Intercultural Communication for the Community College Glossary

GLOSSARY Abstract Stresses that issues are best understood through theories , principles , and data , with emphasis on the eral rather than the . Accommodating style Combines the indirect and emotionally restrained approaches . Earning and using a code that other group members will be able to recognize . The process where people from one culture adopt the process of another culture which is not their own . Acculturation begins when two cultures meet . Ada Changing to suit changing conditions . Ada Could involve you meeting your need for security , by playing with your hair for example , or hugging self for warmth . Ada Help us feel comfortable or indicate emotions or moods . Affective conflict Occurs when people become aware that their feelings and emotions are incompatible .

222 I GLOSSARY Affirming another persons cultural identity We need to recognize and affirm that the other person might have different values , beliefs , and behaviors which form both their individual and cultural identities . Alternative medicine Can mean returning to traditional cultural medicinal practices such as herbal remedies and sweat lodges , or it can also mean seeking out medical practices that are part of other cultural traditions rather than your own such as acupuncture and cupping . Am big ity The confusion about how to handle or the conflict . Anxiety Fear about the possible negative consequences because of our actions or being uncertain of how to act towards a person from a different culture is another challenge . Artifacts The things we possess that influence how we see ourselves and that we use to express our identity to . Ascribed identities Are personal , social , or cultural identities placed on us by others . They are sometimes considered identities . Assumed similarity Thinking that all people are basically similar , denies cultural , racial , ethnic , socioeconomic , and many other valuable insightful differences that are important to the human experience . Avowed identities An identity that you choose for yourself . Also known as voluntary identities .

GLOSSARY I 223 Beliefs Strong assumptions , convictions , principles , tenets , and axioms held by individuals , groups or cultures about the truth , existence , or worth of something . Benevolent Deception Occurs when the physician chooses to communicate only part of a patient diagnosis . Biologically based practices Refers to the use of products and practices found in nature . Biomedical model Doctors look for physical signs of what is wrong using methods . model Acknowledges that illness is not always just a physical thing . Bla me Labeling with language and analyzing with language the smaller components parts of an issue . practices Refers to the use of massage or chiropractic manipulation to promote health . Boundary maintenance This attitude is a common response by hosts who do not want a lot of interaction with tourists . Business etiquette Building relationships with other people and organizations . Cha nel A sensory route on which a message travels to the receiver for decoding .

224 GLOSSARY The study of how we refer to and perceive time . Circular Communication is conducted in a circular movement , developing context around the main point , which is often left unstated . A word or phrase that has lost impact through overuse . A group of people whose values , beliefs , and behaviors set it apart from the larger culture , which it is a part of and with which it shares many similarities . The practice of shifting the language that you use to better express yourself in conversations . Cog conflict People become aware that their thought processes or perceptions are in conflict . Collaborative Dialogue An exchange of dialogue that is oriented fully in the present moment and builds on Mindful Listening and Mindful to practice communicating with different linguistic or contextual resources . Collectivism Is a social organization in which individuals are seen as subordinate to the group . Collectivistic Cultures that put more emphasis on the importance of relationships , loyalty , and working together . Collectivistic classrooms Education is seen as a tool for strengthening the country rather than for the betterment of an individual .

GLOSSARY 225 Colonial period The educational systems were imported into the conquered or assimilated nations . Color A powerful nonverbal message across cultural boundaries . Communication competence People who have developed good and effective communication skills . Communication Theory of Identity People make assumptions about each other based on their backgrounds . Competitive conflict Promotes escalation . Opposites attract . Compromise style Both people must some aspect of their life . Concrete Stresses that issues are best understood through stories , metaphors , allegories , and examples with an emphasis on the rather than the general . Conflict An expressed struggle between at least two interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals , scare resources , and interference from others in achieving their goals . Conflict Theory Based several assumptions about the extent to which face negotiated within a culture and what existing value patterns shape culture members preferences for the process of negotiating face in .

226 GLOSSARY Conflict of interest Arises when people disagree about a plan of action or when they have incompatible preferences for a course of action . Con notative Meaning is often not found in the dictionary but in the minds of the users themselves . competent As our communication skills increase , and our focus is on cultural concepts and communication styles . incompetent People have the vocabulary to identify the concepts , and know what they should be doing , but they are not communicating as well as they could . Consensus style Based on negotiation and mutual agreement , neither person must assume that they must abandon their own culture . Constitutive rules Govern the meaning of words , and dictate which words represent which objects . Contact cultures People stand closer together while talking , make more direct eye contact , touch more frequently , and speak in louder voices . Context The factors that work together to determine the meaning in communication events . Contractual Honesty Refers to the practice of telling the patient only what he or she wants to hear or to know . Convergence The process by which previously distinct technologies come to share content , tasks , and resources .

GLOSSARY I 227 Conversation distance The bubble of space surrounding each individual when having a conversation . Cooperative conflict Promotes perceived similarity , trust , and open communication . Cultural Relating to culture . Cultural convergence When different cultures become similar or even merge together . Cultural diffusion The geographical and social spread aspects of one or more cultures . Cultural identities Based on socially constructed categories that teach us a way of being and include expectations for social behaviors or ways of acting . Cultural imperialism The way that developing countries are attracted to , pressured , forced , and sometimes bribed into shaping social institutions to correspond to , or even promote , the values and structures of the dominating center of the system . Cultural industry The creation , production , and distribution of goods and services that are cultural in nature and usually protected by intellectual property rights . Cultural jamming Form of public activism that helps us to become better interpreters of media rather than simply being Of .

228 I GLOSSARY Cultural socialization agent The characteristics of popular culture that are considered to social functions within a culture . Cultural space The social and cultural in which our identities are formed . Culture A learned set of shared interpretations and beliefs , values , and norms , which affect the behaviors of a large group of Culture shock Personal disorientation when a person moves to a cultural environment that is different than their own . Conflict Resolution Steps conflict resolution model that guides conflicting groups to identify the background of a lem , analyze the cultural assumptions and underlying values of a person in a conflict situation , and ways to achieve harmony and share a common goal . Cyber tourism The application of new technologies such as GIS or Google Earth to create realistic experiences . Decoding The process of turning communication into thoughts . Demographic imperative Changes coming from changing demographics or changing immigration patterns . Denotative The meaning of words often found in the dictionary . Destructive conflict Leads people to make sweeping generalizations about the problem .

GLOSSARY 229 Differences Occur in values , perceptions , and communication styles . Digital divide Refers to people who grew up with access to technology versus those who did not have access to and did not develop the associated skills . Digital natives People who grew up using technology . Direct Verbal messages reveal the speaker true intentions , needs , wants , and desires . Direct and indirect Refers directly to verbal strategies of speaking directly or indirectly communicating . Direct Approaches Favored by cultures that think conflict is a good thing , and that should be approached directly , because working through results in more solid and stronger relationships . Discussion style Combines direct and emotionally restrained dimensions . Diversity Quality of being different . Dominant identities Historical and currently have more resources and . Dynamic style Uses indirect communication along with more emotional expressiveness .

230 GLOSSARY Helps developing countries make the most of their tourism potential without all the stress of mental consequences . Eastern medicine Uses natural plants to work with the natural process of the body . Economic imperative by the impact that business globalization has on the average person . Uniting conservation , communities , and sustainable travel with direct for conservation , and the local community . Ela bo rate The use of rich and expressive language in everyday conversation . Elaborate and Understated Quantity of talk that a culture values and is related to attitudes towards speech and silence . Em em Represent a verbal meaning and can replace or reinforce words . Em ems Represent a verbal meaning and can replace or reinforce words . Emotionally Expressive Those who value intense displays of emotion during conversations . Emotionally Restrained Those who think that disagreements are best discussed in an emotionally calm manner .

GLOSSARY i 231 Encoding The process of turning thoughts into communication . ration The process by which people acquire the values , norms , and of their cultural group . Energy medicine Could include acupuncture , Reiki , and certain types of massage . Engagement style Emphasizes a verbally direct and emotionally expressive approach to dealing with conflict . Environ ment Involves the physical aspects of our surroundings . Ethnocentrism Tendency to think that our own culture is superior to other cultures . Assisting terminally ill people in committing suicide . Evil Work is viewed as a necessary burden . Extended epistemology Other ways of developing knowledge . Eye Contact Express emotions , regulate a conversation , indicate listening behavior , show interest in others , respect , status , hostility , and aggression .

232 GLOSSARY Face Faces The communication strategies that people use to establish , sustain , or restore social identity during action . Facial Expressions Communicate an endless stream of emotions , and we make judgements about what others are feeling by assessing their faces . Fan culture The way that consumers can annotate , comment on , remix , and otherwise talk back to culture in unprecedented ways . Feedback Includes messages sent in response to other messages . Femininity Embrace values that are more widely thought of as feminine values , such as modesty , quality of life , personal relationships , and greater concern for the disadvantaged of society . Fol re Refers to the rituals and traditions that maintain a cultural group identity . how intercultural couples negotiate their way through differences . Based on the Conflict Theory .

GLOSSARY 233 Fra me Labeling with language and analyzing with language the smaller components parts of an issue . Friendship Unique and important type of interpersonal relationship that constitutes a portion of a son social life from early childhood all the way through to late adulthood . Future The optimistic idea that things will get better in the future , or the future will be new and Gesture Arm and hand movements used for communication . Gestures Arm and hand movements used for communication . Global convergence The process of geographically distance cultures one another despite the geographic obstacles that separate them . Goal conflict When people disagree about a preferred outcome or end state . a I First impression was positive therefore all impressions will be positive . a Touch a The notion of preserving or saving one face and the face of others .

234 i GLOSSARY Heritage tourism Travel that is motivated by one racial , ethnic or religious history . Heterogeneous Differences within the group , culture , or population . High Context Cultures in which people assume that others within their culture will share their viewpoints and thus understand situations or in much the same way . High culture Often belongs to social or economic elites , and does not often cross over into the realm of the masses . High power distance Cultures openly accept that a boss is higher and as such deserves a more formal respect and authority . High power distance classrooms Focus on expertise , authority along with the importance of social and moral order . High uncertainty avoidance People who generally prefer to steer clear of conflict and competition . High uncertainty avoidance classrooms Tend to focus on error prevention so smaller amounts of information is given with choices being limited . ome Can be a address , cities , states , regions , and even nations . There are similarities within the group , culture , or population .

GLOSSARY I 235 nesty Concerned with the ethics of individual trustworthiness and respect . First impression was negative therefore all future impressions will be negative . ost A person who invites and receives visitors . Measures people approaches to conflict along two different and restrained . Identity intensity The level of importance that people place on their cultural identity . Identity salience The fact that people view their cultural identity as an important part of who they are . Illustrate Nonverbal gesture used to communicate our message effectively and reinforce our point . Illustrators Nonverbal gesture used to communicate our message effectively and reinforce our point . I med lacy The degree to which you someone interesting and attractive . In rou Social group to which a person psychologically as being a member .

236 I GLOSSARY Indirect Communication is often designed to hide or minimize the speaker true intentions , needs , wants , and desires . Indirect Approaches Favored by cultures that view as destructive for relationships and prefer to deal with conflict . Individualism Refers to people tendency to take care of themselves and value individual accomplishments . Individualistic classrooms Education is seen as a tool for getting ahead and students are responsible for their own learning . Informal Emphasize the importance of a lower power distance with informality , casualness , and suspension of roles . Intentional Sending a message to another person in a purposeful way . Interactional model of communication Describes communication as a process in which participants alternate positions as sender and receiver and generate meaning by sending messages and receiving feedback within physical and psychological . Intercultural Communication Competence ( The ability to communicate effectively and appropriately in various cultural . Intercultural Conflict Style Inventory Measures people approaches to conflict along two different and restrained .

GLOSSARY 237 Interpretation The process of orally expressing what is said or written in another language . Interpreters Experts in of knowledge , cultures , and languages with excellent memories . Intimate space Ranges from inches . Jargon An language used by people in a particular profession . Kinesics Comes from the Greek word , kinesis , meaning movement , and includes facial expressions , eye contact , gestures , and posture . Language issues Learning styles The ways that students learn . Linear Resembling a straight line . Linear model of Communication Describes communication as a linear , process in which a sender intentionally transmits a message to a receiver . Linguistic determinism Language and its structures limit and determine human knowledge or thought . Linguistic relativity Language is ever changing and growing , in many ways determines reality .

238 GLOSSARY Ling The study of languages and the general properties common to most languages . classroom Instructional activities scaffold or build upon one another . orientation Often marked by persistence , thrift and frugality , and an order to relationships based on age and status . Loose Known for creativity and innovation , but they can also be chaotic . Low context Cultures in which people do NOT presume that others share their beliefs , values , and behaviors so they tend to be more verbally informative and direct in their communication . Low culture Being commercially successful , and . Low power distance Cultures that are more egalitarian or equal . Low uncertainty avoidance Cultures are highly tolerant of uncertainty and they tend to accept or embrace change and are willing to take risks . Low uncertainty avoidance classroom Students are required to take much more responsibility for their own actions and learning . Lower power distance classrooms Classrooms that follow the principles of low power distance .

GLOSSARY 239 I in ity Value assertiveness , competition , and material success . Medical terminology The language used by doctors to describe medical conditions . The verbal or nonverbal content being conveyed from sender to receiver . of short messages . re Sometimes called a local culture and refers to cultural patterns based on a locality or within a organization . medicine Focuses on using the mind to the body . Mindful Listening Pay special attention to the cultural and personal assumptions being expressed in the interaction . Mindful This is another skill that requires the creation of alternative to shape our standing of the behavior . Mixed messages Verbal and nonverbal behaviors that convey contradictory meanings . on och ron ic Being punctual , completing tasks , and keeping schedules is valued , and may be more important than building or maintaining personal relationships .

240 GLOSSARY Monochronic classrooms View time as something to be managed so learning proceeds along a linear path with clear prerequisites and milestones . Monochronic Cultures Cultures that follow the principles of monochronic time . logy The patterning of words . Enthusiasm for doing something . a me Labeling with language and analyzing with language the smaller components parts of an issue . A group that is extremely patriotic to the point of being . Need for explanations One must clarify our values , beliefs , and behaviors to ourselves and to each other , not to mention to our families and possibly to our communities . Negative stereotypes Traits and characteristics negatively attributed to a social group and to its individual members . The process of resolving to a mutually satisfying end . Neighborhood An area by its own cultural identity .

GLOSSARY 241 Refers to things that or block the effectiveness of interpreting communication . Noncontact res People stand farther apart while talking , maintain less eye contact , and touch less . Nondominant identities Historically had , and currently have less resources and . Nonverbal communication Includes those aspects of communication that do not involve verbal communication , but which may include gestures , facial expressions , posture , distance , vocal characteristics and more . Nonverbal communication codes The different means used for transmitting information ( kinesics , haptics , mics , physical appearance , artifacts , and environment ) Informal guidelines that govern what is proper or acceptable behavior within a culture . Obliteration style Both partners try to erase or obliterate their original cultures and create a new culture with new beliefs , values , and behaviors . rou Groups with which an individual does not identify . Participatory culture Past Belief that history has a greater influence on what has happened to us than current life .

242 GLOSSARY Peace imperative The possibility of different races , ethnicities , languages , and cultures existing together . Personal identities Include the components of self that are primarily and connected to our life experiences . Personal space The distance we occupy during encounters with friends and ranges from 18 inches to feet . Pho The study of the production , acoustics , and hearing speech sounds . Pho no logy The patterning of sounds . Physically attractive The degree to which a person physical features are considered aesthetically pleasing or beautiful . ro it It is expected that many events happen at once , and things get done because of personal relationships . classroom Learning is seen as the practice needed to reach perfection , so goals are secondary as one adapts to the . Pop culture Being commercially successful , and readily available to the masses . Posture Humans can stand up straight or slouch , lean forward or backward , round or slump our shoulders , and tilt their heads .

GLOSSARY 243 Power The ability to people or events . Language in context . Prejudice A negative preconceived judgment or opinion that guides conduct or social behavior . Prejudicial ideologies Sets of ideas or values based on stereotypes . Present Recognize the value of living in the here and now . Productive conflict Features skills that make it possible to manage conflict situations effectively and appropriately . Refers to communication through the use of physical distance or space . Proximity Often being around each other . Pu space The distance ranges from 12 feet and beyond . Receivers The recipients of the message . Reciprocal liking Attracted to people who are attracted to us .

244 GLOSSARY Regionalism Loyalty to an area that holds cultural meaning . Regulative rules Govern how we arrange words into sentences and how we exchange words in verbal conversations . Reg I Nonverbal messages which control , maintain or discourage interaction . Relativist You believe that no behavior is inherently right or wrong , rather everything depends on perspective . nce This attitude can be passive or aggressive . Resources You re attracted to people who can give you what you want and who offer better rewards than others . The host actively avoids contact with tourists by looking for ways to hide their everyday lives . Revitalization Communities passively accept community members who actively develop tourism opportunities to keep the community from dying . Romantic relationships Are voluntary , and most cultures stress the importance of openness , mutual involvement , shared verbal meanings , and relationship assessment . Hypothesis The structure of a language determines a native speaker perception and categorization of experience .

GLOSSARY I 245 awareness Noticing your feelings , your reactions , your thoughts , your behaviors , and more . imperative Helps us to gain insights into our own culture along with our own intercultural experiences . Based on the beliefs , attitudes , and values that you have about yourself . Style that focuses on the importance of humbling oneself through verbal restraint , hesitation , modesty , and . Communication style that focuses on the promotion of one own accomplishments and abilities . How we value and perceive ourselves . The process of learning to understand oneself and one position in society . Se ma Meaning Se rid ers Initiate the message conveyed through the communication process . Conflict Resolution Model State the problem , restate the problem , understand the problem , pinpoint the issue , ask for suggestions , make a plan , follow up .

246 I GLOSSARY term classroom When instructional activities start and stop promptly according to clock orientation Values tradition only to the extent of social obligations or providing gifts or favors . Similarity Sharing personalities , values , and preferences . Si imperatives Reasons for studying intercultural communication ( peace , demographic , economic , technology , awareness , ethics ) a rig The use of existing or newly invented words in particular groups . Another way to send nonverbal messages . Soap opera A television or radio drama series dealing typically with daily events in the lives of the same group of . Social comparison Observing and assigning meaning to others behavior and then comparing it with your own . Social identities The components of self that are derived from involvement in social groups with which we are committed . Social Media Interactive electronic technology that facilitate the creation and sharing of information and ideas .

GLOSSARY 247 Social space Used in social situations or with strangers , and ranges from to 12 feet . An alternative to the traditional vacation and is by such things as economic conditions , ability of discretionary income , and time . Stereotype Replacing human complexities of personality with broad assumptions about character and worth based on group . Strict Paternalism Reflects a physician decision to provide misinformation to the patient when he or she believes it is in the best interests of the patient . Structural study of culture Focuses on differences in values , beliefs , goals and preferred ways of acting among nations , regions , ethnicities and religions . Encouraging students to become independent thinkers , focusing on individual needs , being assertive and expressing opinions , criticism as a strategy for improvement , and trying to bring about conceptual change in students understanding of the world . Submission style Involves one partner abdicating power to the other partner culture or cultural preferences . Sustainable tourism Leaving a positive impact not only on the environment , but also socially within the tourist destinations . Syntax The structure of sentences .

248 GLOSSARY orientation Want to get the job done quickly and right the first time . Knowledge that is always transferred from an expert to a learner , with conformity and group needs as a focus . Teaching Styles The primary strategies adopted by teachers to convey knowledge in a classroom . Territory The space you claim as your own , are responsible for , or are willing to defend . Tig Groups with much stronger norms . Tourism Centered on the fundamental principles of exchange between peoples and experiences . Transactional model of communication Describes communication as a process in which communicators don just communicate to exchange communicate to create relationships , form intercultural alliances , shape , and engage with others to create community . Transactional study of culture Focuses on the conformity of culture through the communication , interactions , and ships that receivers have with others in daily life . Tra Involves the process of producing a written text that refers to something written in another language .

GLOSSARY I 249 Translators Experts in their of knowledge as well as linguists in two or more languages with excellent ten communication skills . Model Introduced the honeymoon , shock , recovery and adjustment stages . Unconscious competence We can communicate successfully without straining to be competent . Unconsciously incompetent The be yourself approach . Value simple understatement , simple assertions , and silence . Unintentional Comes in forms that are demonstrated unconsciously ( tone of voice , physical posture ) Universalist You believe that cultural differences are only , and that fundamental notions of right and wrong are universal . Unmitigated Honesty Refers to when a physician chooses to communicate the entire diagnosis to a patient . Value conflict A difference in ideologies or values between relational partners . Value Orientation Theory Proposes that all human societies must answer a limited number of universal questions and how those questions are answered by different cultures form a framework for understanding cultural differences .

250 GLOSSARY Values Deeply felt and often serve as principles that guide people in their perceptions and behaviors . Virtual Tourist Uses an enhanced virtual environment that can be seen through a headset or on a computer . Virtue Behavior showing high moral standards . Involves verbal and nonverbal aspects of speech that meaning , including rate , pitch , tone , ume , intensity , pausing , and even silence . Model Suggested the stages of honeymoon , culture shock , initial adjustment , mental isolation , and plus integration . Western medicine Relies on the method to understand what causes illness . Shared values that form the customs , behaviors , and foundations of culture .

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INDEX Chapter Chapter ' Six Imperatives Culture ' Peace Imperative ' Technological Imperative ' Heterogeneous ifs ' Nativistic ' Relativist Structural study of culture ' Communication Principles Transactional study of culture ' Message Value Orientation Theory ' Channel Dimensions of Culture Theory ' Linear Model Power Distance ' Uncertainty avoidance ' Demographic Imperative Masculine Feminine ' Ethical Imperative Long Term Short Term ( Time ! Homogeneous Individualism Digital Divide Collectivism ' Universalist Se ( Encoding ' Feedback ' Interactional Model ' Economic Imperative Chapter Imperative ' Diversity ' Digital Natives . Social comparison ' Ethnocentrism . Cultural identity ' Stereotyping Context Culture shock ' Transactional Model

265 ' Communication competence Interpreters ' Personal identity ' Chapter Prejudice ' model Nonverbal communication ' Mixed messages . A Facial expressions ' Emblems ' Nondominant identity ' Assumed similarity ' model . Conversation distance Future Artifacts Chapter Intentional messages Nonverbal codes ' Linguistics Eye Contact ' Denotative Illustrators ' Connotative ' Constitutive ' Regulative Territory ' Hypothesis ' Linguistic Determinism Physical Appearance ' Linguistic Relativism Environment I i Unintentional messages Kinesics ' Gestures ' Context Regulators ' Immediacy ' Haptics ' Effect ' Self ?

Effacement Cultural Space ' Translators 266 I Chapter Difference Another Person I ( Similarity I Reciprocal Liking I Romantic Relationship Styles ' Ti Divide . Compromise I Turning Point I Unconscious Incompetence ' Ex roach . Negative Stereotypes ' Need For Explanations ' St le . Destructive Productive . Resources ' Conflict Resolution Model . obliteration I Conscious Competence I Unconscious Competence ' Negotiation Theory ' Approach ' Intercultural Style Inventory ' Discussion Style ' Dynamic Style Cultural ent Culture ' Cultural Imperialism Folk Culture Convergence Fan Culture Chapter Popular Culture Low Culture Cultural Diffusion ' Four Skills Approach ' Cultural Convergence ' Global Convergence ' High Culture ' Cultural Industry ' Soap Opera ' Consensus . Cultural jamming

Chapter Tourism Resistance Revitalization Heritage Tourism Boundary Maintenance Sustainable Tourism Cultural Tourism Virtual Tourism Chapter 10 collectivism Power Distance Monochronic Long Short Term 513 Uncertainty Avoidance Feminine Negotiation National Culture Business Culture Indirect High Low Context Harmony Honesty Virtue Necessary Evil Relationship INDEX 267 Business Etiquette Chapter 11 Education Acculturation Colonial Period Classrooms Low Power Distance Classrooms Classrooms Classrooms Low Avoidance Classrooms Teaching Styles Learning Styles Chapter 12 Medical Terminology Eastern Medicine Model Biologically Based Practices Strict Paternalism Unmitigated Honesty Communication Theory of Identity Western medicine Alternative medicine

268 INDEX ' Practices Biomedical Model ' Benevolent Perception Medicine ' Euthanasia Energy Medicine ' Contractual Honesty ' Identity Salience