , and Personality , 211 . 58 , 1994 ) The affective orientation to cation Conceptual and empirical distinctions . Communication Quarterly , 42 ( 59 Ibid . 332 . 60 , 1996 ) Using your emotions Improving the measurement of affective orientation . Communication Research Reports , 13 ( 61 Ibid . 159 . 62 , I . 1997 ) The relationship between parental traits and open family communication Affective orientation and verbal aggression . Communication Research Reports , 14 ( 63 Daly , I . A . 2011 ) Personality and interpersonal communication . In I . Daly ( The SAGE handbook communication ( Sage . 64 Anderson , Miller , Dill , 1994 ) Behavioral and cal styles as of depression and loneliness Review , and test . of and Social Relationships , 66 ( 65 , Daly , I . A . 1990 ) Conversational narcissism . Communication graphs , 57 ( 66 Christie , 1970 ) Studies in . Academic Press . 67 Snyder , 1974 ) of expressive behavior . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 30 ( 68 Daly , I . A . 2011 ) Personality and interpersonal communication . In I . Daly ( The SAGE handbook communication ( Sage . 69 , 2001 ) The biology A logical perspective . Hampton Press . 70 Richmond , Wrench , 2018 ) Scared speechless apprehension , avoidance , and ( 71 , 1977 ) Shyness What it is , what to do about it . 72 , Richmond , 1982 ) Communication apprehension and shyness Conceptual and operational distinctions . Central States Speech , 33 , 16

73 Buss , A . 2009 ) Anxious and shyness . In I . Daly , Ayers , Ayres , Avoiding communication Shyness , reticence , and communication apprehension ( Hampton Press . 74 , 1977 ) Classroom consequences of communication apprehension . Communication Education , 26 ( 28 . 75 , 1982 ) An introduction to rhetorical communication ( 76 Richmond , Wrench , 2018 ) Scared speechless apprehension , avoidance , and ( 77 Colby , Ayres , I . 1993 ) Nice to meet you ?

perceptions of apprehension in initial interactions . Communication Quarterly , 41 ( 78 , Richmond , 1987 ) Willingness to communicate . In I . Daly ( Personality and interpersonal communication ( Sage . 79 Richmond , Wrench , 2013 ) Communication apprehension , avoidance , and ( Bacon . 18 . 80 Infante , I . 1986 ) Verbal aggressiveness An interpersonal model and measure . 53 ( 61 . 81 , A . 1994 ) An inductively derived typology of verbal aggression and its relationship to distress . Human Communication Research , 21 ( 82 Infante , Rancer , 1982 ) A conceptualization and measure of argumentativeness . of Personality Assessment , 46 ( 72 . 83 Myers , 2003 ) Verbal aggression and liking in interpersonal relationships . Research Reports , 20 ( 84 Martin , Anderson , 1996 ) Feelings about verbal aggression for sending and hurt from receiving verbally aggressive messages . Communication Research Reports , 13 ( 85 Semic , Canary , I . 1997 ) Trait argumentativeness , verbal aggressiveness , and minimally argument An observational analysis of friendship discussions . Communication Quarterly , 45 ( 86 Sandra , 1974 ) The measurement of psychological androgyny . of Consulting and Clinical , 42 ( 87 Richmond , 1985 ) Communication apprehension , avoidance , and . 88 Richmond , 1990 ) Reliability and separation of factors on the measure . Psychological Reports , 67 ( 89 Richmond , Martin , 1998 ) style and tion . In , I . Daly , Martin , Communication Trait perspectives ( Hampton Press . 90 Richmond , Martin , 1998 ) style and tion . In , I . Daly , Martin , Communication Trait perspectives ( Hampton Press . 136 . 91 , Richmond , 1996 ) Fundamentals ofhuman communication An interpersonal perspective . Press . 92 Richmond , Martin , 1998 ) style and tion . In , I . Daly , Martin , Communication Trait perspectives ( Hampton Press . 138 . 93 Patterson , Beckett , 1995 ) A of relational repair and reconciliation Impact of style on strategy selection . Communication Research Reports , 12 ( I ' I

94 Daly , I . A . 2011 ) Personality and interpersonal communication . In I . Daly ( Ihe SAGE handbook communication ( Sage . 95 , I . 1969 ) Attachment and loss , Vol . Attachment . Basic Books . I . 1973 ) Attachment and loss , Vol . Separation . Basic Books . I . 1980 ) Attachment and loss , Vol . Loss , sadness and depression . Basic Books . 96 , I . 1969 ) Attachment and loss , Vol . Attachment . Basic Books . 97 , 1991 ) Attachment styles among young adults A test of a model . Social Psychology , 61 ( 98 Guerrero , 1996 ) Attachment styles and reactions to nonverbal change in romantic . Human Communication Research , 22 ( 99 , 1937 ) The neurotic personality of our time . Norton and Company . 100 . 135 . 101 . 136 . 102 , I . 1969 ) Attachment and loss , Vol . Attachment . Basic Books . I . 1973 ) Attachment and loss , Vol . Separation . Basic Books . I . 1980 ) Attachment and loss , Vol . Loss , sadness and depression . Basic Books . 103 , 1998 ) The prophecy in close Rejection sensitivity and rejection by romantic partners . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 75 ( 104 , I . 1996 ) Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships . nal and Social Psychology , 70 ( END OF CHAPTER ANSWER KEY ) son , 18

) 11 0111111111 11 (