Human Geography Chapter 3 Population, Migraiton, & SPatial Demography

. Population , Migration , Spatial Demography Population geography The study of human populations is known as demography . A population must be measured in order to study the characteristics of people . In other words , we need to count people and measure attributes of them to practice sumo match . Source demography . There are two ' Crowd by is licensed , main ways of counting people . First , demographers can complete a census , where every person in a geographical area is counted . Second is a sample , in which a randomly selected subset of people are measured to estimate a whole population . As strange as it sounds , a census is can be less accurate than a sample . As the population to measure gets larger , there are several factors that make getting an accurate census with great depth of data . When a population , the number of questions must be reduced , and often the answers are simplified only to scale or multiple choice style questions , whereas samples can have longer form questions and full interviews . A census is also expensive and burdensome for data collection , whereas samples are cheaper and can be deployed more frequently , allowing change to be measured more rapidly . Lastly , a census can be less accurate because it is hard to find and count 100 of the population . 22 Population , Migration , Spatial Demography

Let build on that last idea by looking at the United States Census and examine some excerpts from the Constitution . The US has a decennial census mandated by the Constitution in Article , Section , Clause Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union , according to their respective Numbers , which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons , including those bound to Service for a Term of Years , and excluding Indians not taxed , three fifths of all other Persons . The actual Enumeration shall be made within thi Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States , and within every subsequent Term Years , in such Manner as they shall by Law direct . This clause sets up the census to be completed every ten years . It also includes the infamous Compromise enslaved peoples were counted , but only as of a person for apportionment purposes . This clause was subsequently changed in the Amendment , Section Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers , counting the whole number of persons in each State , excluding Indians not taxed . Note that with the Amendment , following the original language of Article , states that the US is to count the whole number of persons in each State . It does not state to only count citizens , or only count people that live in homes with addresses . Both of these populations are to be counted as part of the US Census , but both can be difficult to count . In some cases , may not want to have their whereabouts or information be known to the federal government , especially if they Population , Migration , Spatial Demography 23

are undocumented . The homeless are themselves difficult to find and count with 100 accuracy . As such , often will . However , a sample will be able to estimate values , sometimes to a greater degree of accuracy , through statistical inference and interpolation . The US Census Bureau samples frequently . One of the most known is the American Community Survey , which provides yearly estimates for a wide range of demographic attributes . Geographically , values estimated for larger areas , like states , will have more accuracy by having a larger sample . Smaller geographical entities , like counties , cities , and census tracts , will have more variability and sometimes need to combine or years worth of samples to get a solid estimate . DEEPEN YOUR UNDERSTANDING Read more about some core concepts in the geographical study of population here , focusing on the Demographic Transition section here human eo ra If you are interested in exploring Census and data , go to , There are guided interfaces on how to view and download data for a variety of geographical scales . 24 Population , Migration , Spatial Demography

Density and population ratios are interested in how populations are distributed spatially . It may not be good enough to say how many people are in a particular area , but instead , it should be normalized by some other factor . If two countries have the same population , but one is twice as big as the other in physical area , the populations will be distributed in different ways . For this situation , use density . Population density is the number of people in an area divided by the total land area . Another way of thinking about density is physiological density , which is the number of people in an area divided by the amount of land under cultivation . This gives an idea of the amount of arable land being used to support a population . oi the ( World ' population density Source Population Density , 2020 by is licensed under BY 20 Beyond densities , will normalize the size of different by dividing by the total population in other words , creating ratios or percentages . These can then be compared from location to location . For example , chances are that New York City , being the most populous city in the United States , will have the largest raw numbers for any particular demographic ( race , age group , or multitudes of other population breakdowns ) Population , Migration , Spatial Demography 25

But , new patterns may emerge in seeing if these demographics are comparatively large or smal Population pyramid examples ( by 93 I as a percentage . One common method of studying population is by looking at the distribution of peoples ages within a location . Visually this is done through population pyramids , which give a the composition of a population as opposed the geographical distribution . This horizontal window into to bar graph separates males and females and breaks each into smaller cohorts . Cohorts are groups of people who share a common temporal experience . Your graduation year sets you in a certain cohort with others that graduate at the same time . Likewise , those that are born in the same time period is a cohort . In population pyramids , cohorts are intervals . The shape of the pyramids generally grouped into are generally categorized as expansive , stationary , or constrictive . Expansive locations have a wide base and are experiencing high population growth . Stationary locations have a close to the size of other cohorts , meaning they are either slowly growing or not growing . Constrictive locations have a narrow , showing population decline . Note that these categories are generally applied to countries when looking at smaller like cities , the same patterns don tend to exist . People commonly 26 Population , Migration , Spatial Demography

move in and out of cities , but are much less likely to leave a country . That means that classic college towns will always have a large cohort of people from about age 20 30 older people move out , and younger people keep moving in , rather than a cohort aging through the location . Exercise Explore Population ( Go to world . There you can use the pull down menu to see current population pyramids for the world , continents , regions , or individual countries . There is also the ability to see population pyramids in the past . Look at a few can you find Examples of countries that are expansive , stationary , and constrictive ?

What continent is experiencing the fastest growth ?

The slowest ?

How the US population pyramid has changed over time ?

Looking at broader cohorts can be illustrative of patterns of population , especially as your geography gets smaller . Counties and cities look at three broad cohorts Youth cohort population under age 15 Middle cohort population between 15 and 64 Population , Migration , Spatial Demography 27

cohort population 65 and older The middle cohort is generally seen as the population that is economically productive . The youth and cohorts are generally aged too young or too old to be a part of the labor market . These are of course quite broad comparisons and are not looking at the employment status of every single person . If the youth and cohorts are combined , and divided by the size of the middle cohort , ratio is calculated . This calculates a ratio of the economically unproductive to the economically productive . Higher ratios mean that there are fewer workers supporting larger numbers of people , which can hurt economic sustainability . Thinking About Cohorts Imagine that you are an urban planner , or someone working in a city government . You see the sizes of the youth , middle , and cohorts . What sort of implications are there under the following scenarios ?

In other words , what infrastructure or policies will you explore in these situations ?

The youth cohort is relatively large The middle cohort is relatively large The cohort is relatively large 28 Population , Migration , Spatial Demography Birth rates How populations change is described with a fairly simple equation Population Previous Population Births Deaths Immigration Emigration The next section will discuss migration . This part outlines natural changes to the population namely births and deaths . While total numbers of births and deaths are what will change the population , demographers often look at crude rates . The crude birth rate is the total number of births in a given time period per people in a population . The crude death rate is the same but for deaths . A narrower slice at looking at natural increases is to understand the total fertility rate ( This is the average number of children born by females aged , which is the age range typically tied to reproduction . Demographers look at a of if falls below this number , there will be a natural decline in population as not enough births are happening for replacement rate . According to the CIA World , the country with the highest total fertility rate is at . The United States has the highest value at . Why is the United States population decreasing ?

Migration Migration is the other way that populations change . Migration is split between emigration ( moves from a place ) and immigration ( moves to another place ) A trick to remember this distinction is that you Exit when you Emigrate and you come In when you are an Immigrant . The difference is whether you are talking about people coming or going from a particular location . Other ways to categorize migration are by distance and choice . Population , Migration , Spatial Demography 29

Physical and social distances are different between international and internal migration . International migration is from one country to another , while internal migration is moving from one part of a country to another part . Voluntary and forced migration is about the migrants choice clearly voluntary migration is based on an individuals choice while forced migration is against an individuals will . of 30 Population , Migration , Spatial Demography

International voluntary migration European migration to the United States , from colonial times through especially the early 1900 was largely voluntary . Reasons for migration were varied ( religious freedom , economic opportunities , and more ) Asian and Latin American migration to the United States has likewise been largely voluntary . International voluntary migration can be temporary perhaps after earning an education or enough money , people may return to their native countries . International forced migration The transatlantic slave trade is an example of international forced migration . People from West Africa were forcibly taken from their homes , packed tightly into ships , and sold into slavery onto forced labor camps called plantations in the New World . This is still classified as migration , which is just about if movement occurred , but was clearly not done by individual choice from the migrants . Internal voluntary migration The Great Migration of African Americans from the rural South to the industrial North occurred in waves from 1910 to 1970 . Large scale agricultural mechanization led to less need for workers on southern farms , while at the same time massive industrialization in northern cities called for new migrant workers . This was a massive population shift as African Americans were more concentrated in the South . Internal forced migration The Trail of Tears is perhaps the best known American example of internal forced migration . The Cherokee Nation was forced to leave their homelands in Georgia for Oklahoma in the 1830 . It is estimated that about a quarter of the died in the forced march to Oklahoma . DEEPEN YOUR UNDERSTANDING Read more about Population , Migration , Spatial Demography 31

push and pull factors for migration and migration status here NOTE you ONLY need to read the People on the Move and Migrant Status sections . Migration , especially internationally , is not as easy as just wanting to leave a place or wanting to go to a place . Often there are barriers to movement . Absorbing barriers are those that completely block movement , whereas permeable barriers are those that weaken movement but still allow some diffusion . These barriers can be physical or social . A physical barrier may be an ocean , whereas social barriers may be walls , passports , and quota policies . The Berlin Wall , for example , was a social policy to separate democratic West Berlin from Communist East Berlin . This barrier was fairly permeable for West Berliners , who were free to enter East Berlin , but essentially an absorbing barrier in the other direction for East Berliners . Race and ethnicity One common demographic distinction to observe is that of race and ethnicity . Race and ethnicity is an identity in a culture that shapes the opportunities and disadvantages people may see in a society . As you will read about in the link below , race is something that does exist in humanity in the social sense , but not the biological sense . In other words , race is real because people think its real . Ethnicity , again as you will read below , is at times used as an euphemism for race but is a separate concept . 32 Population , Migration , Spatial Demography

DEEPEN YOUR UNDERSTANDING Read about race and ethnicity , and how geography is related to these concepts , focusing on The Geography of Race section here Though race and ethnicity are enforced strongly by society , there is also a significant individual component . One can see the competition between the individual and the society in looking at historical Census forms where people answer to their racial or ethnic identities . The Census Bureau has a database showing census forms from each decennial census . Early on , these forms were completed by Census employees who themselves could designate a persons race . Later forms allow for individuals to fill out and return forms , answering the questions themselves . But , there is still the battle between individual and social definitions when looking at the terminology used for race . View the 2010 Census form there is an entry for Black , African , or Negro . In 2010 , this entry was controversial due to the inclusion of the anachronistic term The argument was that some individuals , raised in a bygone era , still self identify as negro . Again , this was controversial . In looking at the more recent 2020 Census form , the category has been shortened to Black or African Ethnicity , of which the US Census Bureau only defines as origin , is a separate question from race . Population , Migration , Spatial Demography 33

As described in the above chapter , one of the primary geographical connections with race is residential segregation . This pattern is clearly demonstrated by looking at the Racial Dot Map created by the Cooper Center for ( The Racial Dot Map , zoomed to Baltimore , showing residential Of Virginia . In the segregation . Source image map linked above , there is one from dot on the map for every pe , person in the United States as Public Service at the University of the 2010 Census . As a dot density map , the dots are randomly placed within census blocks and colored based upon the racial identity of individuals . The screenshot image to the right shows the pattern of residential segregation in Baltimore , Maryland . The map shows the white population with blue dots and the black population with green dots . The 2010 data still shows the classic Black shape of residential segregation in Baltimore that has existed for decades . Many cities in the United States have stark dividing lines between black and white neighborhoods . Of course , divisions between other neighborhoods exist as well , but the history of residential segregation in the United States is largely a white phenomenon . Exercise Exploring the dot map Many cities in the United States have stark dividing lines 34 Population , Migration , Spatial Demography

between black and white neighborhoods . It may simply be a street , with one side being predominantly white and the other predominately black . Of course , divisions between other neighborhoods exist as well , but the history of residential segregation in the United States is largely a phenomenon . Go to and navigate to any city of your choice . Is there a dividing line ( or lines ) between segregated neighborhoods ?

What are the dividing lines ?

Explore some other cities what spatial patterns of segregation can you see ?

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