Intercultural Communication for the Community College Nonverbal Communication

CHAPTER NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION Learning Outcomes When you have completed this chapter you should be able to do the following nonverbal communication by describing the differences between verbal and bal communication . Describe the nonverbal communication principles and how they help to increase competence in intercultural communication . Explain the communication misconceptions . Understand and observe nonverbal codes . Learn and apply the theories of conversation distance , contact noncontact cultures , chronic monochronic time , plus the halo horns effect . Explore the importance of cultural spaces within your own culture .

66 I CHAPTER NONVERBAL COMMUNiCATiON Nonverbal communication is an important aspect of intercultural communication . We often come to a better understanding of communication meaning by how something is said rather than what is actually said . In tion , as we learned in the verbal chapter , some cultures place far more emphasis on cultural what is not what is said . Nonverbal communication includes aspects of communication that do not involve verbal tion , but which may include gestures , facial expressions , posture , distance , vocal characteristics and more . In other words , nonverbal communication is everything except the words . Nonverbal communication is . It is happening around you all the time . You are communicating when you laugh , smile , clap , point at something , whistle , and snap your . Nonverbal messages can be intentionally or unintentionally sent and received . When comparing verbal and nonverbal communication , it important to remember that both are symbolic , and both communicate meaning , but other aspects differ greatly . Principles of Nonverbal Communication

CHAPTER 67 Figure Two rock climbers who speak different languages communicate . Nonverbal Communication Uses Multiple Channels When we use verbal communication , we use words , and we transmit through one channel at a time . We can speak words , read words , type words , or listen to words , but the verbal channel is determined by words . when I talk to a friend , I listen to my friend tone of voice , I watch my friend facial , use of eye contact , and gestures , and possibly touch them ( multiple channels ) all while trying to make sense of the words ( one channel ) Or to impress a possible romantic partner , I might dress up in my most clothes , put on cologne or perfume , my hair , and laugh at their jokes ( multiple channels ) to indicate my interest in them . Nonverbal Communication is More Ambiguous Unlike most verbal communication , nonverbal communication and its meanings are primarily learned

68 i CHAPTER NONVERBAL . A smile can express friendliness , comfort , nervousness , and sarcasm . Just as catching someone eye can convey intimacy , humor , or a challenge , depending on the situation . This ambiguity can pose ties for the interpretation of across cultural boundaries . Chances are you have had many experiences where words were misunderstood , or where the meaning of words was unclear . When it comes to nonverbal communication , meaning is even harder to discern . We can sometimes tell what people are through their nonverbal communication , but there is no foolproof dictionary of how to interpret nonverbal messages . Some nonverbal behaviors are learned as part of being socialized into a culture . In the United States , we often shake hands when meeting someone new in a formal situation . Words such as hi , I Karen along with a handshake are general expectations in business settings . As is saying , it was so nice to meet you and another handshake at parting . Nonverbal Communication Has Fewer Rules One reason that nonverbal communication is more ambiguous than verbal communication is because it is by fewer rules . Verbal communication has literally thousands of rules governing grammar , spelling , usage , meaning , and more . Nonverbal communication does not . Yes , your parents might tell you it not polite to stare at people , but most of these declarations are considered models of good behavior and not something that dictates the meaning of a communication act . Nonverbal Communication is Continuous Nonverbal communication is ongoing . When interacting , you begin before you start talking and you continue communicating after you stop talking . If nothing else , you will always be through your physical appearance . When interacting through a medium such as email or Instagram , you communicate through , avatars , pictures , word choice , and more . You can stop communicating verbally , but you never stop communicating .

CHAPTER NONVERBAL 69 Figure A young child touches a through glass at the market Nonverbal Messages Communicate Emotions . Meaning . and Relationships When we interact with others , we monitor many channels besides their words to determine meaning . Where does a wink start and a nod end ?

Nonverbal communication involves the entire body , the space it occupies and dominates , the time it interacts , and not only what is not said , but how it is not said . Nonverbal action flows almost seamlessly from one thought to the next , creating an intention of meaning in the mind of the receiver . Nonverbal communication can give our thoughts and feelings away before we are even aware ofwhat we are thinking or how we feel . People may see and hear more than you ever intended . Your nonverbal tion includes both intentional and unintentional messages , but since it all happens so fast , the em ones can contradict what you know you are supposed to say or how you are supposed to react . Our reliance on nonverbal communication becomes even more intense when people display mixed sages or verbal and nonverbal behaviors that convey contradictory meanings ( 2002 ) In such cases , we almost always trust the nonverbal message over the verbal one as nonverbal behavior is believed

70 CHAPTER NONVERBAL to operate at a unconscious or level . Still , we often assign intentional motives to nonverbal communication when in fact the meaning is unintentional , and hard to interpret . Nonverbal behavior also communicates status and power . Touch , posture , gestures , use of space and tory , are good indicators of how power is distributed in a relationship , and the perks that status brings . Nonverbal and Verbal Communication Work Together to Create Communication Verbal and nonverbal forms of communication work together to create meaning ( ones , 2002 ) As communicators , we do not experience or express them separately , but rather jointly to create meaning ( 1973 ) Your interpretation of verbal meaning is often framed by accompanying nonverbal elements such as tone of voice , facial expressions , and gestures . Nonverbal communication can reinforce , substitute for , and contradict verbal communication , but it can never be the need the words to have a focus for the meaning and feelings that are being displayed . Figure A customer and worker communicating with gestures

CHAPTER NONVERBAL COMMUNiCATiON i 71 Nonverbal Communication is Influenced by Culture The close bond between culture and nonverbal communication makes true intercultural communication cult to master . Yes , some cues can be learned , but because nonverbal is ambiguous and has fewer rules , it takes most people many years of immersion within a culture before they can fully understand the subtle meanings encompassed within that culture nonverbal communication ( Chen Starosta , 2005 ) In a 2009 meeting with the emperor of Japan , then President Obama , bowed rather deeply in ing . US conservative commentators called the bow treasonous while former , Dick Cheney , believed that there was no reason for an American president to bow to anyone ( Slate , retrieved ) The Japanese press , on the other hand , acknowledged the bow as a sign of respect , but believed the 45 degree bend or bow to be much more exaggerated than it needed to be . Misconceptions About Nonverbal Communication Some widely held misconceptions about nonverbal communication exists , and it is important to clear those up to be competent intercultural communicator . These misconceptions are so ingrained in our minds that you may have trouble believing that they are not true . People Can Read Nonverbal Communication Popular culture is with references to body language and promises that you can read your friend like a book by the end of the . Because nonverbal communication is ous , has fewer rules , and meaning with verbal communication , it would be impossible to teach a versal shorthand for interpreting how individuals express attitudes and emotions through their bodies . There is not a universal code used that could be considered as a language of the body ( retrieved ) Yes , people do assign meaning to nonverbal communication as they do verbal communication , but bal does not involve language , and can not be read . The experts who claim to read people like a book are usually not any better at assigning meaning to nonverbal communication than anyone else . Deception Can Be Accurately Detected Through Nonverbal Communication As with the idea that nonverbal communication can be accurately understood , people tend to believe that they can spot the If this belief were true , no poker player would be able to bluff , politicians would always tell

72 I CHAPTER NONVERBAL the truth , teens lie to parents about where they have been , and romantic partners would feel no need to lie about your weight gain . The truth is that no nonverbal behavior ( eye movement , facial expression , vocal cues , or anything else ) reveals deception . Decades of reliable studies reinforce the fact that there is as good of a chance at guessing as there is trying to detect liars through . Types of Nonverbal Communication Codes One reason that nonverbal communication is so rich with information is that humans use so many different aspects of behavior , appearance , and environment to convey meaning . Scholars call the different means used for transmitting information nonverbal communication codes ( 2002 ) The seven general codes for nonverbal communication are kinesics , haptics , physical appearance , artifacts , and environment . The cultural patterns embedded in nonverbal codes should be used not as stereotypes for all members of particular cultures , but rather as tentative guidelines or examples to help you understand the great variation of nonverbal behavior in humans . Kinesics Kinesics are some to be the best nonverbal code in terms of its power to communicate meaning . The word kinesics comes from the Greek word , meaning movement , and includes facial expressions , eye tact , gestures , and posture .

CHAPTER NONVERBAL I 73 Figure A very expressive child Facial Expressions Facial Expressions communicate an endless stream of emotions , and we make judgements about what others are feeling by assessing their faces . Our use of to communicate attitudes and emotions in electronic media to the importance of this type of kinesics . In fact , some scholars argue that rank first among all forms of communication ( Hall , 2002 ) Cultural rules often regulate . You might have been taught that smiles are universal , but that simply is not true . Most human beings can smile , but cultures value and interpret smiles in different ways . In other words , the meaning behind a smile is not universal . For example , in Russian , people do not smile because it implies that you are foolish , or possibly sneaky and manipulative . Even family photos , adults often appear with or scowling faces . Many Hispanic cultures prefer a proud and elegant facial appearance , which does not include smiling . In Japan , smiling is a way to show respect or to hide what you are actually feeling . In the United States , we smile to show a pleasant face to the people around us , to express happiness , gratitude , and even when we are nervous . We also tend to smile for the purposes of getting along with others ( Solomon , 2017 )

74 CHAPTER NONVERBAL Eye Contact Eye contact serves many purposes . We use our eyes to express emotions , regulate a conversation , indicate behavior , show interest in others , respect , status , hostility , and aggression ( Buller Woodall , 1996 ) Patterns of eye contact vary by culture . Generally , eye contact is considered a good thing in the United States . It can mean that you are interested , and bold ( a good thing ) but people often avoid eye contact in crowded , impersonal situations such as walking down a busy street or riding a crowded bus . In France , however , someone may feel free to watch someone interesting on the street and consciously make eye contact to indicate interest . In the Middle East , direct eye contact is less common and generally less appropriate , whereas lack of eye contact in Asia is often a sign of respect and considered polite . Gestures Gestures are arm and hand movements used for communication . There are at least four different kinds of gestures that we should consider emblems , illustrators , regulators , and ' The type of gesture known as emblems represent a verbal meaning and can replace or reinforce words ( 1976 ) If you are driving down a busy highway in the United States , and another driver quickly changes lanes in front of your car , making you hit the brakes , you can flip them off to easily vey meaning without using any words at all . With emblems , gestures and its verbal meaning are changeable , but they are also very culturally . If the person who changed lanes abruptly is from another culture , they may have no idea what your emblem ' Illustrators are a nonverbal gesture used to communicate our message effectively and reinforce our point . Your grandfather may describe the he just caught and hold up his two hands 36 inches apart to illustrate exactly how big the ' Regulators are nonverbal messages which control , maintain or discourage interaction . 2003 ) For example , if someone is telling you a message that is confusing or upsetting , you may hold up your hand , a commonly recognized regulator that asks the speaker to stop ' help us feel comfortable or indicate emotions or moods . An adaptor could involve you ing your need for security , by playing with your hair for example , or hugging yourself for warmth .

CHAPTER NONVERBAL 75 Figure Gestures in a heated debate during a picnic Posture Posture is the last item in our list . Humans can stand up straight or slouch , lean forward or ward , round or slump our shoulders , and tilt our heads . 1972 ) believed that posture cates immediacy and ' Immediacy is the degree to which you find someone interesting and attractive . Typically , when one from the United States finds someone attractive , they face the person when talking , hold their head up , and lean in . Whereas a reaction to someone they don like might have them look away and lean back , Power is the ability to people or events . In the United States , communicators cally use relaxed postures ( et , 1996 ) but in , the opposite is true . Japanese display power through erect posture with feel planted firmly on the .

76 CHAPTER Vocal characteristics we use to communicate nonverbal messages are called or ( involves verbal and nonverbal aspects of speech that meaning , including rate , pitch , tone , volume , intensity , pausing , and even silence . As previously discussed , silence or vocal pauses can hesitation , indicate the need to gather thought , or serve as a sign of respect . Sometimes we learn just as much , or even more , from what a person does not say as what they do say . Coming from the Latin , meaning near , refers to communication through the use of physical distance or space . When we discuss space in a nonverbal context , we mean the space between objects and people . Space is often associated with social rank and is an important part of communication . Who gets the corner office ?

Who sits at the head of the table and why ?

People from diverse cultures may have different normative space expectations . If you are from a large urban area , having people stand close to you may be normal . If you are from a culture where people expect more space , someone may be standing too close for comfort and not know it . Anthropologist Edward Hall , served in the Corps of Engineers during World War II . As he moved from one place to another , he noticed that people in different countries kept different distances from each other . In France , they stood closer to each other than they did in England . Hall ( 1963 ) wondered why that was and came up with a theory on spatial relations and boundaries . The first aspect , Hall called territory and it is related to control . As a way of establishing control over your own room , maybe you painted it your favorite color , or put up posters that represent your interests or things you consider unique about yourself . Territory means the space you claim as your own , are responsible for , or are willing to defend . The second aspect Hall highlights is conversation distance , or the bubble of space surrounding each individual . We recognize the basic need for personal space , but the normative expectations for space vary greatly by culture . In the United States , intimate space ranges from inches . Personal space is the we occupy during encounters with friends and ranges from 18 inches to feet . Many people use social space in social situations or with strangers , and ranges from to 12 feet . In public space , the distance ranges from 12 feet and beyond . North American use of space tends to be much larger than most other cultures , especially people from Latin America and the Middle East where such vast use of personal space will make you seem aloof or distant .

CHAPTER NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION I 77 PUBLIC SPACE SOCIAL SPACE . 25 Figure HaIl Conversation Distance Haptics Touch in communication interaction is called haptics , from the ancient Greek word . Touch can vary based on its duration , the part of the body being touched , and the strength of the contact ( Floyd , 1999 ) Cultural norms have a strong impact on how people use and perceive touch . For example , Hispanic cultures tend to hug more than do Europeans . Researchers in a study at outdoor cafes in London , England and San Juan , Puerto Rico found that Puerto Ricans touched each other an average of 180 times per hour whereas the British average was zero ( 2002 ) Hall ( 1963 ) suggested that the use and merge within a culture to create what researchers

78 I CHAPTER NONVERBAL now call contact and cultures . In contact cultures , people stand closer together while talking , make more direct eye contact , touch more frequently , and speak in louder voices . Some examples of Contact culture would be South America , the Middle East , and Eastern Europe with the Middle East being the highest contact . In noncontact cultures , people stand farther apart while talking , maintain less eye contact , and touch less . Some examples of culture would be Great Britain , the United States , is the study of how we refer to and perceive time . Cultures vary widely in their time , although context can also play a major role as well . Time is money is a common saying across cultures that display a high value for time . In social , time often reveals social status and power . Who are you willing to wait for ?

A doctor for an office visit when you are sick ?

A potential employer for a job interview ?

Your other or children ?

Poly and Monochronic Some Mexican American friends may invite you to a barbecue at , but when you arrive you are the first guest , because it is culturally understood that the gathering doesn start until after . Similarly in France , an party invitation would be understood to indicate you should arrive around , but in Sweden means , and latecomers may not be welcome . In the United States , we perceive time as linear , along in a straight line . We did one task , we re doing another task now , and we are planning on doing something else later . In monochronic time orientation , time is a commodity . Being punctual , completing tasks , and keeping schedules is valued , and may be more tant than building or maintaining personal relationships . In time orientation , time is more holistic and circular . It is expected that many events happen at once , and things get done because of personal relationships , not in spite of personal relationships . The Euro Railways trains in Germany are famous for departing and arriving according to the schedule no matter what . In contrast , if you take the train in Argentina , you that the schedule is more of an approximation of when the train will leave or arrive . Engineers , conductors , and even passengers the schedule , not a clock .

CHAPTER NONVERBAL I 79 Figure Monochronic Time Past , Present , and Future Cultures also differ in the way that they perceive the past , the present , and the Future . This was a question in Value Orientation Theory . Some cultures seem to emphasize the future . Perhaps this reflects the optimistic idea that things will get better in the future , or the future will be new and Such cultures might have less concern about saving historical buildings , and more about or updating . Having calendars or appointments that stretch several years in the Future is not mon . The US is very Future oriented . Cultures that emphasize the importance of the present , recognize the value of living in the here and now . The potential of the present moment is strong . Spain , Greece , and many African countries tend to be present time oriented . Some countries , like Russia and Mexico , emphasize the present , but also recognize the of the past on the present . Many European and Asian cultures place a strong emphasis on the past . They believe that history has a greater on what has happened to us than current life . Destiny or karma from the past is what happens to us in the present ( Martin , 2007 )

80 I CHAPTER NONVERBAL Physical Appearance Visible attributes such as hair , clothing , body type , personal grooming , jewelry , glasses , backpacks , briefcases , and purses profoundly our communication encounters . In other words , how you look conveys as much about you as what you say . Across cultures , people credit individuals they physically attractive with higher levels of intelligence , persuasiveness , poise , sociability , warmth , power , and employment success than they credit to unattractive individuals ( 1986 ) Communication researchers call this to make a blanket judgment of a person based on one trait either the halo ( positive ) or horns ( negative ) effect . As physical attractiveness is variable across cultures , and constantly being , beauty is in the eye of the beholder . Artifacts Artifacts are the things we possess that how we see ourselves and that we use to express our identity to others . They can include rings and tattoos but may also include brand names and logos . From clothes to cars , watches , briefcases , purses , and even eyeglasses , what we choose to surround ourselves with communicates something about our sense of self . They may project gender , role or position , class or status , personality , and group membership or affiliation .

CHAPTER NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION 81 Figure . A tourist wearing a backpack Environment A way in which we communicate is through our environment . involves the physical aspects of our surroundings . More than the tables and chairs in an office , environment is an important part of the dynamic communication process . The perception of one environment one reaction to it . For example , Google is famous for its work environment , with spaces created for physical activity and even food service around the clock . The expense is no doubt considerable , but Google actions speak volumes . The results produced in the environment , designed to facilitate creativity , interaction , and tion , are worth the effort . Other Codes of Interest Although not as heavily researched as the other codes , is another way to send nonverbal messages . You may use cleaning products because lemon is associated with health and cleanliness . Mint is used in toothpaste and hygiene products in the US to eliminate odors . Root beer is common in

82 CHAPTER German medicine to combat the bitter taste . Stinky tofu is rarely eaten by foreigners in China because of the strong , unpleasant smell . The use of color is also a powerful nonverbal message across cultural boundaries . Colors can have distinct meanings and relationships in various cultures . Yellow is often associated with cowardice in the US . Red is associated with good fortune in China . Purple is associated with royalty in the West but mourning in Brazil . Green is associated with corruption in North Africa . Cultural Space Although , the idea of cultural doesn neatly into the category of nonverbal codes , many intercultural communication researchers in the idea of cultural space as it merges culture , environment , and identity . The idea originated in the writings of French philosopher and social theorist , Michel ( 1970 ) The argument is that culture is dynamic and itself from one generation to the next so many scholars are now referring to this broad area of research by the metaphor of cultural space . Cultural space is the social and cultural in which our identities are formed . One of the cultural that humans experience is home . Home can be a tremendous source of . It often communicates social class and norms , as well as safety and security . Home is not the same as the physical location it occupies , but rather the feelings invoked . Home can be a address , cities , states , regions , and even nations . A neighborhood is an area by its own cultural identity . This area can revolve around race and , and certain cultural groups can who gets to live whereby dictating the rules by which other groups must live . Historical forces and power relations have led to different settlement patterns of cultural groups in the United States and around the world . Many people identify strongly with particular regions . Regionalism is loyalty to an area that holds cultural meaning . This loyalty can be expressed symbolically by regional , wearing special clothing , ing regional holidays , and participating in other cultural activities . This loyalty can also be expressed through protests or armed . Social media has added a new dimension to cultural spaces by pushing and boundaries . This notion of cultural space is in contrast with previous notions of space which were rooted in landownership occupation , along with borders , colonies , and territories . We will explore this idea more in our social media and popular culture chapter .

CHAPTER NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION 83 Figure Cultural Space in Lane County A covered bridge Conclusion People may not understand your words , but they will certainly interpret your nonverbal communication according to accepted cultural norms . Notice the words . It is perceptions that will count when you are trying to communicate , and it important to understand that those perceptions will be based on the teachings and experiences of their yours . The ideas and theories presented in the previous sections note how we look at the structures of cultures , values , and communication . They also provide a framework for talking about and comparing cultures , but it always important to remember that cultures are heterogeneous , and constantly changing . One size does not all . Nonverbal communication is ambiguous even in the best of times . Key Terms ' Nonverbal communication ' Mixed messages Territory ' Facial expressions

84 I CHAPTER ' Emblems ' Environment ' Power Unintentional messages ' Conversation distance Kinesics ' Gestures ' Regulators ' Artifacts Immediacy ' Intentional messages ' Nonverbal codes Haptics ' Eye Contact ' Illustrators Effect ' Posture Cultural Space Reflection Questions . When you observe the nonverbal behavior of others , what do you notice ?

Why ?

Is there something in your culture that taught you to notice this behavior first ?

Shaking hands as a greeting is a cultural trait . Have you ever extended your hand and the other person refused to shake your hand ?

Maybe you refused to shake an extended hand ?

What did you think ?

How did you feel ?

Language is a big part of communication so how do you communicate to someone that does not stand what you are saying ?

What types of nonverbal codes do you use ?

How do you know if you have been successful ?

It is common for cultures to have different ideas about appropriate eye contact . How do you react when you are communicating with someone who has other cultural rules for eye contact than you do ?

How do you get your ideas across ?

How do you know if you have been successful ?

Bathing and personal hygiene standards vary from culture to culture . Should you say something to someone who smells ?

Why or why not ?

How would you approach a smelly roommate , classmate , or worker ?