Interpersonal Communication A Mindful Approach to Relationships Contents

Contents Preface A Note for Students Relationships Positive . Note of Caution Differences Differences of Kind Differences of Degree A Note for Professors About the Authors Jason Wrench Katherine Chapter Introduction to Human Communication . Number of Communicators Involved Physical Proximity of the Communicators Nature of the Interaction Units Degree of Formality and Structure Why Study Communication ?

Reasons to Study Communication . Communication Needs . Physical Identity Social Practical Basic Principles of Human Communication . Communication Is The Symbol is Not the Thing Arbitrariness of Symbols Communication Is Shared Meaning Communication Involves Intentionality Dimensions of Communication . 11 Relational Dimension 11 Content Dimension 11 Communication Is a Process 12 Communication Is Culturally Determined . Communication Occurs in a Context . 13 Communication Is Purposeful . 13 Communication Competence 14 ' I

Defining Competence 14 Understanding Competence Characteristics of Skillful . A ( Involved Understands Their Audience . Cognitive Complexity 17 Types of Human ( Interpersonal Small Group ( 19 Public Communication Mediated Mindful 21 Min ( 22 Towards a Mindfulness Model Mindful Awareness Mindful Practice 23 Attention . Attitude Five Facets of Mindfulness Observing Describing Acting With of Inner Experience 26 to Inner Experience Interpersonal and . Chapter Chapter Overview of Interpersonal 37 Purposes of Interpersonal Meeting Personal Needs . an ( Meeting Personal Needs Learning About Self an ( Others 40 Building an ( Maintaining Relationships . Uncertainty Reduction Elements of Interpersonal Communication Sender Receiver Message Channel 45 Feedback Noise Perception Process Perception Attending ) 11 ,

Organizing Interpreting Personal Experience Involvement Expectations Assumptions Relational Satisfaction Conclusion Models of Interpersonal Communication ' Action Models Model Early Model 54 Model 513 Interaction Models 56 Osgood and Model , and Jackson Mo ( Transaction Models . Transactional Model 59 The Importance of Cues 59 The Importance of Context ' The Importance of Noise . Transaction Principles 60 Communication is Complex 60 Communication is Continuous . 60 Communication is Dynamic ' Final Note Towards a Model of Mindful Communication 61 Interpersonal Communication Skills 63 Listening Skills 63 People Skills 64 Emotional Intelligence 64 Appropriate Skill Selection 64 Communicating Ethically 64 advocate truthfulness , accuracy , honesty , and reason as essential to the of communication . endorse freedom of expression , diversity of perspective , and tolerance of ( to achieve the informed and ) le decision making fundamental to a civil society 65 strive to understand and respect other communicators before evaluating and responding to their messages . 65 promote access to communication resources and opportunities as lI to fulfill human potential and contribute to the of individuals , families , communities , and society 65 promote communication climates of caring and mutual understanding that respect the unique needs and characteristics of individual communicators . 66 condemn communication that degrades individual . and humanity through ( intimidation , coercion , an ( violence , and through the expression of intolerance an ( hatred 66 are committed to the courageous expression of personal convictions in pursuit of and justice . 66 advocate sharing information , opinions , and feelings when facing significant choices while also respecting privacy and confidentiality 66 '

accept responsibility for the an ( consequences for our own and expect the same of others 67 Chapter 68 Chapter 73 Who Are You ?

74 74 The Three Selves 76 Three Self 78 Subjective Evaluation Abilities . 79 Limitation 80 and 80 . Common Humanity Mindfulness 82 Don Feed the Vulture 83 Personality and Perception in . 86 Personality 86 Nature or Nurture 86 Minnesota Twins Raised Apart 87 Research in 88 Temperament Types 88 The Big Five 90 Openness 91 91 Extraversion 92 ) 92 ) Cognitive Dispositions . 93 Locus of Control 93 Cognitive Complexity 94 ) Emotional Intelligence Dispositions 97 Loneliness Depression . ism 98 . Empathy Relational Dispositions 101 Dispositions 101 ) 11 ,

101 Approach and Avoidance Shyness 102 Communication Apprehension 102 to Communicate 103 Argumentative ) al Aggressiveness . 104 ) communicative Orientation 104 Responsiveness 105 Assertiveness 105 105 ) Orientation and Interpersonal Communication 105 Relational Dispositions 106 107 Rejection Sensitivity . 108 Chapter I 10 Chapter Verbal Elements of 121 How Words 122 ( an ( Meaning 122 Semantic Rules 122 Syntactic Rules 122 Pragmatic Rules . 123 Create Reality 123 Reflect Attitudes 124 Level of Abstraction 124 126 an ( Meanings 126 Functions of Language 128 Instrumental and Regulatory Function . 128 Interactional and Functions 128 Personal Functions 128 Heuristic an ( Representational Functions 129 Cultural Functions 129 Naming an ( Identity 130 131 Sexism and Racism 132 Muted Group Theory 133 Types of Language 1313 Formal . Informal Language 1313 Formal Language I 36 Informal Language 136 Jargon 136 Colloquialisms 137 Slang 137 Idioms . 138 Cliches Improper Language Biased Language ) Language . Euphemisms . 144 '

Relative Language . 144 Static Evaluation . 144 Improving Verbal 1413 Improving Language Skills . 145 Use Repetition 146 Group Similar Together 146 Build Your Vocabulary Read . 147 Increase Your Awareness and Adaptation of Language Check for stan ( Chapter 148 Chapter Nonverbal of Nonverbal in Interaction . The Role of Nonverbal in Life . Nonverbal has Value Nonverbal Used for Relational Purposes Nonverbal is Ambiguous Nonverbal is Culturally Attribution Can Form Universal Language Can Lead to Usually Trusted The Six Functions of Nonverbal 160 160 Contradicting 160 161 Repeating 161 . 161 Substituting . 164 Tempo . 164 Intensity . 164 Other Vocal Features 164 . 164 Pauses an ( 166 , Vocal Fillers , or Verbal Surrogates . 167 Kinesics . 167 Facial Expressions 167 . 167 Gestures . 168 168 Illustrators . 168 Affect Display 168 Regulators 168 ) 11 , 111 (

. 168 . 169 170 170 Appearance 171 171 Appearance and Society 174 Body Positivity 174 Reclaim Health . 1713 Practice Intuitive 176 Cultivate Declare Your Own Authentic Beauty 177 Build 177 The Matching Hypothesis 178 Improving Nonverbal Skills . 180 The Nonverbal 180 Nonverbal Immediacy 181 Chapter 182 Chapter Cultural and Environmental Factors in Interpersonal Communication What is Culture ?

193 . 193 The Function of Culture . 195 Collective Stereotyping Culture as Normative Cultural Characteristic and Communication Edward Hall Low High Power Distance Individualism Masculinity Low High Uncertainty Avoidance Orientation Indulgence . Restraint Stella Improving Intercultural Communication Skills Become Culturally Intelligent Four Factors of Cultural Intelligence Cognitive Motivational Behavioral Engaging Culturally Mindful Interactions Chapter Chapter Talking and Listening The of Everyday Conversations Types of Conversations Discourse . 220 . 195 . 196 . 197 . 199 . 199 201 211 218 218 '

Dialogue . 220 Debate Diatribe Needs Sharing Personal Motives for Social Integration Impression Accounts Apologies Entitlements an ( Enhancements Flattery Favors Social Penetration Open Self Hidden Self Blind Self Self Listening Hearing Is Not Listening . Mo ( of Listening Hearing ( Evaluating Responding Taxonomy of Listening Therapeutic Critical Appreciative . Listening Styles The Four Listening Styles People Action Content Time Thinking About the Four Listening Types Listening Responses Types of Listening Responses Silent Listening Questioning Paraphrasing Supporting ) 11 ,

Analyzing Evaluating . Advising Perception Checking Selection Organization Interpretation Negotiation on Perception . Physiological Psychological Social Cultural Perception Checking Chapter Chapter Building and Maintaining Relationships The Nature of Relationships Relationship Characteristic . Relationships Purposes of Relationships Elements of a Good Relationship Relationship Formation Understanding Attraction . Reasons for Attraction Physical Proximity Physical Attractiveness Perceived Cain Similarities and Difference . Disclosure Stages of Relationships Coming Together Initiating Experimenting Intensifying Bonding Coming Apart Differentiating . Stagnating Avoiding Terminating Final Thoughts on Coming Together . Relationship Maintenance Communication in Relationships Relationship Dialectics IX '

. 268 I ( Alternatives to Dating Relationships Dating Scripts Love Styles Eros Storge Agape Mania How Gender Affects Relationships Biological Sex . Gender Gender Differences Interpersonal Communication Sex Differences in Interpersonal Communication Improving Skills Chapter Chapter Conflict in Relationships Conflict Two Perspectives on Disruptions Normal Workings of a Normal Part of Communication Interpersonal Conflict People are Interdependent People Perceive Differing of Means to the Same Conflict Can Negatively Affect the Relationship if Not A ( Some Sense of Urgency to Resolve Conflict Emotions an ( Feelings Emotional Awareness The Problem of You Statements . Emotional Intelligence Letting Go of Negative Thoughts Positive Emotions During Conflict Power and Influence Levels of Influence Compliance Identification Internalization French Raven Five Bases of Power Informational Coercive and Reward Legitimate Expert Referent Influence an ( Power Conflict Management Strategies of Conflict . 11 ,

. 31 I . 312 ) orators 313 Conflict Model 314 Stop 3113 Think 315 Listen 316 316 Chapter 318 Chapter 10 Friendship Relationships 326 Friendship Relationships 328 Frien ( Characteristics 328 All Friendships are Essential 328 Frien ( are Personal Relationships that are Negotiated Between Two Individuals 329 Frien ( Have a Spirit of Equality 329 Frien ( Have Mutual 329 Frien ( Have Affective Aspects 330 and Friendship 330 Competence 33 ( Apprehension 331 . 381 . 381 . 381 . 382 . 382 . 382 . 383 . 383 Dialectical Approaches to Friendships Contextual Dialectics . Public I ( Real Interactional Dialectics . Dependence . 334 Stages and Types of Friendships 336 Stages of Frien ( 336 Role Interaction 336 Friendly Relations 337 ( 337 Nascent Friendship 338 Stabilized Frien ( 338 Friendship 339 339 Friendship 340 Independent Discerning Acquisitive 341 Good and Ba ( Friendships Ideal Friendship Friendship Problematic Friendship 342 Deviant Friendship Friendships Different Context . 344 Gender and Friendships . XI '

Friendships . Opposite Sex Friendships . Emotional Bond 346 Sexuality Inequality and Power 347 Public Relationships 348 349 Opportunity Structure Friendships Friendships Technologies and Friendships Chapter Chapter Family Relationships 361 Family Rel 362 Family 362 i , Blood , Adoption , or Choice 365 Family Roles 366 Common Culture 366 Economic Cooperation 366 Children 367 Established . 367 Love and . 367 . 368 . 368 . 368 . 368 . 369 . 369 . 369 Family Communication Pattern . Four Consensual Protective Pluralistic Family Systems ' Interdependence Patte Re Complexity Openness Complex Relationships . Mapping Family Family Changes Family Life Cycle Young Singles Young Couples ( No Children ) Full Nest One ( Children ) Full Nest Two ( Children ) Full Nest Three ( Older ) Empty Nest One ( Still ing , Children ) Empty Nest Two ( Retired ) 11 .

Solitary Survivor ( Retired ) 385 Problems With Life Research . 385 Sibling 386 Sibling Relationship Types . 387 Harmonious 387 Hostile 387 388 ( 388 Sibling Relationship Maintenance 388 388 Humor 388 Social Support 389 Family Events 389 Escape 389 Verbal A 389 Marriage Relationships Marital Types Relational Dimensions Conventional Ideology Ideology of Ideology of Uncertainty and Change . Interdependence . Autonomy . Sharing Autonomy Space Regularity Conflict Engagement Conflict ( 392 . 392 . 393 . 393 . 393 . 393 . 393 . 393 Assertiveness . 394 The Relational 394 . 394 Independents . 395 Separates . 395 395 Chapter . 397 Chapter 12 Interpersonal Mediated 406 Technology and 407 From Math to Punch Cards 407 Getting Computers to Interact 408 Allowing People to 409 Asynchronous 410 Synchronous 410 The Wide Web 411 The Process 412 Synchronous an ( Asynchronous 413 Nonverbal Cues 413 Rules an ( 414 . 415 '

Rules and Norms Acceptable an ( Polite Behavior . Online Interaction Range of Mediating Communication Factors Communication Apprehension Online Impression Formation Interactions and Mediated Communication Enabling Facilitating . Inviting Encouraging Taking the Self Online Erik Your Online Identity . Ewing and Identity . Types of Online Identities Anonymous I ( Identity . Real Life Identity Theories of ( Uses and Theory . Social Presence Theory Media Theory Social Information Chapter The Requirements of . Ethics Respect for Others Personal Responsibility Language Use Formal Language Use of Jargon and Specialized Language Lea ( Relationships Perspectives on Leadership and Theory Directing Coaching Supporting Delegating ) er Relationships Stages of Relationships Stranger Stage Acquaintance Stage Partner Stage Outcomes of High Relationships Followership ) 11 . XiV

Resource . 460 In ( 460 460 Partner 46 Coworker ( Peer Relationships ) 462 Characteristics of Coworker Relationships 462 Reasons for Workplace Relationships 462 Mentoring 462 463 463 Sources of Information Issues of Power Social Support 463 Other Characteristics . 463 Trust 463 Relational Maintenance 464 Ability to Focus 465 Types of Coworker Relationships 465 Information Peers 465 Information Sharing 465 place Socialization an ( 466 Networking 466 Knowledge . 466 Collegial Peers . 466 . 466 . 467 . 467 . 467 Career ( Feedback Recognizing Competence and Performance Friendship Special Peers . 467 . 467 Emotional . 468 Personal Feedback 468 Friendship 468 A Further Look at Workplace Friendship . 468 Friendship Development iii the Workplace 469 Relationship Disengagement 470 Tall 470 Cost Escalation 470 Depersonalization 470 Romantic Relationships at 472 Understanding Romantic Relationships 472 A Model of Romantic Workplace Relationships 472 Personal Outcomes 473 Professional Outcomes . 474 Organizational Outcomes 474 Ease of Opportunity 475 Similarity 475 Time 475 The Hook 475 How Coworkers View Romantic place Relationships . 481 Problematic Relationships . 482 '

Problem Bosses The Different The Good Ol ( Boy or Good Old Girl Boss . The Okay Boss . The Toxic Boss The Taskmaster The Intrusive Harasser Boss Problem Coworkers The Adolescent The Bully The Mild Annoyance . The In ( The Pushy or The In ( Other The Soap Opera Star The Abrasive , Incompetent Harasser Problem Subordinates The Okay Subordinate The Abrasive Harasser The Bully The Different Other The Incompetent Renegade Chapter Chapter The Dark Side of Interpersonal Communication . Destructive Relationship Behaviors Secret Testing Directness est Endurance Test Indirect Suggestions . Presenting the Relationship to Outsiders Test Separation Test Thir ( Test Triangle Test Empty Apologies Internet Internet Characteristics Fostering Online Infidelity Emotional . Sexual Hurtful Messages Types of Hurtful Messages . Evaluations Accusation Directives Informative Statements . Statement of Desire Advising Statement Question Threats ) 11 , XVI

Reactions to Hurtful Messages . 507 The Dark Side of Relationship ion . Relational Aggression Relationally Aggressive Categories Relational Aggression in College Ba ( and Verbal Aggression Verbal Aggression Perceptions of ) al Aggression Bullying Physical Bullying . Relational Bullying Verbal Bullying . Bullying Typology ) Effectively Anger Style Deception Types of Deception Lies in Romantic Relationships Domestic Violence or Partner Being Mindful Chapter '

Image by from Preface The term interpersonal communication refers to messages sent and received between two people . Most of our daily lives involve interpersonal ( on ( me level . When many people hear the word interpersonal , they immediately think of intimate relationships , but this is only one small fraction of the types of interpersonal interactions we have daily . Whether we are communicating with ( ur spouse or dating partner , communicating with a coworker , communicating with a physician or therapist , communicating with a random stranger , you are engaging in interpersonal communication . Interpersonal communication is the Way people connect with other people . William proposed three main reasons for why interpersonal communication is important to human beings in his Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Theory control , inclusion , and affection . The first need met through interpersonal relationships is our need ( other people . People have an inherent need to control situations and the people within those situations . Whether we are talking about using persuasion attempts ( get someone ( go out with us on a date or using leadership skills to control what happens in the boardroom , control is a fundamental need ( our interpersonal relationships . Most people don like thinking about interpersonal relationships as an issue of control because that doesn necessarily sound nice . It essential that we clearly distinguish control from manipulation . Control refers to an individual ability to another person behavior or ideas . When we talk about control , we are milking about influencing another person behavior or ideas because it is perceived as the right thing to do . Manipulation , the other hand , is influencing another person behavior or ideas to one own advantage , often using dishonest , unscrupulous , and insidious means .

Control , in , and of itself , is neither good nor bad . The second need we through interpersonal relationships is inclusion . Everyone wants to belong . As , we have an innate desire to belong to groups and social communities . At the most basic level , we belong to our when we are born . As we age , the desire to belong to other groups we deem as positive continues . In school , we want to belong to sports teams or social groups like a fraternity or sorority . When we enter the workforce , we want to feel like we belong in the workplace or belong within our professions by being a member of professional associations . Our need to feel like we belong is a base need , and we this need through our daily interpersonal encounters . The final need we fulfill through our interpersonal relationships is affection . The word affection stems from the Latin term , which refers to emotions or feelings . Floyd and Mark defined affection as having an emotional state of fondness and positive regard toward a specific As you can see , our understanding of affection is still rooted in the notions of emotion and feeling today . We all want to feel someone else positive affection towards us , whether it from our parents , coworkers , friends , siblings , children , etc . also have an innate need to feel affection towards others . Hopefully , you can see that these three basic human , inclusion , and essential constructs to everyone daily life and interactions . Furthermore , these are central tenets to who we are as human beings . Much of our success in life is built upon these three needs , so exploring these needs and how people accomplish them effectively is very important . The interpersonal communication strategies we discuss in this book are tools . As with many tools , they can either be used to enhance peoples lives or destruct them . A kind word and smile may make someone day , but an evil glare and a cutting remark can just as quickly destroy someone day . For this reason , we want you to consider what it means to be an ethical communicator just as as we want you to consider how you communicate and react to others communication with you . Realize that the you communicate and interact with others will impact their lives as as it affects yours . A Note for Students to the world of interpersonal communication . re happy that you re going to be joining us for this journey through the fascinating world of relationships in today modern world . In addition to this textbook , there also a student workbook that we you to download and print . You can find the workbook on the Open SI Textbook website . The workbook has a complete outline of the entire book , a wide range of activities , 20 unique adult color pages , a course planner , and so many other features . This workbook is a companion to this textbook . And it also available for you 100 free . A number of the chapters in this text will contain information about research results , so we wanted to explain a couple of basic social scientific concepts before we jumped right into the text itself . A lot of the research in the world of interpersonal communication is based on statistics . Don worry were not going to throw numbers at you within this textbook . However , it is crucial to understand a couple of basic concepts related to statistics relationships and differences . Relationships The first major statistical concept that anyone studying the social sciences understand is statistical relationships . VVe don want to get too technical in our discussion of relationships , but we do want to explain some of the basic ideas . we examine relationships , we must have scores on two different ' I

variables for a single person . Now word variable simply refers to anything can vary from for example , your , weight , public speaking anxiety , best friend relationship satisfaction , etc . There are thousands of possible variables social scientists studying interpersonal communication can examine . However , we generally don examine a single variable in isolation . We re more likely to examine two or more variables . To help us examine the idea of relationships , we re going to use an article from Melissa and Melanie that examine someone humor The variable humor orientation is measured by a survey , which you can learn more about on Steven Humor orientation is the use of jokes and joking ( hiring interactions with other people . In this study , the researchers had Person complete the Humor Orientation ( HO ) Scale ( HO ) and had Person complete the HO about Person ( HO ) Positive One of the in this study was a positive relationship between someone perception of another person humor orientation ( HO ) and their popularity ( social attractiveness ) term positive relationship here simply means that as someone score on the HO measure went up ( people were seen as using more jokes and joking during their interactions with others ) the more popular they were viewed by other people . In a positive relationship , the opposite is also true . People who were not viewed as using jokes and joking during their interactions were viewed as less popular by others . In essence , in a positive relationship as scores on one measure go up , the scores on the other measure go up . As scores on one measure go down , then scores on the other measure go down . Negative The second type of relationship we using statistics is called a negative relationship . A negative relationship occurs when scores on one variable go up and scores on the second variable go ( In the and study , the researchers found that people who viewed themselves as having a strong humor orientation ( higher scores on the HO scale ) reported lower levels of loneliness . As scores for someone HO went up , then scores for reported loneliness went down . Again , the opposite is also true . As someone HO went , their scores for reported loneliness went up . No Relationship The type of relationship regularly found in research by interpersonal communication scholars is no relationship between two variables . In essence , not a relationship between variables means that , as scores on one measure went up , scores on the second measure didn go up or down at all . Most interesting in the and study was when they found no relationship between an individual rating of their HO ( HO ) and someone else perception of their social attractiveness ( popularity ) In essence , you can think you re the funniest person in the world , but it will not relate to someone else perceptions of social attractiveness . Note of Caution Now that we ve explained the three basic types of relationships commonly discussed in interpersonal communication research , we do want to raise one seriously important point . Correlation does not equal causation . The statistical test that we commonly use to examine relationships is called a correlation . I ,

One of the inherent limitations of a correlation is that it can not say that caused . For example , in the and study , we can not say that someone HO caused them to be viewed as more popular . All we can tell when using a correlation is that there is a relationship or that there is not a relationship between two variables . Differences In addition to examining relationships , researchers are often interested in exploring what we call differences . Scholars distinguish between two types of differences differences of kind and differences of degree . Differences of Kind Differences of kind are differences that exist because people fall within a specific category . The class example I always like to use is the behavioral differences between and football players . Cheerleaders will exhibit specific behaviors ( using , dancing , being tossed into the air , yelling cheers , pumping up the audience , etc . hiring a football game . Football players will exhibit a very different set of behaviors ( throwing the football , running with the football , kicking the football , tackling people ) When you have two groups that have very different prescribed sets of behavior , we call this a difference of kind . Differences of Degree The difference that social scientists are most interested in is called differences of degree . The term degree here means that you are looking and comparing the scores of two different groups on a single variable . Lets take the concept of height and compare females and males . In a study completed by Max , Cameron , and Hannah Ritchie , the researchers examined a wide range of issues related to human Based on data that was gathered from 1896 until 1996 , the researchers found that consistently males were taller than females . By 1996 , males had an average height of 171 centimeters , while females had an average height of 159 centimeters . This difference is what we call a difference of degree . Now , its essential to realize that when we re discussing differences of degrees , we are comparing two or more groups scores on a single outcome variable ( in this case height ) At the same time , because we find that the average male is taller than the average female does not mean that there are not really short males and really tall females . In fact , research has shown us that there is generally a much broader range of heights among males than there is between males and females . The same is also true for females there is a broad range of different heights of females . However , differences of degrees are not interested in the really short males or really tall females ( or really tall males and really short females ) Instead , differences of degrees are examined by looking at the average male height and comparing it to the average female height . So , there you have it . You ve now learned two important concepts related to the statistics interpersonal communication scholars commonly use . A Note for Professors want to start by thanking you for adopting this Open Educational Resource textbook . VVe know that ' I

you have many different textbook options available to today . We hope you find book to be both very and . Our goal with this project was to create a textbook could compete with costly texts currently on the market . Interpersonal communication is one of the most commonly courses within the , so we realized that a massive need existed for a textbook that could be competitive and freely available . If you haven asked for access to the instructor materials available for this book , please out the Open SUN Textbooks website to request access . VVe understand that instructors resources are vital , so we created a comprehensive instructor manual that includes note outlines , activities , and a test bank . Furthermore , a full set of are freely available . Lastly , if you didn adopt the student workbook at the same time you decided to adopt this book , we would highly encourage you to do so . student workbook , which is also free , is aligned with the teaching notes , which makes for a cohesive set of items . About Jason Wrench JASON ( Virginia University ) is a professor in the Department of Communication at the State University of New York at New . Wrench specializes in workplace learning and performance , or the intersection of instructional communication and organizational communication . His varied research interests include workplace learning and human performance improvement , communication , interpersonal communication , empirical research methods , family communication , humor , communication , and interactions . Wrench regularly consults with individuals and organizations on workplace communication and as a professional speech coach for senior executives . Wrench published numerous books on a variety of communication topics Intercultural Power in Context ( 2000 ) Communication , and Learning in the Classroom ( 2000 , 2020 ) Principles of Public Speaking ( 2003 , The College Network ) Human Communication in Everyday Life Explanations and ( 2008 , Bacon ) Quantitative Research Methods for Approach ( 2008 , 2013 , 2016 , 2019 , Oxford University Press ) The Directory of Communication Related Mental Measures ( 2010 , National Communication Association ) Stand Up , Speak Out The Practice and Ethics of Public Speaking ( 2011 , 2016 , Flat Knowledge ) Communication Apprehension , Avoidance , and ( 2013 , Bacon ) Communication Theory , Research , and Practice ( 2014 , Flat Knowledge ) and Training and The Intersection of Communication and Talent Development in the Modern Workplace ( Kendall Hunt ) Wrench also edited or The Impact of Social Media in Modern Romantic Relationship ( 2017 , Lexington ) Casing Organizational Communication ( 201 , Kendall Hunt ) Workplace Communication the Century Tools and Strategies that Impact the Bottom Line Vol . Internal Workplace Communication , Vol . External Communication ( 2013 , with ) Casing Public Relations ( 2014 , Kendall Hunt ) and Casing Sport Communication ( 2015 , Kendall Hunt ) was the editor of the Ohio Communication journal from , served as an associate editor for Communication Research Reports from , and been on the editorial board for numerous academic journals . Furthermore , has published over 30 research articles that appeared in Communication Education , Communication Quarterly , Communication Research Reports , Education , Human Communication , journal of Homosexuality , journal of Intercultural Communication , Mentor , Southern Communication journal , The journal of Education , and The ' I ,

journal ( National Association of Campus Advising ) is the former president of Eastern Communication Association , and currently serves as the editor of the journal of Intercultural Research for the Communication Association . Kent State ) is a professor in the Department of Communication and assistant ( lean of international affairs for the of Media and Communication . She is also an associate professor of Communication Studies at Texas Tech University in , Texas . teaches the basic interpersonal communication course . Her research areas include mass media effects , communication , mentoring , relationships , family studies , religious communication , humor , and interpersonal communication . She published over 70 articles that appeared in several journals , such as Communication Research Reports , Southern journal of Communication , and journal of Intercultural Communication Research . She also published numerous instructional and materials . She is also a coauthor of Organizational , Research , and Practice ( 2014 , Flat World Knowledge ) The Impact of Social Media in Modern Romantic Relationship ( 2017 , Lexington ) Katherine KA ' Virginia University ) is an associate professor at the State University of New York at . areas of interest are interpersonal communication , instructional communication , and health communication . She published in the areas of teasing , teacher immediacy and , cognitive flexibility , and healthcare research . Healthcare publications involved shared medical appointments , heart failure , and infectious disease . has earned grant funding in the areas of diabetes and the theory of planned behavior , undergraduate research , and employer expectations . She earned two national best practice awards from and the Pharmacy Benefits Management Institute While serving as the Senior Manager of Clinical Quality at the Medicare Part sponsor . serves on the editorial Board of Communication Research Reports , Communication Education , and Communication Teacher . She proudly contributes to her field through conference planning , serving as Marketing Director to the Eastern Communication Association and the Eastern Communication Association Representative to the National Communication Association Nominating Committee and as the President of the Eastern Communication Association . I

References , 1960 ) A three dimensional theory of interpersonal behavior . Holt , Floyd , 1998 ) The measurement of affectionate communication . Communication Quarterly , 46 ( 1996 ) Are funny people popular ?

An examination of mor orientation , loneliness , and social attraction . Communication Quarterly , 44 ( Ritchie , 2019 , May ) Human height . Our World in Data . We want to thank our individual departments for keeping us writing , and giving us the time and space to create this Open Educational Resource . We want to thank Allison Brown , Publishing Services Manager , who helped us taking this project through the Open Educational Resources Process . Lastly , we want to thank the editors who graciously gave of their time to read this book and make it better Carrie Owens Leanne Page Rebecca Ford Erin Owens '