Good Corporation, Bad Corporation Corporate Social Global Warming

Chapter Climate Change , 2012 ) Figure . In 2012 , Hurricane Sandy York City areas , leaving of area residents weeks , and leading to tbe of 90 citizens . Could lead to an increase in events nature ?

The Threat of Climate Change Climate change is perhaps the most important problem facing the worlds citizens today . In the consensus view of experts , climate particular as through global likely to produce disastrous social and environmental catastrophes in this century . For example , certain islands are in danger of being inundated by rising sea levels . Another fear is that deserts in Africa and the Middle East will not only grow rapidly in size , but eventually will become inhospitable to human and animal life as temperatures rise . Yet another major concern is that the hurricanes and Climate

Good Corporation , Bad Corporation typhoons that regularly pound the worlds coastlines will reach levels of power . Despite these risks , neither the United Nations nor the worlds governments have yet implemented a clear and convincing strategy to climate change . Virtually all climate experts agree that the key to stopping or even slowing global warming lies in the urgent reversal of the trend toward increasing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide ( Although there have been many proposals to curb the growth of emissions , it is not yet clear how a global reduction in can be achieved . One major roadblock in this effort is that a few of the worlds largest emerging economies , notably those of India and China , are responsible for a large proportion of current global , but these countries are not yet willing to agree to mandatory limits . Faced with their reluctance , the United States , the worlds producer of global warming gases , has also refused to commit to mandatory reductions in . In the United States view , mandatory commitments must be accepted by all major economies in order to have a real impact . However , in November 2014 the signs of . cooperation on climate change were witnessed when the countries formally announced a mutual commitment to reduce carbon emissions by In this chapter , you will be asked what kind of action a major corporation should take in global warming . Should the corporation spend a lot of money and try to be an industry leader in global warming , or does it make more sense to take smaller , more symbolic actions ?

Global Temperature and Carbon Dioxide 400 380 co I Ill ' 320 300 Global Temperature ( 02 ( 280 260 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Year National Administration ) 2009 , public domain Figure Global records of average temperature and carbon dioxide ( concentration tbat as 02 levels bave increased over tbe past century , so bave global temperatures . Basic Terminology What is generally called climate or global warming in the popular media is to by scientists as climate forcing . means and that they are talking about global warming that is caused by human activity and not by natural variations in temperature . The global temperature of the earth has varied continuously since the birth of the planet , and even today , some portion of that variation Climate

Corporation , Baal Corporation can still be attributed to unpredictable increases and decreases in the amount of solar tion the Earth is receiving from the Climate forcing refers to the effect of human activities in pushing the natural variation of the earth temperature in one direction or another . From this perspective , global warming is an imprecise term because some of the observed warming of the earth temperature may also be due to natural causes or natural variation . Most press commentators prefer to use the term climate bangs because many of the negative impacts of global warming will be the product of changes in weather is thus more to climate change than increased temperatures , and it is even possible that some areas of the planet could experience cooling of temperatures ( for example , it has been postulated that continued global warming could disrupt the Gulf Stream , which brings warm Caribbean waters to leading to much colder European winters ) Despite these , we will fall back on use of the more common terms , climate bangs and global warming because they are so widely used by ordinary citizens and . Causes Greenhouse Gases It is generally agreed that the primary cause of global warming is the cumulation of greenhouse gases ( in the atmosphere . These gases act as a sort of invisible blanket around the earth , holding in heat and preventing it from radiating out into space . The most important greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide ( methane ( nitrous oxide ( and Carbon dioxide has been a particular focus of warming efforts . are measured in parts per million or ( indicating how many molecules of the gas are present in one million molecules of air ) The current concentration of in the atmosphere is approximately 395 to 400 , and emissions are increasing at a rate of about every year . As a result , human activities currently produce emissions of roughly 35 billion tons of per year , a 54 increase over 1990 Prior the start of the industrial revolution , around 1780 , it is estimated that global concentrations were approximately 280 . In 195 when emissions began to be precisely measured for the time , the atmospheric concentration was approximately 315 . By 1990 , emissions were growing rapidly , and in 2013 , occasional of over 400 began to be recorded for the first time , suggesting that a potentially dangerous threshold had been It is widely feared that concentrations of 450 or higher would be associated with a global average temperature increase in excess of degrees Celsius , which is considered by many experts to be the threshold beyond which the Earth human population is likely to suffer potentially catastrophic effects . As a result , much of the worldwide effort to global warming has been focused on reducing the increase in emissions so that global levels can be kept beneath 450 . However , if nothing is done , some projections suggest that , by the year 2100 , could range as high as 540 to 970 At such high concentrations , scientists fear that climate change could reach a tipping point , beyond which temperatures and chaotic weather patterns could accelerate wildly out of control . It should be noted that , even though most public debate concerns , it is not the only significant . Methane , in particular , also has a potentially important impact on future global warming . In fact , methane is 23 times more powerful than in terms of its Climate Change 41

Goad Corporation , Bad Corporation warming effect ( that is , methane traps more heat than ) Some experts argue that the world should focus more on curbing methane than on , largely because it seems easier to control methane emissions without undertaking the major costs and expenses that are demanded by reduction of . Despite the ongoing controversy over whether methane deserves more attention , the primary concern of continues to be . One reason for this focus is that lasts much longer in the atmosphere than methane does ( methane decomposes in 15 to 20 years , whereas can remain for 50 to 75 years ) but another reason is that emissions are linked to civilization relentlessly increasing use of energy , which seems much more challenging to control . Methane is generated primarily by decomposing garbage , by extraction of natural gas , and most colorfully , by the belching and of agricultural animals . Some people find it hard to believe that the burping of cows can lead to a risk of global warming , but agricultural generation of methane is actually quite significant . In addition to the belching of , the enormous amounts of animal manure generated by agriculture also create methane However , current technologies allow for a more optimistic view on reducing methane emissions . For example , for garbage and refuse are now commonly fitted with devices that not only prevent the methane from escaping into the atmosphere , but they even allow the methane to be used to generate clean energy . Given the importance of controlling in the battle against climate change , it has become commonplace for to speak in terms of controlling carbon ( note that carbon is part of not only the molecule , but also the molecule , as well as being present in atmospheric soot , which is also considered a major contributor to warming ) Thus , when climate economists are trying to measure the average emissions produced by an individual , company , or country they often refer to the relevant When discuss the possibility of discouraging emissions by taxing them , they commonly refer to this as a carbon The primary sources of emissions are the burning of coal , oil , and natural gas . Every time you drive in a car or in an airplane , the car or the airplane engine burns gasoline to create energy , thereby producing greenhouse gases . When you use electricity to operate devices or appliances like electric lights , televisions , or computers , the electricity they use was most likely generated in a power plant through the burning of coal , oil , or natural gas ( though it is true , of course , that a small but increasing percentage of electricity generation is coming from solar and wind power ) Solutions and Responses Mitigation , Adaptation and it i at i The long term solution to global warming is for mankind to further develop renewable or clean forms of energy , such as , solar power , and wind power , which do not generate emissions . However , with the exception of , renewable methods produce energy at prices that are currently so much more expensive than energy derived Climate Change 42

Good Corporation , Bad Corporation from coal , oil , and gas that it seems very unlikely that many countries will switch over rapidly to clean energies . One form of energy production , nuclear , appears to meet the need for reasonably cheap and plentiful energy produced without generating emissions , but nuclear energy has other strong disadvantages . Nuclear power plants use the controlled sion of radioactive uranium to heat water into steam , which then turns turbines to generate electricity . In their daily operations , nuclear power plants do not produce . However , when the uranium fuel is depleted , it remains dangerously radioactive and must be disposed of carefully . Even more disturbing , from the public point of view , is the danger associated with accidents at nuclear power plants , such as the 1986 Chernobyl disaster in Ukraine , or the 2011 disaster in Japan . Though such accidents are rare , they can result in the release of highly toxic radioactivity into the atmosphere , which poses both and health risks for the surrounding population , and even for distant populations . Following the disaster , Germany decided to phase out all use of nuclear energy ( in 2010 , 17 of Germany energy came from nuclear plants ) Meanwhile , however , over 400 nuclear plants continue to operate in 31 countries . A few countries , such as France , Belgium , and , derive most of their energy from nuclear plants . Given that such plants can yield a great deal of energy but they do not produce , they pose a great dilemma for people who are concerned about global warming . On one hand , additional nuclear plants could satisfy the worlds demands for more energy without producing . On the other hand , a major expansion of nuclear energy production would increase the risk of accidents , which could release dangerous levels of radioactivity . Although some prominent climate change activists , most notably the respected former NASA scientist James Hansen , have called for increased use of nuclear energy as the only realistic way of limiting climate change , such arguments have yet to convince most environmentalists . Therefore , most experts do not believe that there is any easy that will be readily available in the near future to solve the problem of global warming . Consequently , most believe that humans should focus on strategies of mitigation , or reducing the negative impacts of global warming until technological progress makes alternative forms of energy When solar or wind power becomes cheap and powerful enough to permit a worldwide move to clean energies , we will have solved the problem . However , that point now seems several decades away , possibly even longer . In the meantime , how do we mitigate the danger of global warming ?

The key strategy is to gradually reduce our dependence on energy that emits . As we will see , all over the world have committed themselves to reducing the amount of each nation emits . They do this by reducing energy consumption and by gradually moving toward increased usage of clean energy . For example , when consumers purchase electronic appliances that use less electricity , or when they switch from cars with gasoline engines to hybrid engines that generate fewer , the countries in which those consumers live gradually reduce the growth of emissions . Governments everywhere , from national to city and local administrations , are seeking ways to conserve energy and to encourage consumers to use less energy . Since some and countries have had more success in reducing emissions , one policy that has been promoted is to create a mechanism for encouraging reductions in Climate

Good Corporation , Bad Corporation mechanisms have alternatively been referred to as or carbon ! Under a cap and trade system , a government sets a maximum limit on the amount of emissions a company is cap . Cap and trade was used in the United States to control acid rain by limiting emissions of sulfur dioxide , but it has never been adopted for controlling climate change by limiting emissions of carbon The trade part of the equation comes in when a company wants , for business reasons , to go beyond the allowed limit . It can do so by trading , or purchasing unused permits from a company that had stayed below its limit . In this way , companies are encouraged to reduce their they can sell their unused companies that find themselves unable to do so can obtain a measure of by buying permits . In 2005 , the European Climate Exchange was created in Europe to permit trading of carbon emissions system worked in Europe because many European countries had committed themselves to mandatory carbon emissions caps under the Kyoto Similar to the cap and trade system is the use of carbon offsets , which is a voluntary system . With carbon offsets , companies that continue to generate carbon emissions pay other companies or organizations to reduce their emissions . In this fashion , the overall amount of carbon emissions between the two companies should decrease or remain stable . Common carbon offsets include a number of projects , such as tree ings , renewable energy expansion , and energy projects . Even individuals can participate in the carbon offset system . For example , it is well known that one of the easiest ways for an individual to make a negative impact is to take a long airplane , because airplane engines produce a great deal of carbon emissions . This can be quite a dilemma , because many people today are very concerned about global warming , yet they still love to travel . One solution is to purchase a personal carbon offset when you take a plane trip . In this way , you can keep from increasing your personal carbon footprint . Al Gore is one prominent individual who travels in this fashion . Adaptation Adaptation involves preparing people and countries to better resist the negative pacts of climate One of the most risks associated with increased global warming is the increased intensity of hurricanes . The harmful impact of such can be augmented by a gradual increase in sea level , also associated with global For example , it was a combination of a severe hurricane with an unusually high tide that resulted in the devastation and of New York City by Hurricane Sandy in 2012 . Adaptation by New York City might involve preventing future encroachment upon the city of hurricane sea surges by building barriers similar to the massive ocean barriers that have been built in the Netherlands . Often relegated to the realm of science fiction or fantasy by experts , responses continue to be discussed as a possible fallback option if , as seems increasingly likely , humans are unable to reverse the growth of carbon emissions in the century . involves using a number of novel or advanced to reduce carbon emissions or lower the planets One example is the massive planting of trees , because trees drain out of the atmosphere , thereby creating Climate

Goad , Bad a large carbon sink and reducing the level of atmospheric . Another solution , more , would be to spray inert gases high into the stratosphere , creating a sort of global Some concerned scientists are even more frightened by the thought of geo of this nature than they are of global warming itself . The United Nations and the In light of the community consensus on the possible danger of continued global warming , in 1988 , the United Nations created a special agency to coordinate the worlds efforts to control climate change the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( which brought together the worlds top scientific and public policy The is a large coordinating committee of scientists and government representatives . More than 2500 climate experts are with the and about 350 representatives from 120 countries regularly attend the periodic meetings . Although the does not directly conduct research itself , it summarizes current global warming research into a special document that can be used by governments around the world , the Summary for , The has also produced a few larger , comprehensive surveys called Assessment Reports , which seek to consolidate the results of all global warming research to first assessment report was published in 1990 and concluded that emission of greenhouse gases was accelerating global warming . It was estimated that the projected growth in emissions would lead to a future warming throughout the century on the order per The United Nations Framework Convention and the Kyoto Protocol In 1992 , at the Earth Summit in Rio de , Brazil , the United undertook concerted action for the first time to the danger of climate change , with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( also known as the Framework Convention , or the ) The eventually was signed by some 190 countries , with 37 countries agreeing to The is an international treaty that is continually updated . That is why it is called a framework convention The basic framework remains the same , but the specifics of what the signing countries intend to achieve is periodically refined in successive , and these subsequent agreements are named after the city where the main negotiating conference takes place . Recent updates to the have occurred , notably , at , and Copenhagen , but the most historic of the updates still remains the famous Kyoto Protocol , the first time that the worlds nations agreed to commit themselves to controlling and reducing carbon emissions . Climate

Goad Corporation , Bad Corporation Dissenting Voices and Public Opinion Despite the increasing alarm with which the consensus pressures makers for convincing solutions , a vocal minority of politicians and scientists has to attack the consensus viewpoint . These global warming skeptics have often been as irrational and deniers by the media . Many of these deniers , it has been claimed , are actually paid or otherwise indebted to large oil companies and other corporate producers of . However , many of these skeptics have impressive academic credentials , and they have managed to convince a growing number of citizens that the consensus viewpoint is either erroneous , alarmist , or overstated . Some of the critics continue to argue that they are not convinced that increased levels of will inevitably lead to higher global temperatures , but this is certainly a viewpoint , and very few respected scientists go so far . Notably , Danish economist Bjorn , perhaps the most famous representative of the skeptics , admits that glob warming is a real and serious threat , but argues that the community is pressing for excessively costly solutions that will not help in the long run . believes that sharp reductions in carbon emissions , the principal prescription issued by the , be counterproductive , because this would not do much to reduce global warming but have severe negative impacts on the global economy . favors a modest reduction in carbon emissions coupled with heavy investments in research for alternative means of Other critics , such as Richard , professor of climatology at MIT , question the basis of the consensus view that disastrous warming is an inevitable consequence of increased Case Study Seeks an Appropriate Global Warming Policy In 2005 , the Union Bank of Switzerland ( one of the worlds largest services institutions , was trying to decide what action to take on global warming . Many of large competitors , notably Hong Kong Shanghai Bank Corporation ( had made public commitments to help mitigate global warming . wanted to do the right thing , and it also wanted to keep up with its competitors , without spending too much money . was determined to take some concrete action to global warming , but it was not easy to decide how much of a commitment it should major , an average commitment , or merely a symbolic commitment . Some of the steps that could take would actually produce cost savings for , and therefore these actions were clearly in interest . For example , could reduce the number of airplane taken by its top executives , replacing meetings with international . Such a step would not only reduce carbon emissions , it would reduce the cost of sending executives to foreign locations , which was quite expensive . Despite such potential cost savings , it soon became clear that it would cost money for to be able to say it was taking action against global warming . Climate

Good Corporation , Bad Corporation and At the time of this case , was one of the worlds largest services , with in over 50 countries and more than company was organized into several major divisions , including a leading investment bank and a wealth management operation providing special banking services to very wealthy people . Like many other Swiss banks , catered to a sophisticated , global commitment to and sustainability went far beyond global warming issues alone . In general , believed that was more than just a business issue it was also a moral issue and a matter of company values . Consequently , created a special Corporate Responsibility Committee , which was composed of many of the banks senior executives . Interestingly , however , did not measure the impact of its activities . In contrast , it carefully measured the impact of its sponsorship activities on the , seemed to draw a distinction between community involvement , from which it expected returns in marketing awareness and public relations , and , which was to be pursued for its own On the industry level , had begun to develop expertise in analyzing investment funds for their social and environmental responsibility . On the local level , believed in supporting communities through cash donations to educational and environmental projects of 38 million per year . As for own overall environmental impact , audited its own impact by having an independent inspector subject activities to an ISO 14001 environmental audit , the worlds leading standard for measuring environmental Competitors Actions on Global Warming In researching possible options for its warming strategy , reviewed the actions taken by its chief competitors . Here is what the research revealed , the worlds largest bank , was also the banking industry leader in the battle against global warming . As early as 2004 , announced that it would offset 100 of its greenhouse gas emissions through a variety of mechanisms . Among the beneficiaries of offset purchases were a New Zealand wind farm , an Australian waste , a German methane reducer and an Indian biomass generator . leadership was widely recognized in industry circles , and included a Sustainable Banking Award from the Financial Times . which operates , was also one of the worlds largest financial services companies , managing over trillion in assets . was tackling global warming by compiling records on energy use at all of its company buildings and then using that to refurbish many of its facilities so as to reduce energy consumption . also committed itself to a 10 reduction in its greenhouse gas emissions to be achieved by 2011 . Climate

Goad , Bad Credit main competitor in Switzerland , Credit had announced that all of its buildings in Switzerland would be neutral by 2006 . In order to fulfill its commitment to achieving a completely neutral carbon footprint by 2008 , Credit ordered nearly tons of carbon credits at a cost million . Four Options for Action After conducting its research and evaluation , settled on four possible scenarios for action on global In the end , it became a question of how much was willing to pay for different levels of reduction of carbon emissions Option Commitment . St in ( in millions ) emissions emissions stabilized at 2005 levels Keep up with competitors 10 Good public relations 40 Match . 100 Topic for Debate Appropriate Action on Global Warming The question you are to debate is as follows If you could advise on what course of action to take , what option would you recommend ?

Take a position on what should do about global warming . You must base your arguments to some extent on the statements and publications of and public policy experts . The debate positions may be formulated as follows Affirmative should adopt the more aggressive , powerful , and costly alternative to fighting global warming , by choosing option or from the list . Possible Arguments ' Global warming is very serious and all companies should take ' is a respected company that will inspire other companies to follow ' All corporations should be part of the ' It wi ' It wi ' It wi , provide good public relations . send a message to other financial institutions . motivate employees by improving perception of their employer . Climate

Goad , Bad Negative should settle for a and alternative , by choosing option or from the list . Possible Arguments ' reduction of carbon emissions will have a minuscule effect on global ' Switzerland is not a major source of carbon ' clients do not choose because of its global warming ' should focus on banking services and not get distracted by or global ' Banks can not solve the global warming problem ' Symbolic action is acceptable but strong action is unnecessary . Let win this battle . Readings We Ca Wish Away Climate Change Gore , Al . We Can Wish Away Climate New York Timer , February 27 , 2010 , The Climate Science Is Settled Confident Predictions of Catastrophe Are Unwarranted , Richard . The Climate Science Isn Settled , Wall Street journal , November 30 , 67423917025400 . Climate Change Worse Than Expected , Argues Lord Stern and , Climate Change Worse Than Expected , Argues Lord Stern , April , 2013 , accessed on November 30 , 20 14 , Heretical Thoughts about Science and Society Dyson , Freeman . Heretical Thoughts about Science and Society , in Many Colored an Plate ?

in , VA University of Virginia Press , 2007 . The Need for Heretics The public prefers to listen to scientists who give answers to questions and make predictions of what will happen as a result of human activities . So it Climate Good Corporation , Bad Corporation pens that the experts who talk publicly about politically contentious questions tend to speak more clearly than they think . They make predictions about the future , and end up believing their own predictions . Their predictions become dogmas which they do not question . Climate and Land Management first heresy says that all the fuss about global warming is grossly exaggerated . Here I am opposing the holy brotherhood of climate model experts and the crowd of deluded citizens who believe the numbers predicted by the computer models . When I listen to the public debates about climate change , I am impressed by the gaps in our knowledge , the of our observations , and the of our theories . Many of the basic processes of planetary ecology are poorly understood . They must be better understood before we can reach an accurate diagnosis of the present tion of our planet . When we are trying to take care of a planet , just as when we are taking care of a human patient , diseases must be diagnosed before they can be cured . We need to observe and measure what is going on in the biosphere , rather than relying on computer models Oceans and Ice Ages We have accurate measurements of sea level going back two hundred observe a steady rise from 1800 to the present , with an acceleration during the last fifty years But the rise from 1800 to 1900 was probably not due to human scale of industrial activities in the nineteenth century was not large enough to have had measurable global effects . So a large part of the observed rise in sea level must have other causes . Another environmental danger that is even more poorly understood is the possible coming of a new ice age . If human activities were not disturbing the climate , a new ice age might already have begun . We do not know how to answer the most important question Do our human activities in general , and our burning of fossil fuels in particular , make the onset of the next ice age more likely or less likely ?

The Wet Sahara At many places in the Sahara desert that are now dry and unpopulated , we find paintings showing people with herds of animals . I would like to ask two questions . First , if the increase of carbon dioxide in the is allowed to continue , shall we arrive at a climate similar to the climate of six thousand years ago when the Sahara was wet ?

Second , if we could choose between the climate of today with a dry Sahara and the climate of six thousand years ago with a wet Sahara , should we prefer the climate of today ?

The biosphere is the most complicated of all the things we humans have to deal with . The science of planetary ecology is still young and undeveloped . It is not surprising that honest and experts can disagree about facts Ordered to Pay Billion Fine for Fraud Bart , Tom Miles , and Aruna . Traders Charged , Bank Fined Billion in Reuters . December . Climate Change 50

, Bad Corporation Chapter Synthesis Questions . Are consumers more likely to buy products from companies that are more active in the against global warming ?

Should companies strive to be industry leaders in the against global warming ?

What is the best overall solution or response to the problem posed by global warming ?

China Joint Announcement on Climate Change , White House , 12 , 2014 , Matthew , Anthropogenic Transformation in Science , David Alexander and Rhodes ( Netherlands Publishers , 1999 ) America Climate Choices Panel on Advancing the Science of Climate Change National Research Council , the Science Change ( Washington , The National Academies Press , 2010 ) Thomas Karl and Kevin , Modern global climate change , 302 , no . 5651 ( 2003 ) et , Natural and anthropogenic changes in atmospheric over the last 1000 years from air in Antarctic ice , 101 , no . 1996 ) Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network , Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide , Earth System Research Laboratory Global Monitoring Division , last updated August , 2012 , et , The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Executive mary , Chapter in Climate Change , Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , et al . Cambridge , UK Cambridge University Press , 2001 ) et , Net Global Radiative Forcing , Global Warming Potentials , and Patterns of Forcing , Technical Summary in Change 2007 The ( Cambridge , UK Cambridge University Press , 2007 ) Or in the popular vernacular , farting . animals with multiple stomachs , which permits them to digest grasses ) such as cows , deer , sheep , goats , and camels , produce significant amounts of methane during their digestive process , known as enteric fermentation . Most of the methane thereby produced comes out the front end of the cow , but amounts also come out the other end . percent of the methane produced in the United States comes from livestock . 10 . Henning , et , Livestock Long Shadow Environmental Issues and Livestock , Environment and Development , 2006 , 11 . Laurence , Simon Kemp , and Ian Williams , Carbon Towards a Universally Accepted , Management , no . 2011 ) Climate Change 51

, Baal Chapter 12 . Peter and , Energy Prices , Taxes , and Carbon Dioxide Emissions , Studies , no 17 ( Autumn 1991 ) 92 . 13 . Brian Fisher et , Interaction between Mitigation and Adaptation , in the Light of Climate Change Impacts and under Uncertainty , Section in Climate Change 2007 Change , Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report ofthe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , 2007 , et al . Cambridge , UK Cambridge University Press , 2007 ) 14 . Jenna and Alexia Kelly , Bottom Line on , World Resources Institute , 17 ( August 2010 ) 15 . Robert , Experience with Environmental Policy Instruments , Paper ( Washington , Resources for the Future , November 2011 ) 16 . United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change , 2011 ) 17 . United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change , Glossary of Climate Change Acronyms , accessed November 30 , 2014 , essential . 18 . Andrea Thompson , Study Global Warming Could Hinder Hurricanes , April 17 , 2007 , wind . 19 . United States Government Accountability , Climate Engineering , Future Directions , and Potential ( Washington , Center for Science , Technology , and , 2011 ) 20 . Spencer , International Cooperation Democracy and Policy Advice ( The Warming , American Institute of Physics , last February 2014 , 21 . Summary for , in Climate Change 2007 The Physical Science , of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , Solomon et al ( Cambridge , UK Cambridge University Press , 2007 ) 22 . United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( 23 . Status of of the Convention , United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change , of . 24 . Sophie , The Interview Bjorn , New Statesman , September 24 , 2010 , 25 . William Stevens , Scientist at Work Richard A Skeptic Asks , Is It Getting Hotter , Or Is It Just the Computer Model ?

The New , une 18 , 1996 . 26 . Our Clients and Businesses , last August 12 , 2014 , 27 . Bart , Lays Out Employee Ethics Code , The Wall Street , 13 , 2010 . 28 . ISO Management , ISO , 29 . Sid , Europe carbon waste report , November 23 , 2011 , Climate