Good Corporation, Bad Corporation Corporate Social Genetically Modified Organisms

Chapter Genetically Modified Organisms ( GET ' OUT PUBLIC Source Paul and Cally , Creative Commons License ( 2013 ) Figure . Worldwide concern over and ing bus made leading producer one worlds most controversial corporations . Here , ing is protesting against in Columbus , in 2013 . What Are Genetically Modified Organisms ?

No corporate activity today is more controversial than the production and sale of organisms ( another common abbreviation is for genetically foods ) One company in particular , has become so closely associated with that it has become the target of worldwide criticism and a number of public . Genetically Organisms (

Good Corporation , Bad Corporation Though news articles and editorials appear daily about public interest campaigns against , many consumers still are not sure exactly what are or why they are so controversial . As you walk down the aisle of your local supermarket , you may have noticed package labels that state , This product does not contain Should you buy such products ?

Should you prefer them to other products that do not make the same claim ?

A is any organism whose genes have been modified Unnatural gene involves isolating a gene from one species and splicing it into another . For example , this could involve isolating a gene from one plant and splicing it into a different species of plant in order to create a product that stays fresh In one sense , genetic manipulation is quite ancient . Ever since the origins of agriculture thousands of years ago , farmers have known how to improve crop quality by strains of vegetables , fruit , or grain . However , such hybrids are not because the process of creating them does not involve the transfer of genes from one species to another . The term refers not only to food products , but also to animals , insects , and that have been produced through genetic first medicine produced through genetic engineering was insulin . Previously , insulin for diabetes patients had been harvested from Introduction of insulin reduced dependence on animals for the creation of this drug , and also reduced the number of negative allergic reactions among diabetes patients who were sensitive to insulin . Genetic engineering has been used to develop medicines and treatments for a number of diseases , including cancer . This ability to engineer the genetic of an organism has been referred to as conscious Genetically modified crops can be designed to provide benefits for producers or date , the primary focus has been on improved farming productivity . Most crops available today were created to be resistant to specific pests , pesticides , diseases , or environmental conditions such as or For example , one of the most commercially successful genetic modifications for crops is one that makes them resistant to , an especially effective herbicide developed by and sold under the trademark Roundup , but which is now produced by many other has developed seeds for crops that are resistant to and are therefore marketed as Roundup By using crops that are resistant to , farmers can control weeds more easily . This allows farmers to increase harvests while using less labor , because there is less need to plow once they have been cleared of weeds with sate . Clearing weeds also reduces the presence of insect predators that could diminish crop yields . One commonly cited example of the potential benefits of comes from the extensive reliance on crops in China , which has allowed China to greatly improve farm Cotton plants genetically modified to be resistant to local pests are already in China . By switching to this cotton , use of pesticides has decreased by 80 . Genetically modified organisms play a larger role in our world than most Americans realize . In the United States today , over 90 of soybean , cotton , corn , and other crops are genetically modified ?

If you were not aware of the extent of usage , you are not alone . A 2005 survey asked Canadians , Americans , and Britons if they were paying close attention to genetic engineering in their medication and food Only of Americans reported that they paid close attention to the issue and 31 were somewhat interested , but 25 answered that they had not paid any attention to the issue , and an additional 35 had paid little Genetically Modified Organisms (

Goad , Bad Arguably , one of the reasons the public does not know more about genetically organisms is that research in the is primarily conducted by the main companies who develop , and these companies do not wish to alarm the Large corporations have dominated the world of genetic engineering since the Supreme Court ruled that genes could be Patent protection and enforcement by large corporations make it for smaller companies or research to enter the genetic market . As a result , it is for independent researchers to study patented genes without approval from the companies that own In the view of skeptics , available research on food is usually biased in favor of It has been alleged that independent researchers who threaten the interests of the large corporations risk losing research The relative lack of independent research makes it more for the general public to arrive at an informed , objective opinion . Many of the articles , websites , and other publications on this topic are biased They either are produced by corporations that have developed foods , or they are published by lobby groups who are strongly opposed to foods . and Biodiversity The impact of on biodiversity is widely debated . Pro researchers maintain that if crops are genetically for pest resistance , farmers can reduce their reliance on insecticides , so that local fauna , such as birds , rodents , and insects , can in the area . Secondary pests that would have been eliminated through widespread insecticide tion are not suppressed by the insecticide use permitted by . Because these secondary pests remain , other small birds and rodents that feed on the secondary In addition , the development of or crops allows arid or land to be used for growing means that less terrain needs to be converted for On the other side of the debate , skeptics have argued that up to 75 of plant genetic diversity has been lost since farmers switched to uniform crop varieties . In this view , less popular , seed varieties are being Moreover , widely used crop varieties can spread to neighboring and eventually mix in with crops . A farmer who wishes to continue using a seed variety , or who desires to maintain the organic status of his crops , must adopt potentially expensive measures to protect his crops from contamination or with his neighbors crops . It has also been argued that the of certain crops may lead to greater susceptibility to pests and Pests may evolve to target the monoculture of popular and overused crop varieties . Moreover , it has been argued that the evolution of resistant weeds has required farmers to make use , the toxicity of which poses dangers for human health . It has been hypothesized that crops can harm insect species that are not pests . Insects that feed on crops will carry pollen , which may prove toxic in the long term and result in depletion or even extinction of insect The genetic of any plant or insect that lives in close proximity to crops can be compromised because gene transfer from one organism to another can occur , and such genes may pose unanticipated risks . traits have been found transferred to insects , water life , and soil . Genetically Organisms (

Goad Corporation , Bad and Food Supply It is frequently argued that crops are helping farmers solve the worlds hunger problems . Conceivably , crops help improve food sustainability , enhance environmental farming methods , and produce more nutritious food . Thus , it is generally accepted that crops can yield greater amounts of food ( though not in all cases ) Since crops can be designed to grow at a uniform speed and size , harvesting is simplified and yield is crops are commonly engineered to require fewer pesticides and to be planted with methods , thereby decreasing erosion , fuel consumption , and herbicide use . Moreover , crops can yield more nutrients . For example , the widely cited example of the crop known as Golden Rice illustrates the use of techniques to develop food staples with nutrient levels . Proponents contend that , in the long term , Golden Rice and similarly crops can help reduce tion in developing countries . Supporters of crops argue that of the industry limits the realization of potential benefits from food . As a result , consumers in developing countries are deprived of potential public health benefits . On the other side of the discussion , advocates for organic farming methods argue that sophisticated organic farming can actually produce higher crop yields than crops . Proponents of this view argue that world food problems are more often caused by poor distribution rather than a lack of available food . Improving the availability of food through the increased yields of crops can not solve distribution problems . groups also maintain that crops make farmers reliant on corporations that supply seeds and chemicals , thereby perpetuating poverty by yoking farmers into a cycle of The Case for and against Labeling Given the debates over the impact of on food supply and biodiversity , it is clear that there is strong support for as well as a determined lobby against them . While it currently seems unlikely that any major nations will outlaw , a vigorous debate is taking place on the mandatory labeling of foods containing . Opponents of mandatory labeling contend that foods are safe and do not require labels , while proponents maintain that consumers have a right to know what is in their food . The American Association for the Advancement of Science ( an tion that promotes integrity and publishes the journal Science , has stated that attacks against and the to have them labeled can cause unnecessary alarm among considers fears about safety The has pointed out that other types of natural breeding are universally encouraged and that genetic modification is fundamentally no different and no more harmful than these natural The argues that since foods and foods are nutritionally equivalent , labeling of foods could lead consumers to erroneously believe that foods are harmful . Other opponents of mandatory labeling argue that genetic modification of food is not different from the widely accepted practice of adding to our water , which does not require labeling under American Since labeling would discourage the use of ingredients in food products , we would essentially be preventing better food products from Genetically Modified Organisms (

Goad , Bad reaching consumers . For example , genetic can eliminate fungal infections in foods that might otherwise cause sickness or lead to expensive food Greater regulation of foods could generate unfounded suspicion of good food products , and this suspicion could hinder further development and Unnecessary regulation of crops could also cause hardship to farmers . It has been claimed that some farmers have lost income because they cultivated crops that had been approved but were subsequently rejected for use as a result of lawsuits or revocation of Likewise , developers of crops have faced in trying to research and develop new seed varieties because regulations limit their ability to plant test crops outdoors . The Case against and for Labeling The lobby has called for labeling of all food products so that consumers can make informed choices about whether to avoid the potential harm from . One widely publicized and highly controversial study published in 2012 examined laboratory rats that had consumed Roundup Ready both corn that was Roundup Ready but had not been sprayed with Roundup , and corn that was Roundup Ready and bad been sprayed with Roundup . The researchers observed death rates two to three times higher among the Roundup rats than in the control group , in to major kidney This research was notable because most research conducted by corporations that develop foods is based on a observation period . However , the study by et al . tracked the research animals for a period of two years , allowing for observation of effects . The authors of this study pointed out that no regulatory body requires foods to be tested for consumption on animals before being sold to humans . Many detractors seized upon this study as evidence that food is potentially dangerous . Since its publication , however , the study has been challenged by other scientists and was formally retracted by the publishers of the scientific journal in which it Another study examined pregnant mothers who ate corn , which had been with a gene that has been shown to cause tissue and autoimmune damage in The study revealed that 93 of pregnant mothers tested positive for a toxin from the gene in their blood . The toxin also showed up in 80 of the umbilical blood of their babies . In addition , the authors of this study mention that farm laborers who work with this type of crop report serious allergies , and that animals grazing on these crops have higher death rates . As mentioned above , independent research on food is to conduct and is therefore scarce . However , there are a small number of studies that do suggest that food can cause impaired liver and kidney function as well as impaired embryo ment . In addition , it has been that foods cause antibiotic resistance , and that they provide less nutrition because they may have lower levels of naturally occurring nutrients or Additionally , foods are alleged to pose higher risks for allergy sufferers . Clear labeling would allow individuals who may be especially susceptible to the harms of to avoid foods . Many groups argue that not enough research has been done to know if crops are safe for human Groups like and Friends of the Genetically Modified Organisms (

Good Corporation , Bad Corporation Earth have warned consumers that there is no solid evidence that food is safe for consumption . At present , the only way a consumer can be confident that he or she is not purchasing food is by buying food with an organic label The only permits this label to be used on food products that are As an alternative , some companies voluntarily label their food as free to indicate that it has no traces of ingredients . This label is not regulated , however , and no inspection is conducted to ensure that all foods with this label are in fact free of ingredients . According to a 2011 study of over one million Americans by the Group , 93 of poll respondents said they would like food with genetically engineered ingredients to be labeled as Approximately 75 of poll respondents were worried about the health effects of food , and 37 of respondents feared increased risks for cancer or allergies from these foods . Among those concerned about food , 26 thought these foods were not safe to eat and 13 worried about environmental problems caused by crops and foods . Forty percent of respondents thought that the fruits and vegetables they purchased were likely genetically half of respondents said they would not eat gies , fruits , and grains . of people surveyed claimed that they would not eat genetically modified Labeling is admittedly to introduce , due to both the cost and the complexity of food production . Many food companies today may be unaware of the extent to which their products contain ingredients . Consequently , in order to be effective , labeling must start at the very root of the food chain , when a seed is planted and grown into a crop . Labeling Around the Globe While foods are freely grown in the United States , other regions , most notably the European Union , enforce strict regulations on The European Food Safety Authority examines three aspects of food genetic composition of the food , risk , and environmental impact . The European Union requires labeling because it believes that should be able to make informed Labeling of all food is mandatory in the European Union and in over 60 countries around the world , including China , Japan , and In other countries , such as Canada , labeling remains Australia has imposed a strict regulatory framework for dealing with . Notice must be given of all applications for licensing of new . Following this , invitations to comment on these applications are widely published and feedback is invited from , nonprofit organizations , researchers , and experts in the field . A separate regulatory body , staffed with experts in the field of research , has helped ensure the success of this program by maintaining high standards for reporting and debate . Unfortunately , Australia regulatory system has not worked as smoothly as expected . Lobbying by strong interest groups continues to delay the release of some approved products . ever , proof of the regulatory systems effectiveness has been shown through changed public opinion toward in Australia . As public education has increased and transparency about products has improved through this regulatory process , attitudes toward have become more Genetically Modified Organisms ( 58

Good Corporation , Bad Corporation The Philippines contemplated introduction of mandatory labeling over the last decade and decided against it . A study of Filipino food production and the retail system concluded that labeling for foods would result in cost increases of up to 12 for manufacturers . If any of this increase were passed along to consumers , in a country where 54 of the average household budget is already allocated for food , consumers would be less likely to buy the labeled Approaches to Labeling in the United States A number of reasons have been advanced for strengthening regulation of in the United States , most notably that American farmers have suffered from the misuse of food products . In 2008 , the United States was responsible for about 50 of crops planted globally , including 80 of corn , 92 of soybeans , and 93 of canola . It has been reported that over 70 of processed food sold in the United States contains In the past , accidental release of unapproved GE crops into the market has led to trade by other countries that enforce more stringent control of products , resulting in losses for American Several states have begun independently looking at mandatory labeling for foods within the state . Connecticut , Hawaii , and Maine passed bills in 2013 to require various levels of labeling for foods . Hawaii legislation is the most detailed , requiring labels on foods imported from outside the state of Hawaii , as well as labels related to the sale fish products . In 2013 , New House proposed a labeling system , which was approved for further study by the State Senate in January As of October 2013 , bills for various degrees of mandatory labeling had been proposed and were awaiting a vote in Alaska , Arizona , Il , Indiana , Iowa , Massachusetts , Missouri , Nevada , New , New Jersey , New York , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Tennessee , Washington , and West Virginia . Bills for mandatory labeling had been proposed and voted down in and New Mexico . A bill for mandatory labeling was introduced in Florida but died in committee , and a bill for labeling was in Maryland but was subsequently as a result of an unsupportive report from the state Health and Government Operations One of the most publicized campaigns for labeling was California Proposition 37 . Proposition 37 required labeling of all , and it forbade food producers from using the word natural on any food containing ingredients . Ultimately , it was defeated 53 to 47 in the 2012 elections . Had it , California would have been the first state to adopt legislation . The California Right to Know campaign raised major support , but a strong No on Prop 37 campaign was also mounted with massive funding from corporations such as and Hershey While this bill was ultimately , noted author and food activist Michael Pollan has pointed out that Proposition 37 started a national conversation about food and food safety , gave the public an opportunity to vote about their confidence in the food industry , and made the public increasingly aware of lack of transparency within the food Genetically Modified Organisms (

Good Corporation , Bad Corporation Topic for Debate To Label or Not to Label ?

For this debate , you are the assigned to the role of owner of Just Food , a large ( fictional ) supermarket chain in the southwestern United States . A bill has just been tabled in your state House of Representatives to require mandatory labeling of all food products . Your major competitor , Soul Foods , has come out publicly in support of this bill . Various lobby groups for both sides of the debate have approached you for support , and you must now decide whether you and your supermarket chain will take a public stand on the issue of labeling . The CEO of Just Food , Emily , is very mindful of the potential public of coming out in favor of mandatory labeling . On the other hand , has a degree in agricultural science and she is a very sincere person who does not want to take a position just for the sake of expediency she would prefer to think she is doing the right thing . She asks two of her executives to prepare briefs for an internal debate about the topic . Affirmative Just Food should publicly support mandatory labeling of all products that contain . Possible Arguments ' are not adequately researched and may be harmful for human ' Consumers have a right to know what they are purchasing for ' reduce plant ' Taking a stance against labeling will risk a consumer boycott or shift of consumer preferences to our competitor , Soul Foods . eg at i ve Just Food should not publicly support mandatory labeling of all products that contain . Possible Arguments ' foods are as nutritious as , or even more nutritious than , conventional ' use reduces a number of environmental ' Genetic occurs ' Unnecessary labeling creates consumer fear and suspicion . Genetically Modified Organisms (

Good Corporation , Bod Corporation Readings Food Safety Fact Sheet Genetically Engineered Food The Labeling Debate Center for Food Safety . Genetically Engineered Food The Labeling Food Fort . April . If you want to know if your food was irradiated or contains gluten , aspartame , high fructose corn syrup , or , you simply read the label . But if you want to know if your food was genetic engineered , you re not going to find any information on the package . Why ?

Because despite the fact that 64 countries around the world ( including all pean Union member states , Japan , Australia , Brazil , Russia , and ) grant their citizens the right to know what is in their food , the United States continues to ignore consumer demands to label GE foods . Numerous have indicated that more than 90 percent of US consumers believe GE foods should be labeled , yet the US has refused to grant its citizens this basic right . Unlabeled , Untested , and You Eating It Consumers across the country are being allowed to purchase and consume unlabeled GE foods , without our knowledge or consent . Already , this novel technology has invaded our grocery stores and our kitchens by fundamentally altering some of our most important staple food crops . Currently , more than 88 percent of US corn is genetically engineered , as are 93 percent of soybeans and 94 percent of ( cottonseed oil is often used in food products ) According to industry estimates , up to 95 percent of sugar beets may now be GE varieties . It has been estimated that upwards of 75 percent of processed foods on supermarket soda to soup , crackers to genetically engineered ingredients . The United Nations , the World Health Organization , and the American Medical sociation have all called for mandatory safety testing of GE foods . Nonetheless , FDA does no independent testing of their safety , even though documents uncovered in litigation show that scientists within FDA indicated that GE foods could pose serious risks . The State of GE Food Labeling . Just over twenty years ago , FDA decided that GE foods need not be labeled because they were not materially different from other foods . The biotech industry has also opposed GE labeling , and has convinced many in Congress and FDA that such a label would mislead consumers into thinking the food is dangerous . But we don label dangerous foods we take them off the market . The government mandates food labeling not based on safety , but upon material change that consumers should be informed about . In fact , the agency already requires labels for over Center for Food Safety , Genetically Engineered Food Labeling Laws Map , Center for Food Safety , Polls on GE Food Labeling , Jorge , Genetically engineered varieties , upland cotton , and soybeans , by State and for the United States , 200042 , Washington , National Agricultural Statistics Service , Genetically Modified Organisms ( 61

Good Corporation , Bad Corporation ingredients , additives , and processes in food production , for all kinds of reasons , none ofwhich are because the food has been deemed dangerous State and Federal Labeling Initiatives As concerned citizens across the country grow tired of waiting for the federal ment to take action , they are turning to state and local governments . In 2013 alone , over half the states in the country introduced bills that would require labeling for GE Many of these bills use language that crafted , or are based on model GE labeling bill . On the heels of the narrow defeat of California landmark Proposition 37 , states from Washington to Vermont are debating state legislation and citizen driven ballot initiatives to do what the federal government won label GE food . Interested parties seeking counsel on getting an initiative started in your city or state should contact at . Center for Food Safety Genetically Engineered Food The Labeling Food Safety Fact . April Why Genetically Modified Foods Should Be Labeled , Carole . Why Genetically Modified Foods Should be Labeled , Food for . December , Did you know that you have been enrolled in the largest research study ever conducted in the United States but you never signed a consent form or agreed to participate ?

That because since 1996 basically everyone you been eating genetically modified foods Most soybeans , corn , canola , cotton , sugar beets , and Hawaiian papaya , and some , yellow squash , and alfalfa are genetically modified . Products such as oil , high fructose corn syrup , and sugar are created from these crops and added to processed foods . This explains why nearly 80 percent of processed and most fast foods contain . The question is are safe for us and the environment ?

Actually , the answers are not are no studies demonstrating that are safe for humans and the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) does not do its own safety testing of . The environment is another issue . What are the implications when a genetically plant with other plants ?

The monarch are declining due to the destruction of milkweed . What other consequences are possible ?

Super bugs and super weeds are already showing up The bottom line is that we have a product in our food supply with unknown health and environmental implications . At the very least , we should have these foods labeled . However , try as we might , we can not make that happen in the . Even though out of 10 people want them labeled , the biotech companies and food manufacturers do not Over 60 countries , including China , label and some countries ban them . Why can we have transparency in our food supply ?

Washington Initiative 522 to label genetically engineered foods , on the November 2013 ballot , will help us get the transparency we desire . But companies such as , Center for Food Safety , State Labeling Initiatives , Genetically Modified Organisms ( Goad Corporation , Bad Corporation Dupont Pioneer , Dow , and the Grocery Manufacturers Association ( a trade group ) will pay millions to create misleading and factually incorrect ads telling that labeling will cost money , hurt farmers , and isn necessary because are safe . However , we know if a food has high fructose corn syrup or trans fat , or is irradiated . Why can we know if it genetically engineered ?

The biggest fear of these companies is that once are labeled , we won want to eat them anymore . And that may happen , just like it did when we found out there was pink slime in our hamburgers ! Position . Labeling Food and Ingredients Developed from . accessed November 30 , 2014 ) Our View on Food Labeling The safety of our products is our first priority , and multiple health societies , hundreds of independent scientific experts , and dozens of governments around the world have determined that foods and ingredients developed through biotechnology or genetic are safe . Each country establishes its own food labeling the United States , the has established clear guidance with respect to labeling food products containing ingredients we support this approach . We also support food companies choices to voluntarily label food products noting certain attributes ( organic ) based on their preferences and provided the labeling is truthful and not misleading . We oppose current initiatives to mandate labeling of ingredients developed from seeds in the absence of any demonstrated risks . Such mandatory labeling could imply that food products containing these ingredients are somehow inferior to their conventional or organic counterparts . Viewpoints on Labeling Foods and Ingredients in the United States the United States , the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) oversees food labeling . FDA guidance requires labeling of food products containing ingredients from seed if there is a meaningful difference between that food and its conventional counterpart . The American Medical Association ( AMA ) supports FDA approach and approved a formal statement asserting that there is no scientific justification for special labeling of foods containing ingredients . allows food manufacturers the choice to voluntarily label their products noting certain attributes or production methods ( organic ) provided the label is truthful and not misleading . We support this approach . Food companies are in the best position to determine what type of information meets the needs and desires of their customers . website , accessed November 30 , 2014 , Why We Should Label ( or Worry about ) Genetically Modified Products English , Cameron . Foods Why We Shouldn Label ( or Worry about ) cally Modified . March , products . Genetically Modified Organisms (

Good Corporation , Bad Corporation Last year , 14 states attempted to pass legislation requiring that genetically ( foods be labeled as such . And I learned this week that California is now following in their footsteps to become number petition in my home state is being sold with the tagline It our right to know what we re eating , and ominous suggestions about the health risks associated with eating foods . Appealing to voters rights and stirring up health concerns are guaranteed ways to bring attention to political causes , but in the case of food labeling , both tactics are fallacious . There is no reason to label these generally harmless foods and doing so could create unnecessary concern among the public . The idea of food laden with foreign genes may sound scary , but it really isn . Since we dont live in a sterile environment , all the plants we eat , genetically modified or not , are loaded with bacteria , viruses , and other living and their DNA . According to agricultural scientist Steve Savage , this fact shouldn concern us . Even though we are eating microbes , their genes , and their gene products on a grand scale , it is almost never a problem . In fact , some of these microbes go on to become part of our own bank of bacteria , that live within our digestive to our Savage goes on to point out that the only difference between the foreign genetic found naturally in plants and the genes we intentionally add to them is that we know more about the latter . We know the exact sequence of the gene , its location in the plants chromosomes , what the gene does , Savage result is that we can more easily mine how safe foods are for consumption , compared to their natural counterparts . But , thats not the only good thing about foods . Genetic engineering has lowed scientists to develop crops that consume less water , grow in harsh environments , and produce less carbon dioxide , as molecular biologist Henry Miller points out . Put another way , these technological advances have made it possible to produce cheaper food in greater quantities and in a more sustainable fashion . Food security and environmental protection are political causes typically championed by progressives . So why are these same people pushing for food labeling ?

importantly , science education doesn come from food packaging . There simply no way to properly educate consumers about the foods they re eating at the point of requires a concerted effort on the part of scientists and educators ( which is already underway ) and a desire to learn on the part of consumers . Theres no reason to begin that process by feeding people misleading information during their weekly grocery runs . Of course , that last sentence assumes that supporters of food labeling petitions are interested in educating people about nutrition , which they aren . The environmentalists and public health advocates behind these measures are trying to force their preferences on the public through the initiative process . If you think thats just the ranting of an idealistic libertarian , considering that prominent scientists and science writers have been saying the same thing for many years . If for no other reason , the opinion of experts ought to be enough to put a stop to gerated fears of genetic engineering and baseless food labeling campaigns . Synthesis Questions . What impact will labeling of food products have on producers and developers of foods ?

Genetically Modified Organisms ( , Baal . What impact wi labeling of food products have on research of ?

What impact wi labeling of food have on consumers ?

What would be ' most effective and system for labeling food ?

World Health Organization , 20 an Genetically , accessed October , 2013 , Nancy Harris , Introduction , in Genetically Engineered ( San Diego , 2004 ) 39 . Coker , Crossing the Species Boundary Genetic Engineering as Conscious Evolution , 46 , no . 2012 ) 23 . World Health Organization , 20 . Food and Water Watch , The Case for GE Labeling , Fact , May 2012 , Foresight . The Future and Farming Final Project Report ( London The Government for Science , 2011 ) Coker , Crossing the Species Boundary . Shelley Mika , Britons Show Distaste for Biotech Foods Americans More Optimistic about Food Safety , October 18 , 2005 , 10 . Michael , Claire Robinson , and John , and Claim Made far the and af Genetically , London Earth Open Source , 2012 ) 11 . He ( New York Harper , 2012 ) 12 . He . 13 . and . 14 . Hazards Engineered Foods and Crops Why We Need a Global Moratorium , in Sherlock and , in ( Publishers , Inc , 2002 ) Carpenter , Impact Crops on Biodiversity , no . 2011 ) 16 . 17 . Loss and Genetically Crops , une 17 , 2011 , 18 . Carpenter , Impact of Crops on Biodiversity , Craps ( 2011 ) 17 . 19 . Hazards foods and crops . 20 . He . 21 . Soil Association , Feeding the Haw Organic Farming Can Help Feed Me ( Bristol , UK Soil Association , 2012 ) Genetically Organisms (

Good Corporation , Bad Corporation 22 . American Association for the Advancement of Science , Statement by the Board of Directors on Labeling of Genetically Foods , news release , une 12 , 2013 , and Miller , The Rush to Condemn Genetically Crops , Policy Review , 165 ( 2011 ) 64231 . 24 . Henry . Miller , Genetically Foods Have Numerous and No Known Risks , Engineering , Ed . Noel Merino . Detroit Press , 2013 ) from When Becomes Toxic , 2012 , Opposing Viewpoints in Context , accessed 30 2014 , within ( 012 0440 . 25 . Ibid . 26 . Ibid . 27 . and Miller , The Rush to Condemn . 28 . et , Toxicity of a Roundup Herbicide and a Genetically Maize , Food and Chemical Toxicology , 50 ( 2012 ) 29 . Steven Novella . The Study Retraction and Response to Critics , December , 2013 , Smith , Toxins in Women and Fetuses , Magazine , 41 ( April , 2011 ) 14 . 31 . Hazards foods and crops . 32 . United States Government Accountability , Engineered Io Improve , Could Step to Enhance Coordination and ( Washington United States Government Accountability , 2008 ) 33 . Food and Water Watch , The Case for GE Labeling , 34 . Ibid . Group , memorandum to Just Label It ! Voters Overwhelmingly Support a Labeling Requirement for GE Foods , March 22 , 2011 , 36 . World Health Organization , 20 . 37 . Consumer perception and in the European Union , in Policy Io Societal Concern in Food Proceeding of an OE ( Paris Organisation for Economic and Development , 2010 ) 38 . Labeling Policies Food Lessons from an national Review of Existing Approaches , 2007 , 39 . Michael Pollan , Vote for the Dinner Party , York Time Magazine , October 10 , 2012 , Hewitt , 2010 ) Policy in Australia , Policy Io Societal Concern in Food and Agriculture Proceedings of an Workshop ( Paris Organisation for Economic and Development , 2010 ) Genetically Organisms (

, Bad 41 . de Leon , and , The Cost Implications of Food Labeling in the Philippines , Crop Brief IV , 2004 ) 42 . United States Government Accountability , Engineered Craps . 43 . United States Government Accountability , Engineered Craps . 44 . Center for Food Safety , State Labeling Initiatives , accessed November 30 , 2014 , 45 . Center for Food Safety , State Labeling Initiatives . 46 . Anna , Prop 37 Rejected California Voters Reject Labeling , last updated November , 2012 , Prop 37 Rejected . Genetically Organisms (