Global Women's Issues Women in the World Today, extended version Women and Health

Chapter Women and Health Chapter Summary ' in Health Recent Trends Encouraging More to be Done Profile Project International Partnerships Empowering Women , Protecting Children Additional Resources This chapter discusses women health as an indicator of a nation political , social , and economic development . As women are half of any given nation population , productivity is lowered when women health is poor . Women health is important from human rights and economics perspectives . Nearly women die from preventable causes related to pregnancy each year . The majority of maternal deaths occur in Africa and South Asia . However , maternal deaths declined by globally between 1990 and 2008 . Also , while women are marrying later throughout the developing world , large unmet family planning needs remain . The chapter examines two cases of women and organizations who have been breaking down barriers in health . is a Palestinian activist who was the only female student in her medical school and went on to provide crucial health services for women in Palestinian refugee camps . work led her to become cognizant of the economic , social , and environmental of health . She founded the Women Social and Legal Guidance Center in . The second case study concerns the ( program , which operates 680 sites across Africa , reaching new and expecting mothers per month . provides treatment and testing for pregnant women and ensures access to medication . The program provides employment and community engagement opportunities for women who are , and participants can become empowered members of the community . Key Words Abortion ( medication 39

Women in the World Today , extended version 40 Elton John AIDS Foundation Global Information and Advice on HIV AIDS ( AVERT ) Institute Highly Active Treatment ( Johnson Johnson Foundation for Health and Social Development transmission Prevention of transmission ( Stigma United Nations Joint Program on ( United Nations Population Fund ( United States Department of State Center for Disease Control ( President Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ( Women Social and Legal Center World Health Organization ( WHO )

41 Bureau of International Information Programs , United States Department of State I Figure Healthy women are an asset to their families and society . They remain fit to care for their families , earn income and contribute to their communities . A woman and child in . Overview By Lori Women health can be a barometer of a nation progress . Countries by poverty , corruption , war or weak governance often neglect their most vulnerable citizens . Frequently these are women . When women are unhealthy , their productivity is lowered and their children and families are less secure . This has an economic impact . So investing in women health makes sense from both an economic and a human rights perspective . Unequal in Health Women live longer than men , statistics show , but they may spend a greater proportion of their lives in poor health for a variety of reasons , attributable less to biological differences than to poverty and gender discrimination . Poor families may invest less in their daughters , giving them less nutrition , health care and education than their sons . Such disadvantages early in life have consequences for girls health and . For example , adolescent childbearing , common in countries and communities that condone child marriage , poses health risks and limits life prospects for the teen mothers and their

Women in the World Today , extended version 42 children . If women are undernourished they risk having low babies who , in turn , face a higher risk of early death and poor health . An added threat to the health of women and girls exists in countries where there is a cultural preference for sons , such as China and India . abortions and female infanticide are responsible for millions of missing The resulting shortage of women relative to men can have alarming social repercussions . An April 2011 report in The Economist cited evidence that a skewed sex ratio in India has led to increased trafficking of girls , among other abuses . Data from Population Fund studies also support this ( 2004 ) Pregnancy and childbirth take a heavy toll on women health in the developing world . According to 2010 estimates by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) women die of preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth every year 99 percent of these deaths are in developing countries . In contrast , in developed countries where women deliver their babies in hospitals and have access to care for pregnancy complications , maternal deaths are extremely rare . Figure Two Afghan doctors examine a patients at Womens Hospital in Kabul , Afghanistan . The vast majority of the world maternal deaths occur in the two poorest regions Africa and South Asia . In Africa , where high fertility multiplies the dangers that mothers face over a lifetime , one in 31 women is likely to die as a consequence of pregnancy or childbirth ( WHO , 2010 ) In developed countries , that chance is one in . Outside of Africa , Afghanistan is the riskiest place on earth to become pregnant and bear children , with a one in 11 lifetime chance of dying from related causes . Millions of women suffer physical injuries or disabilities , such as incontinence or ruptured organs , resulting from lack of proper care during pregnancy and childbirth . Many of these disabilities go unreported because women in developing countries consider them normal . The technology and knowledge to prevent needless deaths and injuries has long been available , but geography , substandard health systems , gender bias and political inertia all create barriers to making motherhood safer .

43 Bureau of International Information Programs , United States Department of State The pandemic also threatens women health in poor countries and communities . Where the virus is spread through heterosexual contact , women are more vulnerable to infection than men for physiological and social reasons , such as women economic dependence on men , their lack of power to ask male partners to practice safer sex and too often coerced sex . According to a 2009 report , An estimated 50 million women in Asia are at risk of becoming infected with HIV from their intimate partners men who engage in sexual Recent Trends Encouraging The good news is that today women are marrying later throughout the developing world . They are delaying first births and having fewer children than their mothers did . These trends reflect the fact that more girls are staying in school and more women and couples are practicing family planning . But there still is a large unmet need for family planning According to a 2009 report from the Institute , more than 200 million women worldwide who want to avoid pregnancy do not use modern contraception . This contributes to tens of millions of unplanned births and unsafe abortions annually , often among the poorest women , who are least able to obtain and use the health services they need . Estimates from WHO in 2010 revealed that maternal deaths dropped by about globally from 1990 to 2008 , thanks to a number of factors such as increased availability of contraception , prenatal care and skilled assistance during childbirth . Countries as diverse as Bolivia , China , Iran , and Vietnam have made remarkable progress . Much more work remains to be done , however , for all countries to meet the Millennium Development Goal to reduce maternal deaths by ( compared with 1990 levels ) by 2015 . More to be Done Where countries have prioritized women health in national policy , great progress has been made . Women should be encouraged to recognize and speak out about their health care needs , so may learn and take action . Concern about women issues , including health care , prompted President Obama to appoint the first for women issues , to help address such problems . Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton has made global women issues a high priority of the State Department . In 2009 President Obama designated 63 million to be spent over six years for the Global Health Initiative , a partnership among agencies to boost health care in the developing world , particularly for women and children . treatment projects such as , which is highlighted in this chapter , are funded by the Agency for International Development and the President Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief .

Women in the World Today , extended version 44 Figure Partnerships between local groups and international organizations provide health care and counseling for pregnant women and new mothers in Madagascar Improving women health starts by recognizing that women have different needs from men and unequal access to health care . Focusing a gender lens on health services is necessary to reveal and address the inequalities between men and women care . This means paying more attention to girls , adolescents and marginalized women who suffer from poverty and powerlessness and changing the attitudes and practices that harm women health . Also , men should be partners in promoting women health , in ensuring that sex and childbearing are safe and healthy and in rearing the next generation of young leaders both girls and boys . Lori , a freelance consultant , has written about global population , health and women issues for 20 years . Formerly with the Population Reference Bureau ( she authored the widely disseminated Women of Our World data sheets and New Population Policies Advancing Women Health and Rights for the Population Bulletin , among other publications . PROFILE Palestinian Health Care Activist By

45 Bureau of International Information Programs , United States Department of State for , but her success has inspired other Arab women . Her Foundation brings medicine to poor and underserved communities . was the best female math student in her class , and her passion for mathematics would have led her to study at the College of Engineering , but for her Russian math teacher advice to study medicine With your intelligence and your strong personality , you will be of more benefit to the women of Palestine as a doctor than as an engineer , the teacher said . followed her teacher advice , and today she is changing medical care in the Palestinian Territories . The hospital environment stirred curiosity and her love of knowledge . She hadn realized that her medical career also would show her that many women lived in very different circumstances from her own . admits The hospital and the medical profession opened my eyes wide to conditions which I hadn realized were as bad and as difficult as they Her lifelong professional and personal battle to support women rights and to help provide better health care for women started when she began practicing medicine in 1979 at Hospital in Jerusalem . She expanded her efforts to create better conditions for women in the . Carrying her physician bag and instrument case , visited Palestinian villages and refugee camps to give

Women in the World Today , extended version 46 women medical and treatment . She volunteered her time under the most difficult and complex conditions . She was creating change on the ground . Today , after more than 30 years of work in hospitals and clinics in different parts of the Palestinian Territories , heads the ( Roots ) Foundation for Health and Social Development , based in Jerusalem . She continues to enthusiastically pursue her dream , although now , she says , it is more difficult to health care policy to improve and develop the level of health care services provided to women , and to bridge the gap between service providers and optimism is infectious . She maintains her smile despite the challenges she has faced in her life . During her early school years , she attended eight different schools in , and Jordan . Her father worked first at the Jordanian Ministry of Education , then at , so her family moved frequently . This meant she and her three siblings often changed schools , making it difficult to maintain friendships . However , it was always easy for her to maintain her academic excellence . traveled to Russia to attend Moscow University in 1971 . After one year of Russian language study , she enrolled at Medical School in . Dealing with her fellow students was more difficult than learning a new language or other demanding subjects . Some Arab students looked at her disapprovingly others underestimated her ability to succeed because she was a woman . She persevered in her studies , defying those who doubted her , and became a model of academic success . She became a mentor to Palestinian women studying abroad . Her first job at Hospital presented her with major challenges . She was the only female resident doctor , and she began working in the obstetrics and gynecology section . It was difficult for the male doctors to accept a female colleague and professional competitor . The hardest thing for was that the female nurses did not accept her either , because they were accustomed to dealing with male doctors . They believed that a male doctor was more competent and professional than his female counterpart . The atmosphere at the hospital reflected this masculine bias in the way they divided the work would do routine examinations of female patients at the hospital clinic , while the male doctors would perform surgical operations and . They did not expect that this quiet , beautiful young woman would resist this arrangement , nor that the section head would support her . says I refused to accept their masculine division of labor , and I stuck to my position I will participate in surgical operations , and I will perform on This didn please them , and they nicknamed me the says that the first time she experienced discrimination against women was at the hospital I grew up in a family that offered the same opportunities to both sexes . Even my grandfather , back in the 19605 , allowed my aunts to study in Britain , to work outside of the house and to spend the night away from home . Therefore , the attitude that I faced from my colleagues at the hospital astonished me .

47 Bureau of International Information Programs , United States Department of State I Figure A nurse in a West Bank clinic examines patients . The clinic is part of Health Flagship Project to improve community health care . jab also learned about the unequal status of women . She says , I felt that I was getting to know my society for the first time . I would feel distraught when I delivered the baby of a girl who was no older than 15 , or when I heard women affirming to me , unprompted , that men had a monopoly over decisions regarding who their daughters would marry , whether or not to use contraceptives or how many children they would adds , Women don have the right to defend their own right to an education It a cycle that must be family valued knowledge . Her father defied convention by sending her to study in Russia . Although her mother hadn completed her studies , she encouraged her four children , girls and boys alike , to continue their education . All of them graduated from college . Unlike other mothers , mine never talked to me about marriage . Instead , she would always talk to me about the importance of education for a woman life , jab recalls . After seven years at Hospital , during which time she helped establish several clinics in Jerusalem and its suburbs , left the hospital to work in the field . I discovered that only a small number of people go to hospitals , either due to poverty or ignorance , she says . If I wanted to provide health care to women , I had to go to them , wherever they In 1985 , and a group of health professionals began visiting villages and refugee camps

Women in the World Today , extended version 48 to provide health care . People reactions were positive , but some doctors criticized her for damaging doctors prestige by going to the patients rather than insisting that people come to the doctor . By breaking this rule of prestige , and her colleagues found conditions that they did not encounter in clinics equipped with winter heating and summer fans . They met people in places who suffered from a severe lack of health care compounded by the complex political conditions resulting from the conflict . says , I treated women who had no bathrooms in their homes and others living in homes unfit for human habitation . I came into contact with a bitter reality that overturned all of my convictions regarding the concept of health I realized that it wasn only a question of physical , but that health is also related to economic , social and psychological conditions , and to the She has fought many battles and continues to do so . Her convictions and her decisions are sometimes contrary to social traditions that limit women rights . jab is an activist who gets things done . She the Women Social and Legal Guidance Center in . The center shelters women who are victims of violence , offers them legal assistance , refers their cases to the police and refers them to a safe house for their protection . I used to believe that as the years went by , change for the better would take place . But what I am noticing today is the opposite . In this social environment of political frustration and poverty , fundamentalist movements have strengthened and are actively working to move society backwards at every level . Women and women rights are the most prominent victims , she says . Besides leading the Foundation , which seeks to influence health care policies , jab heads the Middle East and North Africa Health Policy Forum , where she continues to strive for change . She was nominated by the Consulate General in Jerusalem for the Department of State 2010 International Women of Courage award . With a husband and three children , in addition to her medical practice and activism , has a full life . Her prescription for success is this We can not but be optimistic about is a Palestinian journalist . She won the 2008 Samir Award for freedom of the press . PROJECT Help for Women By Maya is the scourge of Africa , but in Kenya , the nongovernmental organization enables women and their families to live full lives despite the disease . Teresa , a single mother in , a northern suburb of Kenya capital , has a dream . She wants to build a home for herself and her son . Recently , Teresa bought a plot of land . When she looks out over it she pictures the house she plans to build , with three bedrooms , a big kitchen and a yard where her son can play . Teresa is confident and optimistic . But planning for a bright future , and having the means to make it a reality , is a big change for her . Ten years ago Teresa was convinced that she and her son were going to die . In 2001 , Teresa was diagnosed as when she was five months pregnant . The first thing that came to my mind was death , says Teresa . All of my hopes were The nurse at the clinic told Teresa she could protect her baby from HIV , but the nurse wasn convincing , she was not very Regardless , Teresa joined a prevention of transmission ( program . Meanwhile , she disclosed her status to her husband , who also tested . Like others who were

49 Bureau of International Information Programs , United States Department of State afraid of the stigma associated with HIV , the couple hid their status . They separated shortly after the birth of their son , who is . A few months later , Teresa was hospitalized and told she had AIDS . When her father discovered her status from the hospital staff , he told her family , who isolated her and took her son away to live in the family village . So I was left alone , all alone in the world , Teresa remembers . Teresa fled , sought treatment and volunteered to speak to others with AIDS . But she says she still didn have any focus in life . I didn have any hope . I didn know what to Then Teresa found , thanks to nurses in the hospital where she volunteered . They told her that was seeking to hire women trained in . Teresa applied and became a mentor mother . Figure carries her daughter at their home in , She was helped by and now works for as a peer educator .

Women in the World Today , extended version 50 Figure ( center ) at a support group at hospital in . When she learned she was , she enrolled in the transmission prevention program . International Partnerships funded by , President Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ) and the ( Centers for Disease Control ) the Elton John AIDS Foundation , Johnson Johnson and other corporate and foundation partners trains and employs mothers to be mentor mothers to provide counseling , education and support to newly diagnosed pregnant women and new mothers . It is an innovative , sustainable model of care at the forefront of prevention of HIV transmission . operates 680 sites in nine African countries , reaching about new pregnant women and new mothers a month . The African continent is struggling under the burden of . Of the 33 million people carrying HIV worldwide , 22 million live in Africa . Ninety percent of babies are born in the region and 75 percent of the world pregnant women live in 12 African countries , according to studies done by AVERT ( the Regional Support Team for Eastern and Southern Africa ( and the World Health Organization Universal Access Report 2010 . Meanwhile , the region is desperately short of doctors and nurses . fills a gap by enlisting mothers to counsel pregnant women about how testing and treatment can ensure their babies are born healthy and that , if necessary , they can get

51 Bureau of International Information Programs , United States Department of State medication . Mentor mothers work beside doctors and nurses in health care facilities , helping patients understand , accept and adhere to the interventions that are prescribed . They are paid members of the medical team . Empowering Women , Protecting Children The results are clear . In , data collected by show that 92 percent of pregnant women who attended the organization instruction sessions three or more times took ( medication during pregnancy , compared to 71 percent of those who attended once . Adhering to the regime is critical to decreasing transmission of HIV . Furthermore , 97 percent of clients get tests , which determine the number of cells with which the body combats infections . A test shows how advanced an HIV infection is and is a first step toward receiving the highly active treatment ( Women are empowered by the support they receive in programs . They become peer educators who are role models in their communities , while earning a salary and gaining valuable work experience . Teresa credits with giving her a sense of purpose . Her colleagues encouraged her to pursue her college degree . She is studying community health and development . I feel like God created me to talk to these women , and help them , empower them , encourage them , she says . Teresa points to her success in helping a pregnant woman from the traditional African religion of , whose adherents often eschew professional medical care . I saw her when I was coming to work , she says . She gave the woman her telephone number , and the following day she called me and said , I am here at the hospital The woman tested . I told her , Don worry , because you are going to live a very long I disclosed my status to Teresa convinced her to adhere to treatment and deliver in the hospital . The woman gave birth to an child . I feel like a star , Teresa laughs . is working to expand its reach to women in more countries and in countries where it currently operates . The impact is clear and the method is simple a woman talking to another woman can help prevent transmission of HIV . Maya is the global communications manager at . She also lectures in journalism at University of Cape Town , South Africa . She previously reported for ABC News and . A graduate of Johns Hopkins University , she received a master degree from the University of London , Goldsmith College , and a law degree from Yale Law School . Multiple Choice Questions Questions . The following factors are major contributions to gender inequalities in health Biological differences ( Women are by nature ) Poverty and gender discrimination . Adolescent marriage and childbearing Cultural preferences for sons over daughters

Women in the World Today , extended version 52 . All except for A . The vast majority of the world maternal deaths occur in . South Asia Africa Asia Latin America Both A and . The riskiest country on earth to become pregnant is Afghanistan . None of the above . Existing technologies and knowledge that make pregnancy and childbirth safer do not reach some populations due to Geography health systems Gender bias Political inertia All of the above . The WHO estimates that maternal deaths dropped globally from 1990 to 2008 thanks ( Contraception Prenatal care Skilled assistance during childbirth ! Abstinence . Answers A , and . President Obama designated 63 million towards global health through The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation The Global Health Initiative President Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ( None of the above

53 Bureau of International Information Programs , United States Department of State . 10 . 11 . 12 . Encouraging recent trends in women health globally DO NOT include . Palestine . More girls are staying in school longer Girls are delaying their first births More women and couples are practicing family planning Many women have insufficient access to Contraception All of the above founded the Women Social and Legal Guidance Center in , Maya Teresa All of the above None of the above started which institution ?

Roots ) Foundation for Health and Social Development Medical School Hospital All of the above None of the above The most difficult aspect of practicing medicine for was . Performing on boys Being the only female doctor Male doctors not accepting a female colleague Not being accepted by female nurses , who were used to working with male doctors . None of the above stated that she first experienced discrimination . Growing up at home with her family At Medical School in Russia When she began practicing at Hospital in Jerusalem Working in Palestinian refugee camps None of the above The factors of upbringing that empowered her to pursue a career in medicine include .

Women in the World Today , extended version 54 13 . 14 . 15 . 16 . 17 . Her family valued knowledge Her family included boys and girls to go to school alike Her mother never spoke about marriage She observed her aunts moving abroad to study All of the above . By seeing patients within conflict zones , rather than being confined to the hospital , realized The importance of the economic , social , and psychological of health The value of privatized pharmaceutical research The importance of technology in treating neglected tropical diseases All of the above . None of the above The Women Social and Legal Guidance Centre performs the following functions Shelters women who are victims of violence Offers them legal assistance Refers their cases to the police Refers them to a safe house for their protection All of the above . is NOT funded by Centre for Disease Control ( Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Elton John AIDS Foundation . Of the 33 million people carrying HIV worldwide , how many live in Africa ?

10 million 25 million 22 million 15 million . 30 million service provision includes . Enlisting only nurses who are mothers . Recruiting only female doctors 55 Bureau of International Information Programs , United States Department of State 18 . 19 . 20 . Enlisting mothers to counsel pregnant women about how testing and medication can ensure that babies are born healthy . Providing foreign women health practitioners to carry out workshops . All of the above program participants experience the following outcomes Experience a sense of purpose Participate in a community with other mothers Assume leadership roles amongst their peers Earn a salary and work experience All of the above . What percentage of women who attend instruction sessions over three times per week begin treatment ?

82 75 . 99 92 63 What percentage of mothers frequently attending trainings decide to receive tests ?

60 70 100 97 90 . Answers Answer ( all except for A ) is correct . The chapter states that biological differences ( answer A ) are lesser of health inequalities . Instead , poverty and gender discrimination ( adolescent marriage and childbearing ( answer ) and cultural preferences for sons ( are listed as factors that exacerbate gender inequality in health . The correct answer is The vast majority of the world maternal deaths take place in South Asia and Africa ( both A and are correct ) The correct answer is Afghanistan ( answer ) The correct answer is all of the above ( answer ) The correct answer is ( answers A , and )

Women in the World Today , extended version 56 10 . 11 . 12 . 13 . 14 . 15 . 16 . 17 . 18 . 19 . 20 . The correct answer is the Global Health Initiative ( answer ) The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation is a private foundation ( answer A ) and ( answer ) was funded by the Global Health Initiative . answer ) was the response to initiated by President George Bush in the year 2000 . The correct answer is ( insufficient access to contraception ) While staying in school ( answer A ) delaying first births ( answer ) and practicing family planning ( answer ) all illustrate progress in women health , many women still do not have access to contraceptives ( answer ) The correct answer ( answer ) Maya ( answer A ) is the global communications manager at and Teresa ( answer ) was a participant in the program . The correct answer is the ( Roots ) Foundation for Health and Social Development ( answer A ) The Medical School ( answer ) is where earned her medical education in Russia and the Hospital ( answer ) is a hospital where she began practicing medicine . According to , the hardest thing about practicing medicine at hospital was also not being accepted by female nurses who were used to dealing with male doctors ( answer ) Discrimination experienced by being the only female doctor ( answer ) and being seen as less professional by her male colleagues ( answer ) were also significant challenges , but not having the support of female nurses was especially difficult . first experienced discrimination when she began practicing at the Hospital ( answer ) The correct answer is all of the above ( answer ) realized the importance of the economic , social and psychological of health ( answer A ) The correct answer all of the above ( answer ) Answer is correct . is not funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation . The funders for the program include ( answer A ) answer ) the ( answer ) and the Elton John Aids Foundation ( answer ) 22 million is correct ( answer ) enlists mothers to counsel pregnant women about how testing and medication can ensure that babies are born healthy ( answer ) The program does not enlist only nurses who are mothers ( answer A ) recruit only female doctors ( answer ) or recruit international women health practitioners to run workshops ( answer ) The correct answer is all of the above ( answer ) The correct answer is 92 ( answer ) The correct answer is 97 ( answer ) Discussion Questions . What are some of the structural health factors influencing the differing levels of poor health

57 Bureau of International Information Programs , United States Department of State among men and women ?

How is women health issues affected by politics and culture ?

How do gender nouns the way health is viewed and discussed ?

What encouraged to pursue a career in medicine ?

What did ab realize about health during her tenure at the Hospital ?

How does the campaign build community and support among women ?

What are the connections between health and economic growth ?

What are the benefits and drawbacks of using economics and perspectives in the context of women and health ?

If technologies and knowledge to treat and prevent deaths and injuries are available , why are they not reaching certain populations ?

Scholars and practitioners in the public health field have begun using the term vertical transmission instead of What could be the reasons for this evolution in terminology ?

stated that it was difficult to health policy decision makers while she was providing medical services in Jerusalem . What does this statement demonstrate about the differences between service provision and policy advocacy ?

Further , what are some challenges in policy change that are particular to the Palestinian context ?

10 . The chapter states that while 75 of the world pregnant women live in 12 African countries , Africa is desperately short of doctors and nurses . What are the reasons for this ?

You will have to look outside of the text . Essay Questions . To what extent should health fall under the responsibility of the individual , and to what extent should it be under the purview of the state ?

Under which presidency was the President Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ( implemented ?

You will have to look outside of the text . What , if any , were some challenges or oversights of the program and what were their implications in terms of gender and sexual orientation ?

Additional Resources Bill Melinda Gates Foundation . More information about the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation . Constructions of Masculinity and their Influence on Men A Theory of Women in the World Today , extended version 58 Gender and Sci Med . 2000 ) 50 ( 10 ) 1385 1401 . Paper on the linkages between masculinity , social status , economics , and sexual orientation men health outcomes . 10741575 , Invisible Wounds Obstetric Violence in the United States . Reproductive Health matters 24 ( 47 ) 56 64 . 2016 ) Contributes to the growing attention to coercion of pregnant women by health care personnel in the USA . Institute for Health Metrics Evaluation . Global Health Data Database with graphics and allowing the user to compare illnesses , causes , and demographics across states , regions , and globally . Plague AIDS and Global Al . 2012 ) A critical piece on the impact of structural adjustment policies , privatization , and border security on global health , particularly the HIV AIDS crisis . Daniels , Women and HIV in AIDS Research Therapy 10 ( 30 ) 2013 ) Article expanding on the particular vulnerabilities of women to HIV AIDS in Africa . The World Women 2015 . 2015 ) Annually updated data and analysis on the dimension of health , with indicators including HIV rates , access to information , antenatal care , and diseases . Wood , Reform in Abortion Law in Context , Process and Lessons Learned . Issues in Current Policy ( 2016 ) Examines the strategies and actors that led to passing Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy bill through a feminist lens .