Glossary

GLOSSARY acetic fermentation the process by which bacteria such as convert oxygen and alcohol into acetic acid or vinegar . advertising a type of paid promotional messaging intended to compel consumers to purchase the promoted product or service . aesthetics the system of evaluating sensory stimuli in the case of food , aesthetics tends to relate to the pleasurable experiences of taste , smell , sight , and texture . affect an embodied experience of impact , related to the ways in which living things perceive , feel , and sense interaction with other living or things . affective relationships the set of emotions and feelings that produce visceral and personal connections with other people , objects , and ideas gag laws laws that ban people from exposing cruel or unsafe at farms and slaughterhouses they include making it an offence to gain access to agricultural property under false pretences , effectively shutting down undercover . GLOSSARY 811

agency the capacity to act and affect other things in humans , the will and ability to make change for oneself or others in and actors , agency ( also material agency ) recognizes that reactions can be elicited when intention and cognition are not present . certification a practice of governance through which the gins or qualities of food are verified by certifying bodies Certified Organic and Fair Trade are prominent examples of certification . governance the rules , regulations , and institutions that shape the duction of and trade in food and agricultural products at multiple scales ( local , national , transnational , global ) tourism premised on agricultural landscapes , rural heritage , farming , and food cultures . agricultural futures markets futures contracts in which the underlying assets come from the raising of crops or animals futures are traded derivatives that lock in future delivery of a ity or security at a price set today . the organisms and environment of a cultivated agricultural area . agricultural production systems that grate trees ( for , timber harvesting , or other ) and forest products ( such as medicinal 812 FOOD STUDIES

plants , fruits , and nuts ) with the cultivation of food crops and sometimes livestock . alcoholic fermentation the process by which yeast converts sugars such as glucose and fructose into alcohol , acid , and carbon dioxide . alliteration a literary device in which consonants , especially at the beginning of words , are repeated for resonance and impact . allusion an implicit reference to people , places , events , literary works , myths , works of art , or other elements an author believes readers may recognize . alternative trade organisations shops in commercial districts that appeared in the and to sell products from countries in past , were action centres for the fair trade movement activists . anaphylaxis a severe , potentially allergic reaction . animal husbandry the breeding , farming , and caring for farm animals such as chickens , cattle , dogs , sheep and horses . animal welfare activists people who protest or otherwise work against factory ing , animal testing , or cruelty to animals in other forms . Many animal welfare activists are either vegan or vegetarian and Work towards ending , which is the tion of one species over another . GLOSSARY 813

anorexia an eating disorder marked by a restriction of caloric intake resulting is significantly low body weight with detrimental health effects . In the restricting type of anorexia , an individual controls their weight solely through caloric restriction , while in the type , a son may demonstrate similar behaviours as in bulimia , including vomiting or misuse of laxatives . a proposed geologic epoch characterized by significant human impact on the natural world . anthropogenic originating in human activity . aquaculture the farming of fish and other aquatic organisms . artificial intelligence systems that are built from objectives and that generate outputs that can the physical or environment with which the systems interact . Overall , what is meant by artificial and intelligent remains contested . artisan cheese a product made using specific conditions of production ( smaller in scale , based in singular geographic locales , to the identity of the ) research an emerging mode of qualitative research process that the creative , expressive , and evocative nature of arts to explore research questions . 814 FOOD STUDIES

a qualitative research method that analyzes personal and through differs from autobiography by taking a wider framework are the site of examination , one own . balancing feedback loops cycles of systemic processes that counter reinforcing loops within a system , and which serve to alter or correct relations at a larger level . bee bread a mixture of pollen and nectar or honey made by honey bees the main source of food for worker bees and larvae . bento a portable , packaged meal ofjapanese origin usually ing of steamed rice , vegetables , meat or fish dishes . Although bento can be purchased in stores or bento shops , it is for Japanese women ( especially mothers and wives ) to prepare bento for their families every morning . bias within research , a positioning that produces a systematic change in perception , findings , or analysis in a more rial sense , bias refers to the inclination , angle , or diagonal with which a substance is aligned . binge eating disorder an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of intense and eating that are not followed by the compensatory behaviours ( such as purging ) that are a part of bulimia . GLOSSARY 815

biodiversity hotspot A biome or region that has extremely high levels of and endemism , meaning that many of the species are only found in that biome . Hotspots are also at high risk of destruction from deforestation and other forms of mental degradation . technology an unchangeable and distributed digital ledger , in which each transaction or record is stored in a Information contained in a block is linked to that of previous blocks , forming a chain of transactions . The most well known form of are . body maintenance an approach to human health that emphasizes individual responsibility for eating well and getting adequate exercise , along with other individual practices that treat the human body as a machine . bulimia an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating , followed by recurrent compensatory such as purging that is used to avoid weight gain . capital accumulation the ways in which wealth is generated . capitalism an economic and political system in which trade and try are governed and controlled by private owners for profit , instead of collectively owned by the state , public planning , or labourers themselves . 816 FOOD STUDIES

capture fisheries the harvesting of wild fish stocks in marine and freshwater ecosystems often classified as or . the dominant ideology that considers desirable and normal . case study an examination of a particular subject , event , group , or other unit of analysis can be used as a means of comparison across two or more units . causality describes linear or clearly defined relationships within a tem , in which consequences or effects are directly associated with prompts or stimuli . meat meat produced using by the of animal tissues in a laboratory environment , without being grown within the body of an animal . an Indigenous person from and the Northern Mariana Islands . charismatic microfauna small animal species that serve as rallying points that late awareness and action . classification the action or process of arranging or categorizing things according to qualities or characteristics . GLOSSARY 817

close reading detailed , critical examination of a text to discover its ings and assess its and effects considers imagery , setting , diction , syntax , point of view , form , style , symbolism , and figurative language . code economy an economy in which digital technologies , which use code , are commercialized and permeate individual and social life . Codex the international standards , guidelines , and codes of practice regarding food , established by the United Nations . a reciprocal evolutionary change that occurs between pairs of species or among groups of species as they interact with one another . cognitive behavioural therapy a form of psychotherapy that aims to help individuals restructure dysfunctional thought processes and challenge the reinforcement of unhealthy behaviours overall , aims to increase coping and . colony collapse disorder the name given to the phenomenon , observed in the early , in which millions of honey bees disappeared in the United States , with similar reports from Canada and parts of Europe the term has become a for mysterious , undiagnosed deaths of managed honey bee colonies . 818 FOOD STUDIES

commercial infant formula a prepared food ( often in powder or concentrate form ) made to resemble human milk , and which is marketed for the feeding of infants . the conversion of a resource , good , or service into an object of exchange within a capitalist market system . commodity a resource , good , or service that is transformed into an object of exchange within a capitalist market system are bought and sold in the marketplace using money as the intermediary between seller and buyer . commodity fetishism the association of production , exchange , and consumption relationships with money and merchandise , rather than with humans commodity fetishism human social relations from , for example , the making of food products . commons a resource that is shared or held in common by members of a community and governed by rules developed and overseen by that group . community food security A approach to achieving food security through the ing of and sustainable food systems . community of practice A group of people who share a concern or an interest and come together to pursue common goals through a set of shared methods or processes . GLOSSARY 819

research A participatory process of amongst project ( researchers , practitioners , community members ) to identify a research question and the ways by which knowledge will be generated to address the question . complete proteins foods that contain all the amino acids humans require for good health animal proteins tend to be complete based proteins generally are not , although combining ent proteins can be a way to ensure all required amino acids are obtained . consolidation a process in which separate , smaller companies are to create larger and fewer companies that exert more in the economy . cooking narrowly defined , the transformation of food through the application of heat more broadly , a range of food ration activities , from butchery to preparing food from scratch to heating up packaged foods . copra dried coconut , from which coconut oil is obtained and used in a range of cosmetic and soap products , among others . critical referring to academic approaches that focus on observing , analyzing , and acting upon systemic structures such as bias , inequity , or difference . critical design the creative practices of design to make artifacts that debate and challenge the status quo , in some way . The 820 FOOD STUDIES

critical design artifact is not intended for utility but to vide a critical perspective on an issue . critical dietetics an field that draws on critical social theory to explore power in relation to food , nutrition , and healthy eating includes the knowledge base , education and training approaches , and regulatory within the dietetic profession . critical ethnography a qualitative research practice that involves immersive research and the exploration of cultural patterns through direct experience and observation . critical nutrition studies an field that draws on the perspectives and tools of critical social theory to illuminate the ways in which nutrition and healthy eating are shaped by and shape social and structural inequities in society . critical reading examining and interpreting texts while also examining and interpreting the context or environment in which that text was produced , to better understand the author or biases and and therefore better stand the ideas and information provided . the practice of breastfeeding other women children out pay . cultural capital a form of distinction or power that a person acquires by being in social norms and knowledge . GLOSSARY 821

cultural humility an ongoing process , rather than a state of being , that requires the development of about personal and cultural identity , as well as knowledge about others . cultural knowledge understanding of the history , social context , and values of a cultural group . cultural relativism an approach in which traditions and other cultural patterns are evaluated within their own systemic context , rather than analyzed from the outside of that culture . culture the customary beliefs , social habits , and traits of racial , or social group culture encompasses language , religion , cuisine , social habits , music , and arts . diction word choice contributes to the tone of a text and and creates context may reflect attitudes , ages , eras , regional locations , emotional charges , etc may also relate to and metaphors , or to refer to something elsewhere within or beyond the text . diet culture the pervasive system of beliefs and practices that associates thinness with optimal health and moral virtue , certain ways of eating while praising others , and oppresses people whose bodies do not fit into a given society posed picture of health and wellness diet culture is through print and digital media ( among other channels ) and disproportionately harms Black women , Indigenous women , and women of colour , queer and trans folks , people in larger bodies , and people with disabilities . 822 FOOD STUDIES

dietary specialists animals that collect food from a narrow range of plants some bees are dietary specialists that , without access to tain plants , can not provide food for their larvae . dietetic management deliberate , eating practices , in which the goal is to consume appropriate amounts of food that is deemed healthy . dietetics an ancient Greek philosophy concerning the care of the self , which included the regulation of eating , drinking , sex , cise , and sleep . direct marketing any marketing practice that relies on direct communication to individual consumers , rather than through a third party ( such as media ) discourse talk or text in social and historical context , about any , at any time , and in any form , where of meaning or ideology exist . disposable groups of people that deliver labour in with weak bonds , which exist as labour sources , and which are valued based on their contributions to productivity alone characteristic of structures and systems . distance in food studies , a concept used to describe the physical and cognitive space between eaters and the sources of their food , as created by the modern , globalized food system . GLOSSARY 823

diversity the variety of different species present in a given community or ecosystem . Doctrine of Signatures a Middle Ages , folkloric understanding of medicine , in which foods resembling various parts of the body were used to treat ailments of those body parts . an approach to understanding food that recognizes its and impacts on ecology and the environment . ecosystem services The wide range of contributions and benefits that provide for human , including supplying food , fuel for cooking , and water regulating functions of the environment such as pollination and maintaining a stable climate creating cultural opportunities such as recreation supporting functions like water cycling and photosynthesis . embodiment the process of incorporating physical or abstract things into one body , such as food , race , or that they become part of ones body . emergence the unplanned and uncontrolled appearance of a physical object or abstract notion within a system , creating the sense of a spontaneous force giving rise to sophisticated . emergent potential the capacity for emergence to occur . 824 FOOD STUDIES

enabling environment ( in policy ) a policy environment that supports the ultimate goals and intentions of a program by providing delegated authority , policy , or adequate resource support . endemism A species that is found in a unique and specific geographic location is said to be endemic to that place . Endemic species are more limited than species that are considered nous to a place , which means that they can also be found in other geographic locations . environmental oral history A discipline that combines methods and concepts from oral history ( such as interviews , narratives , and memory ) and environmental history ( which focuses on the relationship between people and their environments throughout tory ) It is used to examine the range of perspectives people have on ecosystems , forests , conservation , among many other environmental issues . Environmental oral history focuses on peoples perceptions of , and relationships with , their environment , which enables an understanding of the ways people produce meaning from the places they inhabit , and how they perceive and value the natural world around them . environmental racism the reality that polluting industries and waste sites are located in areas predominantly occupied by income , and Global South communities . Environmental subject making GLOSSARY 825

environmental subject making and identity the ways in which people perceive themselves and their rounding environment as being shaped by their daily actions with the local ecology . epistemology a branch of philosophy focused on the theory of knowledge , specifically its nature and origin the processes and of making knowledge . ethos a worldview and value system . agriculture An approach to agriculture that provides more support and incentives for producers growing food at a large scale that can be exported to support economic growth than for growing food at a smaller scale to feed local . the costs , consequences , or side effects of an economic or activity that affect unrelated parties ( human and species ) and which are not taken into account in the prices of the goods or services produced ( eg , the health effects of air pollution caused by food transportation ) extrinsic attributes of food or drink the external conditions that determine perception of a drinks quality ( location of production , group identity , marketing strategies ) fair trade a form of ethical commercial exchange , embodied by a movement that the idea of justice in . 826 FOOD STUDIES

certification program a system of standards embodying fair trade practices that both buyers and sellers have to comply with to obtain a issued by International . feed conversion ratio in animal husbandry , the relative efficiency with which organisms transform food inputs into desirable outputs such as meat or milk . fermentation a process in which food matter ( and sometimes meaning ) is transformed through the metabolism of microbial life ( milk into cheese , grapes into wine ) an independent organization carrying out the auditing process for International . folklore the scholarly study of tradition . food bank a place where basic , such as rice , pasta and canned be accessed by those experiencing food insecurity . food culture culinary practices and meanings shared among a certain group of people that shape one engagement with food . food desert an area of a city or region ( often ) that has access to affordable and nutritious food . GLOSSARY 827

food identity the result of the way people constitute themselves by ing a set of nutritional , cultural , symbolic , collective , or ethical values . food insecurity the condition that exists when one or more people are not able to gain access to food in sufficient quality and quantity , often due to lack of economic resources , in order to live a healthful and active life note that there are multiple ways that food insecurity has been defined , depending on context . food justice the process of eliminating oppression and inequity in food systems note that there are multiple definitions of food tice , depending on context . food meanings the social , cultural , and religious significance that is with foods . food practices includes food access and acquisition , food preparation , food preferences , and eating behavior akin to , the term used in food studies to describe food and meal preparation , religious and symbolic uses of food , and gardening , among other activities . food rescue the process of acquiring food that is edible and no longer part of the food supply chain for the purpose of donating to food shelters and . food rescue network people who work together to donate , transport , deliver and receive otherwise wasted food . 828 FOOD STUDIES

food rescue networks food safety the combined practices of ensuring that food and food are free from harmful substances , both chemical and biological food safety procedures can exist at all stages and within all spaces of food production , transformation , retail , preparation , and consumption . food security the condition when all people , at all times , have sufficient access to safe and nutritious food to meet their needs and cultural preferences for an active and healthy life . food sovereignty a political framework developed by the international ant organization , La Via , emphasizing the rights of peoples to determine their own food systems , including the production and consumption of food through methods that are environmentally , culturally , and socially sustainable . food system all the steps and processes involved in feeding people and how foods are transformed along the way includes production , distribution , marketing , retail , tion , and waste . food traceability app or a software application containing basic , traceable food duction and distribution information that is supported by a range of technologies such as artificial intelligence , technologies , cloud computing , data analytics , and sensors in the internet of things food apps are embedded in one or many platforms owned by big corporations . GLOSSARY 829

food traceability system the many layers of food information embedded in highly monopolized platforms that are posed of food traceability apps , smart supermarkets , and access codes . waste the reduction in quantity or quality of food that comes about through practices throughout the food system , including those in the field , factory , retail environment , and home . foraging harvesting wild plants for consumption . any systemic relationship in which military , corporate , and media powers ( generally those of large and economically powerful nations ) shape , and dictate the food choices , options , and knowledge of other nations and territories . a coordinated effort by a nation to use food to promote its national identity and culture . gastronome a practitioner of gastronomy , used in connection with both older ( culinary ) and modern understandings of synonymous for many with gourmet see also gastronomer . gastronomer an alternative to gastronome , used to describe a person who has studied gastronomy , or someone who takes a holistic , critical , and connected view of where their food comes from , 830 FOOD STUDIES

how it is produced , and the impact it has on both society and the environment . generalist a person who has broad general knowledge and skills in eral areas or many fields of study a person whose edge , and skills are applied to a field as a whole ( as opposed to a specialist ) geographical indications a marker or tool used to identify the geographic origin of a product . global food systems The complete system governing food production , ing , distribution , and consumption at a global level . ally refers to production and distribution of food products through mainstream , centralized networks . globalization the growing interdependence of the worlds economies , and populations , brought about by trade in goods and services , technology , and flows of investment , people , and information . governance the ways in which decisions are made , including the ment , civil society , and market actors involved , as well as the norms , rules , and institutions shaping . Great Depression a period of history that started with the Wall Street Stock Market Crash known as Black Tuesday ( on October 29 , 1929 ) and ending when World War II began a decade marked by conditions creating food shortages , ment , and poverty . GLOSSARY 831

the deceptive use of unsubstantiated sustainability to promote a product or service . gross domestic product the income of a country economy used as a primary marker of how well an economy is doing . health disparity a difference in health status connected to individual or group disadvantage ( environmental ) affect people experiencing systemic barriers related to race , ethnic origin , geography , ability , religion , and other qualities . hedonic qualities aspects of a given thing that relate to pleasure , in this case related to the consumption of food . hegemony the systems by which one country or group rules , governs , or dominates another . history of the present a term coined by French philosopher Michel ( 1977 ) to understand the social construction of the present moment . the Canadian system in which White , settler , male farmers were given 160 acres of land ( under the Dominion Lands Act of 1872 ) provided they agreed to cultivate at least 40 acres and built a permanent dwelling within three years . 832 FOOD STUDIES

human donor milk bank a depository that collects surplus breast milk from nursing mothers with the intent to pasteurize it and feed it to infants in need . human rights and environmental due diligence the voluntary or mandatory actions companies take to examine all social and environmental risks and impacts related to their their supply chains . human subjectivity a sense of self defined by characteristics understood to be uniquely human see also subjectivity . relationship the ways in which human and bees are connected through . medicine an ancient and Renaissance system of medicine in which foods were understood in terms of their , dry properties and used as medicine to rebalance bodily states . identity the sense of self how a group or individual characterizes themselves . ideology a system of ideas , beliefs , and values that are shared by a group and that inform how individuals in that group and react to the world . inclusive the practice of making sure that all those who have been historically marginalized or excluded GLOSSARY 833

from certain fair and equivalent access to opportunities , spaces , and other common social resources . individual transferable quotas a type of fishing quota that can be transferred or leased to other fishing license holders through a free market system . individualism the of the individual person over the collective implies that people are responsible only for themselves and their households , and that their fortunes , good or bad , are of their own making . industrial cheese a food product that is made to be consistent across time and space ( framed by homogeneity , produced in generic settings ) industrialization the process of state or regional planning and development of facilities , equipment , energy sources , and manufacturing processes that transform raw resources into manufactured products on a large scale , allowing for mass production . industrialization of food systems the transformation of agricultural systems to make them reliant on external inputs ( fossil fuels , synthetic ers , pesticides ) and a process of maximizing food production per unit of land or space . inference a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning . information barrier inefficient , unclear , or incomplete information that has a negative impact on the receiving end of a given 834 FOOD STUDIES

process aspects of systems of communications that produce inefficient , unclear , or incomplete information . of abstractions ) represented by a concrete instance or ple . integrated pest management ( a wide range of intentional practices ranging from reducing or using alternative pesticides to complete redesign minimizes the need for pesticides through pest monitoring strategies , careful observation of pest ity , the use of alternatives ( biological and cultural controls ) and judicious , targeted use of pesticides only when nomic thresholds are reached . is a practice used in agriculture in which two or more crops are grown together in the same field or area . These can be conventional species such as oats with rye , or they can include tree as coffee alongside chili peppers . benefits such as improving the nutrient availability in the soil and pest management . It also takes advantage of the natural differences in plant growth , for example planting species that require greater levels of shade in the understory of tree crops . the creation of a new space of academic investigation through the blending or hybridization of two or more . GLOSSARY 835

internet of things a global network of interconnected objects , including sors , smart devices , and microchips , that are uniquely through standard communication protocols applications exist in many , from healthcare to culture to domestic space . interpretive epistemology the practice of viewing knowledge as created through and inseparable from the observations and context of the observer interpretive epistemology is always subjective . the relationship among the multiple identities , policies , and structures that have an impact on an individual relative position in society intrinsic attributes of food or drink the sensory qualities of a food as understood as a ical response ( taste , texture , etc . the process of making people or processes less apparent or present to a given audience , either by not identifying , ing about , or valuing those processes . also , kinship ) a relational process of creating and ing familial relationships from a place of nurture , care , love , and acts of respect and accountability , rather than strictly due to ones traditional marriage ties , blood , or birth . a habit or policy of doing nothing not involving policy intervention commonly used in economics to describe a 836 FOOD STUDIES

context free from or having minimal governance tion . land processes and actions that help to restore living cultures to the Earth conditions in which lands , waters and our to them are intentionally returned to their natural or spiritual context returning land to Mother Nature . peoples the descendants of peoples from Southern China and Island Southeast Asia , and peoples from , specifically from the Archipelago , the Solomon Islands , and named for the site in New where their distinctive pottery ( dating as far back as 1600 ) was first identified by archaeologists peoples were masterful oceanic navigators . local food Food grown for , by , and within a community or ties . a person who eats predominantly ( or only ) foods produced in their immediate region . mainstream the form of eating that is perpetuated in food media and popular culture often centered around generating industries , including diet and wellness . mainstreaming fair trade the process by which fair trade products are increasingly commercialized in markets . GLOSSARY 837

solutions attempts to solve social and environmental problems through the operations of a capitalist market . turning over the regulation of a given industry , sector , or problem to market forces ( see solutions ) material visibility the capacity of an object or a thing to demonstrate its vitality in the world , and make understood it lifecycle , activities , composition , and relationship to other things . materiality all that relates to the concrete , physical characteristics of substances like food , including how they are created , used , and call forth particular responses from people a point to ( that which relates to language , meaning , and symbolic characteristics ) and ( that which relates to making , doing , and transformation ) maximizing efficiency the effort to increase productivity in food , debate remains about whether industrialized systems of production are more or less efficient than family farms . mead a fermented drink made from honey also known as honey wine , although some forms of mead contain very little hol . media culture the ways in which mass media , including digital platforms , are integrated within society and culture , producing lasting effects in human interaction includes processes of tion in broader cultural discourse . 838 FOOD STUDIES

member checking a validation technique used in qualitative research , in which researchers ask participants to review their preliminary and check for accuracy and resonance with the participants own experiences . menu literacy the ability to interpret the specialized language of a rant menu and order a series of dishes that adhere to nary norms ( a starter , a main dish , and a dessert , as opposed to three salads ) awareness and understanding of one own thought processes . scrip a form of substitute that was used to remove title to their lands , which then enabled settler expansion scrip was issued by the colonial government to lies in exchange for their land title were often coerced or fraudulently forced into selling their land , and many were left homeless . the practice of donors giving expressed human milk to an unrelated infant . monoculture the practice in industrial agriculture of producing a single species of plant or animal , generally over a large area and using extensive chemical and inputs . GLOSSARY 839

a concept that and widens perspectives beyond concerns shifts human awareness toward the experiences of plants , insects , and other animals . relations interactions among humans and that draw attention and care to the ways in which our actions affect others and vice versa may include entities that are often understood to be inert , such as rocks . in academia , any activity that combines or involves several different or distinct academic disciplines or professional in an approach to understanding or ing a topic . municipal policy governance systems ( rules , regulations , procedures ) made by a local form of government , such as a city or town more localized than federal , provincial , or regional governance . narrative structure the organization of a story that follows or includes elements , the elements of a tour include a visit to a place , a series of stops , and commentary by a guide . neighborhood divestment the process of reducing or ending investment of private or public resources in urban neighbourhoods , often in junction with racial discrimination and segregation . neighborhood resilience strategies residents efforts to cope with and adapt to various forms of physical and emotional stress resulting from economic , racism , and other forms of oppression in cities . 840 FOOD STUDIES

aligned to Carlo restatement of gastronomy for the century draws together associations of pleasure with an awareness of food many environmental , economic , and social impacts . a philosophy of governance that emerged in the 19703 in Europe and North America that is premised on the market as a regulator of social and economic life emphasizes modification , privatization , and other forms of tion as solutions to social and environmental problems shifts power from the state to actors . a class of persistent pesticides , commonly used in , that are highly toxic to insects including bees . actor an individual or organization that has significant political but is not allied to any particular country or state . actors people aged 90 to 99 years old . a way of understanding and discussing food that nutrient components ( high in ) nutrition transition a shift in dietary consumption and energy expenditure that coincides with economic , demographic , and epidemiological changes . GLOSSARY 841

an ideology of food in which understanding of food based on nutrient components are centralized over the tion of the foods as a whole , the diet of which they are a part , and the broader social in which people make dietary choices . oligopoly a condition of very limited market competition dominated by a small number of firms . ontology a branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of being , reality , and existence the substance and meaning of a given context . losses the common death of honey bee colonies during the winter period , when they subsist on stored honey . paradigm a framework , or way of thinking , commonly accepted by members of a given knowledge community a model of something that serves as a reference point , or standard , for other iterations of that thing . participant observation a qualitative method of data gathering in which the researcher effectively takes part in the process or activity being studied . participatory research A research practice that involves a range of collaborative approaches to ensure that community members and other stakeholders are active participants in the design , mentation , and analysis of research results . Methods can 842 FOOD STUDIES

include interviews , focus groups , community mapping , between communities and researchers , and many others . The goal of participatory research is to ensure that research activities and outcomes are inclusive and relevant to the communities involved , making the active participants in the process of creating and disseminating knowledge , rather than passive objects of academic research . pasteurization the process of applying high heat to food substances over a relatively short period of time , in order to eliminate harmful microorganisms named for Louis Pasteur , a French microbiologist and chemist who lived and worked in the century . pasteurized human donor milk expressed human milk given to milk banks , who then and bottle it . patriarchy a social system widely practiced across the world , in which men hold power and control , and power is transferred along male lines often manifests in male control over power and resources , and a range of legal , political , and cultural placed upon women and people . peasant a word with a complicated heritage that describes a variety of people with varying connections to agricultural tion and rural landscapes , who are often partially engaged in markets in the context of this chapter , peasant ) is how Haitians refer to smallholder farmers , and it is how producers much scholarly debate exists around the complexities and contradictions of what constitutes a peasant . GLOSSARY 843

per capita the average amount of something produced or consumed per person often used in place of per person in statistical . garden design and practices that work with nature , allowing for ecosystems that require no external inputs . one of a number of image making research methods that expands data generation beyond more traditional forms of methods such as interviewing and focus groups . pilot a , targeted implementation of a project , policy , or program to see its effectiveness in achieving the stated goals or intentions . place a geographic locale while more abstract than city , region , or state , place nonetheless implies a set of distinct and qualities . designations forms of certification that confirm the origins , practices , and ingredients of a given food product examples include the Geographic Indication ( GI ) system and the French tion ( system . food systems Moving from a purely geographical conceptualization of local , food systems consider how food systems 844 FOOD STUDIES

are constructed through everyday practices of relationship building and social networking . political ecology the relationships of humans and their environments , through interactions between biophysical , cultural , economic , political , and social factors . polity an organized society a state as a political entity . pollination the process that allows plants to create offspring through the transferring of pollen from the male anther to the female stigma of a insects , birds , wind , and humans may all be vectors of pollination . pollination services the actions provided by managed bees or wild bees as they interact with and move pollen from male to female parts . the cultivation of several different species of plants or together in a given area . polysemia having or characterized by many ( often very different ) meanings the existence of several meanings in a single word or phrase . positivist epistemology an approach to knowledge that takes empirical derived through observation of GLOSSARY 845

the means to uncovering objective truths about the world . precarious employment typically , work that comes with few protections or benefits work that does not provide the worker with a sense of security . primary forest Forests that have reached their most advanced stage of or succession in terms of age and diversity ( also known as or climax forests ) Forests tend to go through several stages of dynamic succession , or ment , from initial growth of shrubs and pioneer trees to states that are more and well developed , finally reaching a final dynamic stage of complex , primary forests . These forests are some of the most dense and mes in the world and are responsible for a vast amount of carbon sequestration worldwide . privatization the transfer of public resources , goods , or services to private ownership and control . privilege unearned social advantage that may an individual behaviours in ways that become problematic for those out privilege often invisible to those that have it . procurement The act of obtaining goods or services . Food procurement considers how and from whom food is purchased by an organization or institution . 846 FOOD STUDIES

promotional messages commercial forms of communications that encourage sumption behaviors includes advertising , public service announcements , political slogans and campaign elements , health promotion , and public relations efforts . protein plurality favouring a range of different perspectives on what the most beneficial role and of protein foods in a healthy and sustainable diet . quality of life an individual perception of how they are doing , relative to others in comparable context and value systems may include aspects of health , wealth , work , economic and social status , religious beliefs and freedoms , safety , education , and leisure time . quota a portion of the total allowable catch , often allocated to vidual fish harvesters can also be allocated at a community or national level and then further divided . reciprocity a quality of relationships that involve mutually beneficial exchange similar to trust , accountability and respect . regenerative agriculture a broad set of policies and practices aimed at restoring and rehabilitating the health of food and farming systems focuses on topsoil regeneration , increasing biodiversity , and ensuring a water cycle . regional food systems A decentralized food system constructed through networks across a geographical region that considers GLOSSARY 847

how the production , processing , distribution and tion of food can support the environmental , social , and nomic health of a particular region . reinforcing feedback loops cycles of processes that reestablish previous functional terns within a system serve to bring systemic relations back to normative patters after a change or disruption . reserve and pass system a system of colonial confinement and control by the dian federal government in which tracts of land were set aside under the Indian Act and treaty agreements , restricting Indigenous bands to fixed geographic locations Indigenous people were then required to present a pass or travel ment in order to control and restrict their movement side of reserve boundaries . a process in which one party shifts its responsibilities onto another , state responsibilities for the of may be foisted onto individual citizens , especially groups in society . rhetorical strategy a method of persuasion that conveys a purpose or argument by making logical or emotional appeals using carefully crafted language . rural exodus A process of migration in which people , often youth , move away from rural areas to cities in search of improved nomic opportunities and education , or due to other social and economic factors such as land dispossession . 848 FOOD STUDIES

scale up Planning and setting the stage to support growth in ones business without major constraints or roadblocks . script a written or unwritten set of rules that govern the way ple talk , behave , and appear a guide for present a particular social identity to oneself or to others a scenario that is formed . Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program a temporary foreign worker program that began in 1966 , negotiated between Canada and twelve countries ( Mexico , and , Jamaica , Lucia , Vincent and the , and Trinidad and ) workers reside on employer property for up to eight months while cultivating , planting , harvesting , sorting , and packing produce . secondary forests Forests in a stage of regrowth after disturbance , due to clear cutting , fire , or extreme weather events like hurricanes . sedentary characterized by little physical movement , activity , or cise . self and other ( self ) one own distinct identity , as differentiated from ies that are perceived to be separate entities ( other ) a concept embedded in the Charter of the United Nations that refers to the right of a people to choose and enact their GLOSSARY 849

own future , including political , economic , cultural , and social realities . an group or organization that is controlled by people not associated with a centralized or local government . the process in which a plant transfers pollen to itself , often using gravity to move it between strategically located male and female parts without the help of wind or insects . sensory evaluation the act of analytically explaining the experience of eating food or drinking beverages , usually with a focus on taste , texture , and can also involve a tion of preferences . settler colonialism a structure and system in which newly arriving populations seek to eliminate and replace the inhabitants of a land or territory can occur through direct violent means , as well as legal and bureaucratic means includes and gies for occupation , expansion , and genocide , and can include the theft and control of resources and land as well as cultural assimilation an ongoing process in many lands . the Japanese term for food education a law enacted in 2005 by the Japanese government to promote healthy eating habits , improve population health , and preserve traditional culinary culture through local food production and consumption . short mead mead that has fermented for a brief period of time , usually under 30 days . 850 FOOD STUDIES

the integration of livestock grazing operations within ous types of forestry practices , in a mutually beneficial way . Slow Food an international , grassroots organization established in 1986 by Carlo in Bra , Italy , that promotes the of local food cultures and traditions the social ment of those people involved with the international organization and its local branches . fisheries typically based in a family units , using small boats close to shore , and with catches mostly for local markets and food needs often contrasted to industrial or scale fisheries exist across the Global North and South with varying definitions depending upon the regional context . social and structural inequities the unfair and systematic outcomes experienced by different groups in society that are reinforced by the structural of that society . social hierarchies systems of social organization that suggest the ranking of people within a society can be implicit or explicit , but always involve some who enjoy a higher social status , and some who suffer from a lower one . social inequities the inequitable distribution of benefits and burdens , opportunities , and responsibilities shared among social groups in society . GLOSSARY 851

social location the groups to which people belong , due to their position in history and society . socially embedded a description the ways in which individual decisions ( about What to eat ) are by feelings of belonging , deeply senses meaning , knowledge , and ideals . inclusive of both space and time . structural inequities the biases that are entrenched within institutions that ture society such as education , the law , health care , and ers , and that undergird social inequities . subjectivity the ways in which knowledge and selfhood relate to an vidual related to and experience often stood as bias or the counterpoint of objectivity see also human subjectivity . subsistence descriptive of maintaining or supporting oneself , especially at a minimal level may refers to an economy in which procure , produce , and consume their own food and provisions rather than participating in a market , economy , and thereby purchasing their food and other visions . foods considered to be so high in particular nutrients that they disproportionately benefit the eater health generally a term used in marketing typically not a term used by . 852 FOOD STUDIES

supermarket the process by which decisions about where to invest in supermarket development are driven by both profit motives and stereotypes based on income , race , and other attributes of a neighbourhood . sustainability imperatives the obligations necessary to be able to meet our present needs without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs . syntax sentence structure enhances the meanings found in prose and contributes to its tone , meaning , and atmosphere . synthesis the process by which the whole and parts of the system make meaning through their interactions reduction of a complex set of elements into a more simplified pattern the tion of a finished element through a set of intentional and planned processes . systems theory a set of understandings that describe how everything , from organisms to organizations , draws from and contributes to its environment . table a fixed meal at a fixed price French for the host table . taste the sensation of perceived in the mouth and throat on contact with a substance the ability to discern What is of good quality or of a high aesthetic standard conformity or failure to conform with generally held views concerning what is acceptable . GLOSSARY 853

tavern a commercial establishment that serves alcohol as its mary offering may also serve food in complement to beverages . to name , classify , and order according to different . the characteristics and practices of a given region that are understood to impart specific sensory to the products that are made there may include mate , soil structure , topography , and traditions a means of sensory evaluation based in the conditions of production of a product the taste of place . the state an entity that includes all the people , policies , resources , and practices that support the workings of a government in a particular territory . Three Sisters an Indigenous tradition of growing corn , beans , and squash together provides mutual nutrient exchange , protection from crop predators , and loss of soil moisture , as well as structural enhancement for all three crops . total allowable catch the maximum amount of any given fish species that can be caught , usually decided by resource management ties . tradition practices and products connecting individuals to their past , place , and other people a resource for creativity , social 854 FOOD STUDIES

interaction , and identity traditions may exist for many or be invented and reiterated over a relatively short period of time . traditional ecological knowledge Knowledge , practices , and beliefs that have developed over generations and that relate to the interactions between all living humans ( also called local ecological knowledge ) The concept often refers to Indigenous edge and ways of knowing , but can also be applied to settler communities that have developed continual , historical practices . foods food and drink products that have undergone extensive forms of transformation from their base ingredients , usually by transnational and other very large corporations often highly stabilized using physical or chemical techniques . urbanization the shift in population from country to city areas , often accompanied by industrialization and technological . vivisection the practice of performing operations on live animals for the purpose of scientific research and experimentation the practice was heavily opposed in England , which resulted in protests that were largely promoted and attended by White women . ward one way in which a city is divided into units of governance or management , city councillors may be elected by wards . GLOSSARY 855

Wet markets any marketplace selling fresh products ( as opposed to dry products ) such as produce , meat , or fish includes but does not refer exclusively to markets selling rare animal products or live animals for slaughter . verb ) to breastfeed another woman infant for pay ( noun ) a woman paid to nurse an infant who is not her own . 856 FOOD STUDIES

RECOMMENDED CITATIONS The recommended citation for this book is , David , Amanda Di , and Irena , 2022 . Food Studies Matter , Meaning ?

Movement . ON Food Studies Press . The recommended citations for the chapters are Ahmed , and Tommy Wall . 2022 . Fractured Food System Blues A Blues in Five In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Vincent . 2022 . The Sweetest Sound in the In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Mandy , and Andrew Spring . 2022 . We Walk in the Footsteps of Our Ancestors Knowledge , Youth Engagement , and Resilience in In Food Studies Matter , ing Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Stan , and Donald Reid . 2022 . In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , RECOMMENDED CITATIONS 857

edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Brady , Jennifer . 2022 . The Contested Terrain of What It Means to Eat In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Burt , Kate Gardner . 2022 . Challenging Perceptions of Food ture and Personal In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Chan , Susan Willis , and Jennifer Marshman . 2022 . A Ecology of In Food Studies Matter , Meaning ment , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Michael , and Mary Anne Martin . 2022 . From Charity to Solidarity Food Insecurity and Imagining Other In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Clause , 2022 . Access to Information in the Food Sector Can Better Communication Help Protect Migrant Workers ?

In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . 858 FOOD STUDIES Colson , 2022 . Breast Milk The Past , Present , and In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Cooks , Leda . 2022 . Systemic Analysis of a Food Rescue In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Stephanie . 2022 . Meat Made Manifest Beef , Fertility , and the Ideal American Woman in Ruth My Year of In Food Studies Matter , Meaning ?

Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Stephanie . 2022 . My Tiniest In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Iain , and Shannon . 2022 . Strengthening Food Systems Learning from Organizational Responses to the COVID in Northwestern and Southern In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . De Gelder , 2022 . In Food Studies Matter , ing Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . 2022 . Parlour of Food Futures Tarot Toolkit for Food Futures In Food Studies Matter , RECOMMENDED CITATIONS 859

Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Dong , Blue . 2022 . From Farms and Food Factories to Food Data In Food Studies Matter , Meaning ment , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Natalie . 2022 . Touching Food , Virtually In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Goldie , anis . 2022 . When Food Kills The Impact and Meaning of Food In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Gora , Sasha . 2022 . Today Special Reading Menus as Cultural In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . and Kelly . 2022 . Digital Agriculture and the Promise of In Food Studies Matter , ing Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Hey , Maya . 2022 . Does Eating Natto Make One Japanese ?

In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David 860 FOOD STUDIES , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . I . Garrett . 2022 . Back to the Future for Samoan In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Ryan , Andrew , and Anil . 2022 . Animals , Plants and Laboratories , Oh My ! Understanding Diverse Perspectives on Sustainable Protein In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena , ON Food Studies Press . Ali . 2022 . A Feast for the In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Eden . 2022 . Designations and Certification in a Globalized Food In Food Studies ter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Long , Lucy . 2022 . Green Bean Casserole Commercial Foods as Regional Tradition In Food Studies Matter , Meaning ?

Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena vic . ON Food Studies Press . Kristen . 2022 . From Water to Plate Making Fisheries a Part of Sustainable Food In Food Studies Matter , ing Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , RECOMMENDED CITATIONS 861

and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . 26 . and Andrew Ryder . 2022 . Disordered In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Anne , and Irena . 2022 . Advertising Food for Health and Happiness to In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Marshman , Jennifer , and Susan Willis Chan . 2022 . People , and the In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Martin , Mary Anne , and Michael . 2022 . Household An Essential Service , Essentially In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Melissa . 2022 . Mainstream Vegans Appropriation Problem Morality in Vegan In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Nimmo , Evelyn , and Andre . 2022 . Traditional Production Systems in Southern Brazil Promoting Resilience and Farmer Autonomy in Food In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by 862 FOOD STUDIES

David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Andrea Elena . 2022 . Honey and Almonds Honoring Relationships and In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Andrea Elena . 2022 . Ode to In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Andrea Elena . 2022 . Ode to In Food ies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . 2022 . The Meat of the Matter An Introduction to the Materiality of In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . 2022 . Knowing and Eating A Brief Western History of Nutrition In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Howard , Ben , and Amy . 2022 . Community Gardens Count Measuring Chicago In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David RECOMMENDED CITATIONS 863

, Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . I . Sarah . 2022 . Food as Relations Reflecting on Our Roots , Re ) Our In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Scott , Christian Kelly , and Chi . 2022 . The Meaning of Food in Rural In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . 2022 . Bento Box and Mothering Away from Home Japanese Immigrant Families Experience at Canadian School In Food Studies Matter , Meaning ?

Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Amanda . 2022 . Security from Trespass and ing Food Safety Act , Whose Interests Are Protected ?

In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Shine , Laura . 2022 . Can Eating Insects Save the Planet ?

gating Bugs Place at the Sustainable In Food Studies ter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Sperling , Erin , and Sara Scharf . 2022 . The Classification of Food as a Way to Understand Diversity and 864 FOOD STUDIES

In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Joshua . 2022 . Your Kitchen Is a In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . 2022 . Food Meanings , Identity and Status The Case of Haiti , Kraft Dinner , and Zen Crunch In Food ies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Stephens , Phoebe . 2022 . in the Food In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . David . 2022 . Poetics and In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Amy . 2022 . Artisan Cheese A Category , A Set of , A Shared Sensory In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Pamela . 2022 . The Eat , Waste , Make In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . RECOMMENDED CITATIONS 865

, Annika . 2022 . Cattle In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Annika . 2022 . Chinese Croquembouche In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Annika . 2022 . the In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Annika . 2022 . From Head to In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Annika . 2022 . One Day at the Microwave Savoury In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Annika , and Lee . 2022 . You See Through In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . WaIters , Lynn 2022 . Through Their In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . 866 FOOD STUDIES

, Ted . 2022 . In Food Studies Matter , ing Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Wilkes , Johanna . 2022 . Municipal Policy as Part of Local Food Systems Governance Backyard Chickens and Land for In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Young , Laine . 2022 . Food Environments and Access to Food Examples from In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . Young , Liam Cole . 2022 . Salt Hidden In Food Studies Matter , Meaning Movement , edited by David , Amanda Di , and Irena . ON Food Studies Press . RECOMMENDED CITATIONS 867