Gender & Sexuality Studies World Media Janell Hobson

MEDIA In the video segment of Brown Skin Girl from Blade 15 King ( 2020 ) third visual album by pop star girls and women are validated for their physical and inner beauty as Beyonce voiceover proclaims , We were beauty before they knew what beauty Within the pop star message we might imagine they to represent a system of power rather than a collective of individuals a system based in white supremacy , western imperialism , and oppression . Such systems the multiple forms of oppression that legal scholar Crenshaw ( 2017 ) as , which have complicated how women the interconnected inequalities of gender , race , class , and other factors . Such experiences extend toward the subject of beauty . Online Activism Change Pulse Lockhart World Pulse is an international online community of women who work together to teach digital skills and leadership , share resources and ideas , and mobilize each other to create social change in their tries . World Pulse was founded in 2004 by Larson , a traveling journalist , who had the idea after being asked by women in several different countries to tell their stories to others . She wanted to use global media technology to empower women to tell their own stories . As World Pulse has grown , women and allies from nearly two hundred countries now use the platform to share stories and support and work for leaders to respond to issues , starting , running for office , and using their creativity to spark new the real world . Their philosophy is , We believe that when women are heard and connected thev transform the world for the better .

22 Women of Africa and the from those African countries and Caribbean Island nations where creams are prominently in Beyonce reminder of their beauty and desirability , as the video unfolds in glorious of the dark skins and cultures of Black and brown women and girls . The video emphasizes Black girlhood in particular , since they are most vulnerable to internalizing negative messages about their beauty potential . So , we see the handclap games of mothers and daughters , as well as young debutante queens being by their community . Even the inclusion of girls in suit and tie , posing with featured Nigerian singer standing next to a Muslim and an albino , suggests that there is no one way to be a beautiful brown skin Celebrated models like Naomi Campbell and , actress , and Beyonce from Destiny Child , Kelly Rowland , Brown Skin Woman also make cameo appearances , while the video segment concludes with the song sung by daughter , Blue Ivy Carter , in a gesture toward elevating the of the next generation of Black girls . This presentation , which covers the range of complexions among women , including South Asian women who are also encouraged to buy creams , signals Beyonce global message . The song premiere in 2019 is apropos given how the major beauty pageants that America , Miss USA , Miss Universe , and Miss crowned Black women winners . It also shuts down the debates over Brown Skin Girl that erupted upon the songs release on Beyonce album The ( 2019 ) which celebrated the African continent and was conceived of as an accompanying project to her involvement in Disney remake of the blockbuster animation The Lion ( 1993 ) Beyonce audiovisual project is exemplary of world media and the various global responses that position it for different transnational and local meanings . First , as a project streamed exclusively on its online platform , it is aligned with the global corporation dominant commercial worldview that has reshaped world cultures through a lens . Second , its message complicates the African American imagination Beyonce brings to its depiction of Africa , from The Lion King animal story to her own on African royalty , which is reflected in a romanticized version of an African past from where the enslaved ancestors of descended people originated . Even the challenges of global distribution speak to power differences , since many on the African continent did not have access to Disney streaming platform , subsequently forcing Beyonce ' to intervene with

WORLD 23 screenings . The structural inequalities between continental Africans and an African American pop who from fame , wealth , privilege , and US project multiple meanings of Africa in its narrative . Indeed , who was once hailed in the title of a wood , The President Daughter ( 2006 ) which characterizes the color and nationality of the African American singer as an ideal for Nigerian womanhood , reflects a global and transnational power that inevitably shapes the beauty politics around beauty . The pop star attempts to bring that power to her audiovisual project , using her have enabled her own ascendancy to world celebrate Black and brown womanhood . Finally , Beyonce project had a different impact on another region of the world with its reception among her South Asian fans . They had praised the pop star for being racially inclusive of Indian women and girls , who also struggle with over their color . For this reason these same fans immediately the song Sharma ( Will Feel Shy ) from the Hindi ( 2020 ) for insinuating that the leading lady referenced in the song , who is praised for being ( would make feel shy in comparison . During a year of the global movement for Black Lives Matter and in which praised the skinned beauty of both and South Asian women and girls in Brown Skin Girl , it was inevitable that many would react negatively to the irony of a Bollywood song extolling the beauty of whiteness and using an African American pop star to serve as a beauty contrast to being . And yet the songwriters insist they intended no insult to , that the invocation of her name was in response to her world status as a globally recognized beautiful woman . They had not thought any deeper about the problematic use of to contrast a woman beauty to , which merely reflects how is deeply ingrained in the culture alongside elitism and . As activist reminds us , Race and caste are not the same system , but they are parallel oppressions that have the same logic ( 2020 ) the former in oppressing Black lives and the latter in gating as untouchables within Hindi culture in India and its . by Shannon The 2021 Sundance Film Festival Audience Award winner in the World Cinema Documentary category was the with Fire . This documentary follows women in India who work as journalists and the extreme challenges they working from the underside of power (

24 I MEDIA people are considered the lowest social caste ) to struggling to read in English on the smartphones they need to record interviews . Devi leads a team of women who report on issues from the perspectives of those on the bottom of Indian society for ( Waves of News ) While many articles are written in Hindi , some like . We First Need ' New Same Old Burden from an are written in English and work to educate people living in India and live around the world . In this article , reporters explore why men and boys must also be actively involved in policies to eliminate sexual violence against women . By necessity , journalism needs the voices of all parts of a genders , religions , and it can not accurately report or speak to the life of average and ordinary people . Like , it must also report in local dialects so that it can be accessible to all people . Supporting , reading , and learning from local women on the ground in rural and poor parts of the world is one way we can engage the world and support the work of women worldwide . Given these different responses to issues of gender , race , color , nationality , local and global media , and transnational audiences , this chapter explores the evolution of world media and representations of through this lens . This includes tracing its origins through local shows , world fairs , cinema , music , and commercial media at large . Analyzing such concepts as the male gaze , race and racialization , and appropriation , this chapter seeks to illuminate how womanhood has diverse and complex meanings that shift based on the intersections of gender , race , class , nationality , sexuality , embodiment , and ment . World Views on Women In 1992 the Cuban American feminist performance artist Coco sought to create with fellow artist Guillermo a satire during the quincentennial celebration of Christopher bus discovery of America with their mock exhibit Two Undiscovered and used performance art to commemorate the time Columbus brought Indigenous Americans back with him from the Americas to exhibit at the royal court of Spain , which subsequently spawned of similar human exhibitions that are arguably the first examples of world media in the western world . While the majority of the public missed the satire of their artistic the Two covered exhibit literally and thereby eliciting charges that the performance deliberately informed the suggests that such efforts at literal interpretations erase the colonial violence that was whitewashed through the Columbus Day celebrations and further the concept of

MEDIA 25 diversity fundamental to this understanding that strikes at the heart of the sense of control over Otherness that Columbus symbolized ( 1994 , 145 ) Such constructions of Otherness through the exhibition framework of also shaped of disability via the freak show display of white disabled or bodies , which inevitably formed a parallel between white disabled Others and their or disabled counterparts . A powerful example of this was in the display of Sara , a woman from the Cape of South Africa who was infamously called the was publicly played to create a spectacle of the size and shape of her buttocks , which subsequently turned her into a sex object exhibited among the other freak show curiosities at London Piccadilly Circus . Placed on display in both England and France from 1810 until her premature death at the end of the year in 1815 , was constructed both as a freak and perfect specimen of her race ( 2005 , 36 ) She was both an abnormality for Europeans and a normality among the she was understood to represent , although her ethnic group was already labeled as the missing link between humanity and ity by Europe race scientists , thus leading to the posthumous dissection and inhuman of her cadaver by the anatomist George . echoes of the Venus can be traced through the spectacle of women behinds , among stars like Nicki , and Megan Thee Stallion ( whose nickname literally derived from men comparing her booty to a horse , thus perpetuating the typical animalization of Black women ) And while certain white women , such as the monetize their looks through racial appropriation via darkened makeup and surgically enhanced lips and attained the look of the exotic other , we must distinguish between the dehumanization of an African woman body in the past and the spectacle of highly visible celebrity women who willingly display their assets for fame and fortune . Having said that , we may notice how both historical and contemporary of womanhood are premised on similar sexual objectification . would certainly not be the last racial curiosity in the western world to elicit interest both as a pop culture entertainment show and as a specimen . As argues , her like later exhibit ( and the among his various freaks ) of the African American elderly woman , falsely billed in 1835 as George ton the of race , gender , nationality , and ity . thus suggests , the language and assumptions of the disability system were implemented to and these women , whose bodies . invoked disability by ing as deformities or abnormalities the characteristics that marked them as raced and ( 2002 , Another of freaks , Moy , was the Chinese woman to enter the United States in 1834 . Her bound feet and Chinese dress were placed on display alongside other trade goods from China ,

26 WORLD including tea and porcelain , which ultimately and the Oriental woman , who was imagined to be exotic , submissive , and sensual ( Davis 2019 ) This trope of Orientalism ( Said 1978 ) which collapses the cultures of East and South Asia as well as west Asia ( or the Middle East ) into narratives and stereotypes , eventually led to the of Asian women , who were presumed to be prostitutes . They were subsequently the first group to be banned from the United States in the Page Act of 1875 , a precursor to the 1882 Chinese Immigration Ban . Human exhibitions proved an effective tool in promoting western imperialism and power , as they were eventually included in world fairs that advertised not just the advancements of the industrialized world in the West , reflected in technological innovations , but also the regression or unchanging cultures of the world that such human exhibits conveyed by contrast . One of the first world fairs in this vein included the 1851 Crystal Palace World Fair in London , organized by Queen Victoria husband Prince Albert , which introduced to the public the technology of photography alongside small exhibits from some of the British colonies . Over forty years later , in 1893 , Chicago World Columbian Exposition , which marked the quadricentennial celebration of Columbus discovery , introduced the world to while enhancing displays of cultures through the ethnographic exhibit . During this decade the light of electricity would combine with photography to birth cinema , a new tool to perpetuate world media via western imperialism and the ethnographic display of other cultures . While leaving a lasting legacy that is still felt in the century with our electronic revolution via digital culture , there are other legacies stemming from the World Columbian Exposition . women relegated to a Women Building that showcased women various contributions to arts , education , and home economics , thus promoting ideas and beliefs about appropriate behaviors and standards for a respectable womanhood that often excluded women of color . Indeed , Ida . Wells joined her , Ferdinand , and Frederick to seminate the pamphlet The Reason Why the Colored American I Not at the Columbian tion , while only one African American woman , Barrier Williams , was permitted inclusion at the Women ex . Women of Courage in Journalism by Shannon Around the world , female journalists offer a necessary voice to the experiences and perspectives of women in events and eve da circumstances . Women often do not ex life as the

MEDIA 27 men in their cultures , and reporting a more accurate picture requires the voices of and men , as well as various religions and ethnicities . The International Women Media Foundation ( ports the work of women in journalism around the world . Each year . they offer Courage in Awards . Courage is often needed by their efforts are sidelined or mocked by ers and local media or whether they literally put their lives on the line every day , reporting from countries devastated by war or where women have no voice in society . In Afghanistan , three young female journalists ( ages ) were gunned down and another injured after leaving work on March , 2021 . The Afghan Security Committee reports that fourteen women journalists were threatened or killed in 2020 . African Women in Media ( offers a place for women to write and educate the world on women issues in Africa . Women have also been at the forefront of educating Africans across the continent on health and . Instead , women of color framed three distinct exhibits at the world fair . One display included an African American woman , Nancy Green , who performed in the debut of Aunt , selling pancakes and advancing an early version of mass marketing around a commercial brand , one that relied on the myth of the Old South and its plantation romance , where big , Black women knew their place in positions of slavery and servitude . The stereotype of Aunt promoted the belief that such women were more than happy to provide comfort and comfort food for the white American consumer , a belief that was so deeply ingrained in the culture that pancakes and syrup under the brand name Aunt continued to sell until its removal in 2021 . A different exhibit featured Amazons , African female soldiers defeated by the French , who had colonized ( and placed these women on display as a commemoration of the savage and unfeminine Africans they were able to subjugate in the interest of colonialism . In providing both domestic and foreign examples of Black female subjugation , the male dominance of western imperialism is affirmed , as represented in the contemporary Scramble for Africa among European nations in the late nineteenth century , also with the violence of the US era and the manifest destiny playing out in the American imperial wars in the Caribbean and the .

28 ) An intersectional analysis lays bare how gender politics collides with these racial politics . For example , these exhibits based in Black primitivism found a parallel in the Orientalism of the others from Asia and the Middle East , as displayed with the Snake dancers of Egypt , which was colonized during this period by Great Britain . This third display of otherness at the World Columbian Exposition introduced an early version of the belly dance to the fair audience . This dance eventually formed the exotic dance of the strip tease . Indeed , various women performed as Little Egypt , constructing a striptease performance based on the snake dancers seen at the world fair ( Bentley 2005 , 36 ) Moreover , the Dance of the Seven Veils , imagined in the operatic and based on the titular Dancer from the Worlds biblical infamously requested the beheading of Colombian Exposition , Chicago , John the Baptist after dancing sensuously for King 1892 ates dangerous female sexuality through the lens of Orientalism . The dance was in Fritz Lang silent Metropolis ( 1927 ) to convey the femme fatale quality of Maria , the false cyborg invented to lead the masses astray but who is eventually burned at the stake like a witch , a spectacle steeped in a general misogyny affecting all women . The striptease of the veiled Oriental woman , via the exotic dance , is in effect a colonial project in which The inaccessibility of the veiled woman , mirroring the mystery of the Orient itself , requires a process of Western unveiling ( 1991 , 57 ) Such sexual and racial differences became a in the culture , so much so that early cinema routinely constructed exotic Others in positions of servitude or villainy . Griffith early silent are , from his depiction of cinema trans character in of ( 1914 ) to gerate the strangeness of the Oriental biblical setting and the transgressive behavior of its female his infamous celebration of the Ku Klux Klan in his cinematically innovative of a Nation ( 1915 ) with its construction of Black male rapists and white female innocence , to his orgiastic biblical drama Intolerance ( 1916 ) which trades in Orientalist fantasies . These representations framed and the normalcy and dominance of whiteness and , which was eventually broadcast to the world through colonialism . Fortunately , African American like Oscar invented their own innovative styles to create cinematic , as he offered with his Our Gate ( 1918 ) an ambitious narrative that undercuts the heroism of white supremacists in Nation . opted instead to intercut the scene of the lynching of a Black family with one in which a Black woman is sexually assaulted by a white man , who is later revealed to be her father

MEDIA 29 in an incestuous storyline that undermines the era racist sentiments of racial difference that a legacy of enslavement exposes through interracial and interfamily relations . Between the exotic dance of Little Egypt during the late nineteenth century and later performances in 19205 Paris by African American entertainer Josephine Baker , who similarly performed black through her own nude performances , the racial Other is routinely sexualized in contrast to the of a pure and chaste white womanhood . Baker performances both on stage and in reiterate these racial divides , in which her wild , libidinously driven primitive persona serves as a foil to white male subjects , who are often enticed but inevitably resist the charms and dangers of women when they leave the colonized space of Africa or the Orient and return to their proper place and home of the white heterosexual family . Despite such messages , the popularity of entertainers like Baker among the French was such that white French women bought bronzer creams and powders to emulate her dark complexion , a reversal of sorts of the racial Similar to entertainers and social media , such as the and the white Instagram bronzing their skin tones , these acts of racial otherness , through blackface , suggest the fantasy and desire to eat the other , as bell hooks describes , in which Blackness represents a heightened form of excitement , pleasure , and danger that whites can consume in temporary escape of their own conventional whiteness ( hooks 1992 , 21 ) Indeed , the racial bifurcation that constructed chaste , virginal white womanhood in opposition to Black or brown female sexuality inspired white women to appropriate the Primitive in order to assert the existence of their own sexuality , hence the bronzer , hence the Little Egypt exotic dance . Such racial politics complicate the analysis of feminist theory , with Laura identifying the male gaze as the dominant structure framing the lens of the movie camera , with women bodies consumed for their status as objects and sexual spectacle , while men assume their positions as bearer of the look ( 1975 , 11 ) It is not just the camera gaze that is oriented , but so too is the movie lighting and focus , as Richard Dyer argues , oriented toward whiteness . Observing the ways that camera lighting creates a translucent quality around white skin , Dyer suggests , the aesthetic technology of the photographic media , the apparatus and practice par excellence of a light culture , not only assumes and privileges whiteness but also constructs it . white women are bathed in and permeated by light . It streams through them and falls on them from above . In short , they glow ( Dyer 1997 , 122 ) Through this culture of light , Dyer further argues that racial and ethnic hierarchies are inevitably constructed among white subjects , from the Aryan ideal of blonde hair and blue eyes to its opposite in the darker white races of Jews and Roma , who were targeted for deportation and extermination during the World War II era of Nazi Germany . While this regime made explicit their white supremacist and eugenicist aims , the same ideology shaped the western world media . Within Hollywood

30 WORLD cinema , the young , blonde white woman , ingenue or leading lady , would be cast as heroic , virtuous , or angelic , in contrast to her villain . A glaring example is the horror movie Dracula Daughter ( 1936 ) While Vito Russo argues that such subliminally depict queer representations owing to the Hays Code during the until the that forbade scenes of sexual perversion along with other taboos such as interracial romance , we may also recognize how the monstrous villain is not only queer but also foreign , perhaps even stemming from an Orientalist background as a racial and exotic The dark and queer femme fatale is doubly coded for unacceptable womanhood . As Jane and have observed , No matter how insistently white and heterosexual the classic femme fatale may appear , it is the dark lesbian whose mythos and due to her distance from and disloyalty to white her ( 2004 , 93 ) While these depictions of womanhood are based in ideologies of biological difference requiring the eugenics ( well born ) approach to a racial hierarchy , several movie stars and entertainers altered their bodies , names , and cultural backgrounds to construct idealized white femininity . As Judith Butler would say , gender is , meaning that our gender roles and behaviors are not biologically ingrained nor tied to a sex ( Butler 1990 ) Man , woman , transgender , These all mean different things , historically or from different cultures . Gender is also a social construction , as is race and , for we learn these cues about roles and behaviors through a given society and can achieve different appearances based on these cues . Several of the famous blonde bombshells , from Jean Harlow to Monroe , were actual brunettes , and women of color were often expected to pass as white , while Jewish stars might gentilize their names . is an interesting as star , changing her name from Eva Maria to sound less and more exotic . She was often typecast as a femme fatale , most notably as the biblical temptress in Victor Young and Delilah ( 1949 ) Prior to her Hollywood , the actress was infamously depicted in the Czech Ecstasy ( 1933 ) in which her onscreen orgasm was a in cinematic history , with a shot of her face . legacy is more of the kind , however , as she used her offscreen genius to invent a technology in her aid of the United States and their against Nazi Germany . This technology would later be used in such digital technologies as Bluetooth , wireless , and .

WORLD MEDIA i 31 Star of Silver Screen , Mother of by Rebecca Lambert As we talk about media and critique it For the ways in which it maintains power structures , it can also be an incredibly useful tool For sharing forgotten stories and writing people back into the history from which they were erased . The documentary , is an example of giving a woman the credit she deserves . Alexandra Dean , an Emmy journalist , director , and producer , tells the story , an iconic star who is now being credited as the mother She collaborated with composer George to create a technology . that used rolls of perforated the ones in player quickly switch between This communications system was the Foundation for current technology such as the Global Positioning tem ( and Bluetooth . Dean found interview tapes from 1990 that did with Forbes magazine , which she used to story . These interviews helped shape a project that allowed the inventor and actress to tell her own life story , giving visibility to a history that had been erased . Learning Activity How have you already seen media used to resist oppression and what new information did you learn ?

What other ways can media be used to disrupt systems of oppression ?

How can you hold media accountable while also using it to for social justice ?

Alexandra Dean documentary Bombshell ( 2017 ) which explores life and her tion , notes how such genius did not the image created by the studio system of its movie stars , women who were to be seen and constricted by the male gaze while downplaying any other complex character that lay beneath the pretty face . This documentary , premiering a year after Theodore feature film Hidden Figure ( 2016 ) based on the history of African American women who worked alongside white women at NASA as human computers ( the precursor to the computer machine that replaced women labor in a system of automation ) is a reminder of the ways women labor and intellect are made invisible in the interest of promoting their physical attributes concerning beauty and desirability , which are highlighted for a white system .

32 I WORLD MEDIA Human Computers by Shannon The 2016 movie Hidden revealed stories of gifted and incredible women who had been ignored in the history books . It showcases some of the African American women who worked at NASA as human computers and eventually engineers , and the breadth of social challenges they faced . Before computers , people with excellent math skills were sometimes employed as human computers , working out calculations in their heads and on paper in ways that seemed impossible . The stories of Christine , Annie , Mary Jackson , Miriam Mann , and Dorothy Vaughn now spark the imagination of young girls and boys of all ethnicities in science , technology , engineering , and ( STEM ) A handful of ( Asian American and Islander ) women also worked at NASA . Helen Ling supervised the human computer group and created her own form of maternity rehiring pregnant women after they gave birth , at a time when marriage and pregnancy were a death knell to careers . The work of the women in this group opened doors for women to transfer into jobs and for female engineers to apply for and be hired at NASA in the decade running up to America orbital and landing on the moon . In 2015 , President Obama awarded Katherine the Presidential Medal of Freedom in honor of her work and that of her peers who had been overlooked . On February 26 , 2021 , the naming ceremony ofits building after Mary . Hired in 1958 and now in her eighties , Sue ley continues to work at NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory as the female human and engineer . Of course , not all women the standard , and in Hollywood , Black women were often erased in or marginalized as servants or slaves . Unlike the white woman status , Black women by contrast represented Gaines describes as the paradox of being , in which the Black female body did not signify woman ( Gaines 1988 , 12 ) And for those Black women who were in closer proximity to whiteness , they were encouraged to deny their race altogether .

WORLD 33 The Lena Home was once encouraged to pass as an exotic Latin American woman When she refused to as anything other than African refused maid It , career was cut short . spent most of her career in music and on the stage , but her cinematic legacy is , served in ( musical numbers that could be cut from the when it was shown in Southern states that forbade positive representations of African Americans ) and in musicals such as Cabin in the Sky , Stormy , and The Bronze . Likewise , the actress Washington received eral offers by Hollywood studio heads in the to turn her into a movie star on par with Greta and Joan that she pass for white . Like , Washington refused , and as a result she was relegated to the margins . Studios Th , black enough for the usual maid roles offered to felt she wasn Black women . When performing in a rare role in the Emperor ( 1933 ) she would be forced to wear dark makeup to prevent audiences from viewing her as a white woman , because a romantic entanglement with the Black leading man ( Paul ) would have violated the Hays code . Washington is best known for the tragic mulatta role of in the of Life ( 1934 ) based on Hurst sentimental novel and starring Claudette and Louise Beavers . passes for white and rejects her mother ( Beavers ) who depicts the Aunt stereotype on which white can exploit for her own cess . Washington famous portrayal would be erased from cultural memory with Douglas remake from 1959 , in which Susan , a white actress of Mexican descent , plays Washington character . Limited in her roles , Washington instead took up the mantle of theatrical activism and racial uplift . In 1937 , she helped to establish the Negro Actors Guild , an advocacy group for Black actors onstage and onscreen that fought for better scripts and working opportunities ( 2020 ) Had the Negro Actors Guild not existed , one of the American Film Institute top ten movies of all time , Gone the ( 1939 ) would be a much more blatantly racist ( and may not have become such a classic ) than the one we know today . With the help of the Guild , Hattie , who plays Mammy in the , for which she became the African American to win an Academy Award , successfully lobbied for studio heads to erase the from the script ( 1999 ) She also refused to do a scene that expected her to shine the shoes of her master while on her knees . Likewise , McQueen , who played Prissy , wouldn do a scene in which her character ate watermelon . McQueen also refused to be slapped onscreen by actress Leigh , who portrayed the heroine Scarlett Hara .

34 WORLD . Hattie and Leigh , Gone With the Even as Black women like and McQueen worked with the Guild to agitate behind the scenes , their willingness to take stereotypical roles subjected them to scathing critiques by leading Black voices such as the . Washington , who would later serve as a major critic and columnist for the radical Harlem newspaper The People Wire , was not quite as condemnatory toward but did challenge the actress to stop defending her right to play the mammy roles . Washington also called on Hollywood to offer better roles and urged Black audiences to support Black political theater while boycotting Hollywood movies featuring the traditional Black stereotypes of toms , coons , and ( Bogle 2003 ) Other women of color were reduced to stereotype or erased , Academy actress Hattie gether . An example is the Chinese American actress Anna May Wong , who stereotypes of the tal femme fatale and the dragon lady but was infamously overlooked to portray the struggling Chinese farmer in the adaptation of Pearl Buck critically acclaimed novel The Good Earth ( 1937 ) The white actress Rainer was instead selected for this role , for which she won an Academy Award . This used the racist practice of , in which white actors would tape their eyes to create the stereotypically look of an East Asian .

WORLD I 35 faced similar restrictions . If they were not light enough to pass as as the Latina actress Mar Carmen , who became the famous redhead Rita Ha were to performing all the brown and foreign characters , as was the case with Puerto Rita Moreno . Even when Moreno was cast as the onl Latina in Side Sto , for which she won an Award , her own light skin was deemed inauthentic and was subsequently darkened to portray the Puerto Rican character Anita , much to her chagrin . Not all in the movies were depicted in , but they sometimes functioned as caricatures , such as the Brazilian entertainer Carmen Miranda . Miranda stereotypical depiction of the Latin woman in ous Hollywood technicolor musicals turned her into a Good Neighbor policy with Latin America and the banana industries emerging from the region , resulting in her proudly proclaiming , bananas is my business ( 1989 ) Her iconic bananas she carried on her head , the headscarf , and bejeweled directly appropriated from the local woman , an woman whom she emulated while her musical band popularized the local samba music associated with Brazilian culture , Miranda light skin made this Black aesthetic palatable for a white American audience , even if Miranda herself could not quite escape the caricature that she had become , which lived longer than her own brief life when adapted for the Chiquita Rita Moreno , 1954 Banana logo . Black music has often occupied critical sound space in Hollywood cinema when the Black bodies forming such art were themselves marginalized , from the talkie , Singer ( 1927 ) featuring its white star Al in blackface , to the referenced earlier . As Julie Dash demonstrates in her short ( 1983 ) studios would use the voices of playback singers , some of whom were African American , and match these with the white female bodies onscreen for the various movie musicals produced during Hollywood golden age of cinema . Hindi cinema , however , also known as Bollywood , established a system for their numerous movie musicals that enabled the playback singers to emerge as stars in their own right . This occurred with famous playback singer Lata , whose soprano voice is recognizable as the quintessential voice of Indian femininity ( 2008 , 145 ) This was best aided when her voice was the star vehicle in the ( 1949 ) which featured a ghostly who is not seen but only heard . Without a corporeal presence to distract from her vocal presence , voice emerged as the central feminine . In the same era of 19505 Hollywood cinema , the studio system began to ease up on some of their racial representations , as Black women singers popular in the music scene made cameo appearances in key

36 and expanded such movie roles beyond the stereotypical maid . Such examples include the international gospel star Jackson , who performed the spiritual Soon We Be Done in , and before that , jazz singer Abbey Lincoln , who performed a version of the gospel song Spread the Word in the comedy musical Girl Can ?

Help It ( 1956 ) starring Jayne . Lincoln occupied space as a Black sex to her actress peers Dorothy and she wore the same red evening gown that Marilyn Monroe had worn in her iconic Gentlemen Blonder ( 1953 ) But Lincoln claimed that she had burned that dress , thus ushering a new era in which she and her jazz drummer husband Max Roach promoted Black liberation and Black is Beautiful when she hosted in 1962 the first Naturally fashion show in Harlem , New York , that models who emphasized Black women beauty around dark skin , natural hairdos , and fashions ( Ford 2015 ) The Beauty of the Self by Sarah Baum All women are beautiful , but not all beauty has been accepted by mainstream culture . For too long , beauty has been judged through a straight hair and pale skin . In the late and early the Black Is Beautiful movement began , celebrating the beauty of African women , their various skin tones and natural hair . Photographer documented this movement with his camera , and in 1962 he and several others formed Models . Models promoted positive images Black women by featuring curvy bodies , ural hair , a range of skin tones , and fashions . They started in Harlem and spread across the United States , all the while encouraging Black women to embrace their own natural beauty . This was a radical idea in a time when the push to assimilate with European styles was almost mandatory across the country in both social and work settings . Black women had conformed by straightening their hair or wearing wigs in an effort to an impossible standard of beauty . and Models held fashion shows and exalted the growing Black Is Beautiful movement . While Models may no longer be holding shows , the push for acceptance ofall forms continues . Modern activists are working on the Crown Act , a law that would prohibit discrimination against hair styles in employment , housing , and education . It been written into law in seven states , the most recent being Virginia in 2020 . We ve reached a time where all our voices should speak up and declare that all women , no matter their race , are beautiful , and most of all that ethnic and racial differences are beautiful because beauty isn about vanity , it about and acceptance of all .

37 Beauty The movement continued the practice of local Black beauty shows and pageants that have existed within Black communities , but prior to this focus on , such women often emulated the beauty and glamour of white womanhood from being to engaging in hair straightening products . The embrace of Black women as , subjects of beauty reflected the social and cultural shifts that also took place in the 19603 and with the US civil rights movement and colonial independence movements abroad . Such shifts also disrupted gender politics , as one of the American feminist movements involved protesting the Miss America pageant in 1968 , which was for its racial of white contestants and its adherence to a narrow of womanhood based on white standards of beauty , femininity , and respectability . Curiously , this mainstream protest paralleled the protest event of the Miss Black America pageant the same night , which reinforced how Black women protest against the sexism of the beauty pageant includes the right to even be seen as beauty , if not beauty objects . Interestingly , in 1970 , local feminists in England staged a similar protest of the Miss World competition , which incidentally crowned its first Black beauty winner , Jennifer from . Such conflicts between the protest of the patriarchal construction of beauty and the embrace of a beauty queen to challenge the white supremacy inherent in the patriarchal beauty construct remain fraught for a multiracial women movement . Indeed , beauty pageants in 1970 began embracing Black women in a demonstration of racial acceptance , including the first Black contestant in the Miss America pageant , Cheryl , and the first Black in the Miss USA pageant , Jayne Kennedy . By the time Vanessa Williams became the first Black Miss America in 1984 , her win revitalized interest in the beauty pageant and helped salvage it from cultural irrelevance . Williams was controversial , however , not just as the first Black beauty queen , but also as one who was with eyes and was therefore considered in proximity to whiteness and less representative of women in Black communities . The publishing , without her consent , of explicit nude photos of her in sexual poses with another woman in the racy magazine forced her to relinquish her crown , as the scandal disrupted the ideal of Miss America , implicitly understood to be ladylike , proper , and sexually chaste . That the and only Miss America to give up her crown was also the first Black Miss America certainly highlights how sectionality womanhood . The Miss America pageant , which in 1937 had issued a clause that required all contestants be in good health and of the white race , invoked the ideal Miss America at a time when it sought to rehabilitate its image from a risque pageant that displayed women bodies in skimpy bathing suits into one that was appropriate for young ladies ( 2002 )

38 I WORLD MEDIA That respectability somehow equated with whiteness and reinforced the unspoken eugenicist and white supremacist ideology of the pageant . Heather Whitestone , the disabled Miss America in 1995 , visibly the image of the white ladylike beauty queen because her hearing invisible and unnoticeable until she spoke . She was allowed space to be disabled without disrupting the racial and tenets of beauty on which the pageant relied . Such respectability politics why those who disapproved of an African American Miss America would seek to undermine her reign through the publication of explicit photos that reinforced stereotypes of Black female . To again rehabilitate its image , the Miss America pageant selected a blonde , squeaky clean Mormon as the successive winner after this scandal and after another Black woman , Charles , who was the first to Vanessa Williams , served as the second Black Miss America when Williams was forced to relinquish her crown . It took another six years before the pageant safely crowned another Black woman , this time the and Christian Debbie Turner , in 1990 , in order to rectify some of the criticisms of Vanessa Williams win from ing a winner who was undeniably Black to one whose religiosity would have prevented her from engaging in similar sexual acts . These racial and sexual politics via the beauty pageant especially highlight what Yaba Blay calls ity racism through , advertised whiteness as the color of civilization ( Blay 2011 , 13 ) If soap advertisements created links between the cleanliness of white skin in contrast to sullied Black the popularization of creams as exemplary of upward mobility and racial same corollary applied to sexual mores , hence the sullying of the racial purity of white culture through racial integration , miscegenation , and diversity and inclusion . The Miss America scandal surrounding Vanessa Williams implicitly reflects this anxiety of racial tion . The Black is Beautiful movement was seen as essential in combating racism and doing so on a global scale . Similar to the models show , the carnival block , which was founded in 1975 in the northern state of in Brazil , began hosting the da Negra ( Night of Black Beauty ) in 1980 , during which the de ( Ebony Goddess ) is crowned during the country carnival season ( 2010 ) Such local representations of Black pride countered the sexualized and often nude bodies of carnival samba dancers , which reinforced stereotypes of Black women that was broadcast to world media .

WORLD I 39 Woman performing at Such global images enticed European sex tourists to Brazil in a system that , as Erica Williams argues , the legacy of the early project of mem , or whitening , in which state officials encouraged Europeans to settle and hopefully , intermarry with the descendants of enslaved Africans . to dilute the black population ( Williams 2010 ) The sex from European countries such as Italy and Germany to visit Brazil for Black and brown with the model scouts who visited the southern part of the country , Sao Paulo , in search of the white ideal for the next top fashion model . For instance , Brazilian models like and Adriana Lima dominated the global model industry in the part of the century . In this racial twist , women of African descent in Brazil may be considered hot or sexy , but they are not considered enough to be models ( Williams 2010 ) Indeed , world media has continuously traveled the world in search of white ideals of womanhood to construct a global norm around women bodies while women as exotic and racial others , reduced to the same racial curiosities that have shaped the first human exhibitions in the western world . The international beauty pageant this dichotomy , in which women are paraded from around the world but are expected to adhere to the same global standard based in white , western concepts of femininity . Miss World 1994 , Rai , for example , represented Miss India , but she was skinned , and incidentally became one of the biggest Bollywood stars who shaped her nation idea of beauty . both and outside influences such as its colonization under Great Bollywood ideal in India resembles the Hollywood ideal , hence its preference for . Even when African women are selected for pageants like Miss World , in the case of

40 WORLD , who was the first Black African to be crowned in 2001 , they must conform , if not to the ideal , then the body ideal of thinness , which was a departure from . Rai , Superstar , Miss World 1994 , and Humanitarian by Sarah Baum Born in , India , Rai never could have dreamed of the life she would eventually lead . Her original goal was to become an architect , but while in school to learn her trade , she won an supermodel contest in 1991 , and that changed her life . In 1994 , she competed in and won the Miss World Pageant . After she was crowned , she spoke about her desire to be an ambassador for peace during her yearlong reign . Miss World led to more modeling , which led to acting , and excelled . She won critical acclaim as well as the hearts . Her massive success would have been enough for most people , but not for her was the quiet path . Instead , she used her fame to be a spokesperson for many Worthy causes . She became an ambassador for the Eye Bank Association of India , reaching out to prompt eye donations across her home country and registering herself to be an eye donor . She also served as ambassador for Pulse Polio , a government that works to eradicate polio from India . At the same time , she served as spokesperson for the Year , a United Nations effort to end poverty . All ofthis would have kept anyone busy enough , but humanitarian heart called for her to do more . She lends her time to People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( of India and has been a spokesperson for Smile Train , an international organization that provides free cleft palate surgeries to children in need in more than countries . She has also been appointed a Goodwill ambassador to , a United Nations organization dealing with the HIV and AIDS crisis . Her focus as will Ambassador is raising awareness of infant and newborn infection rates , with the goal of making sure no child is born with HIV , as well as prompting access to treatments for mothers living with the virus . Rai dream of working toward peace has moved her to help many people in need , and she uses her fame to shine a spotlight on causes that move the entire world a little closer to that dream . These global expectations inevitably shape global markets in which capitalism finds a new tier through women bodies . As Kathryn Pauly Morgan ( 1991 ) argues , the colonization of women bodies is reflected in cosmetic surgeries , from Jewish women the shape of their noses to appear less Jewish to Asian women seeking double eyelid surgeries to appear less Asian . These capitalist desires

WORLD I 41 parallel the phenomenon of cultures that once traditionally embraced beauty now preferring thinness , as well as the popularity of creams among African and South Asian women . This trend is perhaps best expressed in the consumption of Fair and Lovely creams from , which also sells Dove , an inclusive brand that embraces real beauty in advertisements highlighting women across all races and ethnicities , including cis and trans women . While US culture is careful to not promote directly , the ideology is reinforced through advertisements that craft their own techniques through airbrushing and light , as had occurred with advertisements featuring whitened images of and Rai , both of whom were already in their racial categories . Interestingly , in 2020 , Fair and Lovely attempted a name change with Glow and Lovely , a nod to ity with Black Lives Matter . But this name change does not alter the culture of light that glow suggests in its translucent qualities of whiteness , as Dyer ( 1997 ) argues . Perhaps a glaring example is Latina Jennifer Lopez and her Glow by Lo fragrance ads , which literally whitened her body to convey the glow of her appearance . As a multinational company , seems to be able to have their cake and eat it too , by promoting diversity and inclusion through Dove while also promoting whiteness through its bleaching creams . Incidentally , the company has been accused of providing unfair wages for its workers and toxic work . Indian rapper Ashraf raised global awareness of these problems in such Global South areas as , India , through her rap song Won ( 2015 ) a parody of per Nicki immensely popular Anaconda ( 2014 ) Here , Ashraf shrewdly the popularity of to address the problems of globalization while also highlighting how cultures have enabled political performances by pers and poets , from Ashraf to . who engages in complex South Asian and Muslim music and videos , to duos like embracing Muslim woman wearing hijab queerness , to rapper Mona , who once embraced her hijab to contest rampant with her rap song Wrap My Hijab ( 2017 ) These women rappers occupy subversive but marginalized space in parison to the more visible and commercialized rappers represented in the performance of Nicki and her twerking in Anaconda , as well as similar performances from topping rappers like Iggy Azalea , and Megan Thee Stallion .

42 I MEDIA Diversity and Inclusion , or Beauty Is ?

by Rebecca Lambert How well do you your favorite brands ?

Have you thought about the messages they send ?

How about the messages of the major corporations to which they belong ?

The Dove brand has gained tion in recent years with its campaigns to challenge beauty standards . In keeping with this strategy , Dove announced they would be removing the word normal from their beauty products as an attempt to disrupt the construction that beauty standards based on whiteness are But further research illuminates that Dove parent company , still markets and sells the cream Fair Lovely ( now renamed Glow Lovely ) These creams inherently promote whiteness and white beauty standards by promoting the idea that lighter skin is more beautiful . Learning Activity Do more research about and their brands . As you learn more , does the company act in a way that supports their statement that they promote positive beauty and taking action to drive positive change . setting out to transform the systems that hold individuals back ?

What actions could rations and other media take to accomplish positive change ?

Share what you learn with your friends , class , or group . What is one small step you can take together toward equity ?

It is important to question media and to critically think about the connections between messaging and the systems of oppression in which they , and we as a global community , operate . From the ladylike beauty queen to the more vixenlike commercial rapper , womanhood is still into good girl bad girl imagery and broadcast around the globe in world media . And even when the category of womanhood is broadened to include gender women , they are placed into this bifurcation , as demonstrated through highly visible and Black trans women entertainers like Laverne Cox and Janet Mock , or Miss Universe transgender contestants like Jenna ( Miss Canada 2012 ) and Angela Ponce ( Miss Spain 2018 ) who can all visibly pass as gender and thus be rendered as acceptable women . This is quite similar to representations of desire in which mostly lesbian couples are depicted in media , especially in girl pornographic constructions for the male gaze . Attempts have been made to complicate these representations through more complex engagements with beauty and sexuality , however . For ple , pop star and fashion icon ( nee Robin ) has promoted the full embrace of diverse genders and races through her Beauty cosmetics , offering foundation shades for every

WORLD I 43 complexion , as well as her Savage lingerie line that is inclusive of bodies across sizes , disability , and transgender identities , races and where Victoria Secret , in stubbornly excluding and trans models from their fashion shows , has Failed . These changing representations and beliefs have through our digital revolution , which travels globally . As mentioned above , our computers were women , whose labor was eventually replaced with the computer machine . The first computer programmers were women until the personal computer industry and placed this technology mostly into men hands within the western world , sequently erasing women computer history , including that of . Women representations were instead through online pornography , human trafficking networks ( such as brides ) and misogynistic video games , perhaps best represented by the controversy in 2014 , which targeted and ostracized women game developers through online and violence . How Is Do ing Used as a Tactic of Misogyny ?

by Victoria is a method of online harassment in which a targeted individual identity or personal ( such as their telephone number , address , photographs , emails , etc . are released without their consent , generally for the purposes of intimidation or to call on others to threaten harm . Another use of this tactic is to undermine the credibility of the person being victimized , which can affect them and , as well as sabotage legal allegations and serve to silence marginalized voices . This was the case in 2016 Leeds accused Donald Trump assault , and Fox Business host Lou Dobbs retweeted Leeds personal information . The motivation for often has misogynistic , racist , homophobic , or otherwise discriminatory overtones , and women are more likely to receive sexualized forms of harassment as a result of being . This abuse also intersects with other categories of identity , with women of color and people who are lesbian , gay , bisexual , trans , queer , or intersex plus ( being disproportionately affected . can be incredibly dangerous , as it can negatively affect the victim mental health , lead to death by suicide , or provoke intimate partner violence or honor crimes . Another alarming trend is known as swatting , whereby a false police report that warrants a Special Weapons and Tactics ( SWAT ) team response is made to the police at the victim address . One example of this happened in 2017 when Kansas State Police killed Andrew Finch after his address was in retaliation to an online dispute .

44 WORLD The digital divide widened among those who could not or culturally access the Internet . Nonetheless , developing nations found innovative ways to incorporate mobile telephones , and social media widened this outreach , enabling a variety of voices to formulate progressive ideas about gender , race , class , and alongside those on the more extreme , conservative side . In other words , voices from the margins can now shape those in the mainstream via global information networks , as resented by fashion show , which demonstrates how much she is listening , learning , and willing to incorporate the diversity that is representative of this world audience and to offer an inclusive vision of women beauty . Such visibility , however , can only serve as the starting point for a political movement . As Sarah ( 2018 ) reminds us , popular often coexist with popular misogyny . Body positivity must therefore transcend the individual at the consumer level to constitute the wider body politic of a collective movement focused on dismantling systemic oppressions . Is Your Search Engine Biased ?

by Shannon I come from a family . I grew up in an era when research meant books . Today , in 2021 , I love to use words to make the Google algorithms work for me . It a kind of I can be in control of the results , rather than the results of a Google search randomly leading me to who knows where . Most people born after 2000 do not realize that search engines are not magical , machines allowing us to skip learning the how of research . By necessity , they are the results of and AI ( artificial intelligence ) learning software . Billions are made each hour out human supervision . As a result , there is something called search engine Google and other search engines rank results . When you type a search , you are more likely to see ads and opinions that reflect cultural bias rather than content or research . Most people do not read past the first few entries , meaning the best information is almost never read . Importantly , results also reflect dominant culture , rather than the voices of everyone . This leads people to believe they are getting the best data but they remain ignorant that most facts are missing from what they are quickly skimming . Today , the best place to learn how to research using Google or another search engine is the same best place it has been for hundreds of years the library ! Your local librarian can help you understand how words produce results .

WORLD 45 Conclusion In the global market , diversity sells . Disney had already learned this lesson in its collection of animated Disney princesses from around the world from the Indigenous American Pocahontas to nese woman warrior Mulan to the more progressive of . On the one hand , various revel in this global attention from such a dominant commercial enterprise . On the other hand , they are ever cautious whenever Disney threatens to colonize their culture outright , as Disney once did when attempting to trademark Mexico traditional Day of the Dead when creating Core ( 2017 ) the mated centered around this annual festivity . There is always the tension between what is cultural appreciation and what is outright cultural theft . This brings us full circle to Beyonce Bin , which has been accused of appropriating African . But the pop star utilized the big budget provided by Disney to construct a glorious vision of African people , cultures , and music , including the celebration of Black women beauty in Brown Skin And yet , as bell hooks once critiqued of her use of glamour to aestheticize the Black female body in a ous project , Lemonade ( 2016 ) such emphasis on beauty is all about the body , and the body as commodity . This is certainly not radical or revolutionary ( hooks 2016 ) While embracing dark skin in a reversal of white supremacist ideology , the Black body as commodity does not dismantle other gies , such as classism and . In this reclamation of aesthetics , the Black body beautiful can only be maintained through capitalist consumption and adherence to physique and wellness . And yet there is a power of sorts in this of restoring Black people humanity , especially in the pop star of The Lion , a based on the traditional animalization of Black people , a feature for which Disney is known . Not only that , but restores the original recording of South African Solomon Linda ( 1939 ) which had become The Lion Sleeps Tonight as heard in The Lion King , generating millions in royalties that neither Linda nor his descendants had received . In adapting the Disney lens and splurging on wealth and glamour to reclaim and visualize people beyond the images of widespread poverty , ugliness , and suffering , Beyonce Disney worldview to make space for a radical and rarely seen depiction of Blackness . Finally , the use of drone technology in Blade 15 King to pan in and out of shots of Beyonce in the desert or in the middle of the ocean , or zooming through Earth atmosphere , is a reminder of how the pop star has accessed the ultimate global vision that was once the preserve of western . As reminds us about early cinema , these often superimposed illustrated maps on shots of landscapes , subliminally imposing the map claim over the land ( 1991 , 53 ) Rather than lay claim to the of Africa or the planet itself , which is shown spinning in eternity from a celestial point of the western colonial gaze to envision a transnational Black feminist worldview in its place , one based in a spiritual sensibility .

46 WORLD Taking a page from Toni Morrison , charts a map . without the mandate for conquest ( 1992 , Colonization is not necessary when feminist can subvert the commercial gaze of world media . Abu by Shannon Abu is referred to as Palestine female grew up in the refugee camp . When she was 12 , her family moved to , near , in the occupied Palestinian territory ( West Bank ) As a traditional Bedouin family , they expected her to marry . had another passion . She wanted to work and help others . She graduated from a local Palestinian university with honors , but when she returned to teach , many of the male students would not agree to be her dents . She turned to the Internet to gain additional skills in tutoring and computer coding . She also worked hard to develop her English . She launched , which matched Palestinian women with computer skills with companies ing help with projects . business grew , and when her programmers were able to keep working and deliver projects even as their homes in Palestine and Gaza were under siege , her family became proud of her work . By 2014 , employed more than 350 Palestinians . She expanded her business under the name Alliances . Today , she continues as a speaker , trainer , visionary , and volunteer to educate and connect Palestinian women and men to meet the challenges and opportunities of a globalized world . She has received ous international awards for her innovations in work and social justice . She faces many challenges , including personal safety while living in her family home in the West Bank , but she is proud to be empowering Palestinians and opening opportunities for companies to support Palestinians with paid employment . She believes that business and social justice should always work hand in hand .

WORLD MEDIA i 47 Learning Activities . uses video Brown Skin Girl to frame her discussion of intersections of race , der , beauty standards , cultural appropriation , and capitalism within a transnational framework . Take a few minutes to read the , and then watch the full video of Brown Skin As you watch , jot down any ideas you have about it , including the people who are featured , clothing , song lyrics , settings , dance moves , lighting , and so on . What do you notice ?

What is your overall impression of the video ?

Next , watch the video again , keeping these questions in mind In this chapter , traces a history of the ways that live viewings , performances , and the like sexualize , erase , stereotype women of color while equating whiteness with beauty and acceptability . What aspects of that history seem most important to you ?

Why ?

How does refute that history with Brown Skin Girl ?

How do other famous women of color engage with and refute that history ?

What is commodity racism , according to ?

What examples does she provide ?

Can you think of additional examples of commodity racism ?

Do you think Brown Skin Girl engages in and cultural appropriation ?

Why or why not ?

Use the terms and concepts from this chapter to support your argument . How are queer and trans bodies and voices represented in this discussion ?

How are they erased ?

Working in a small group , continue to add to the glossary you started in the previous chapter . Here are some key terms from this chapter , male gaze , racialization , cultural appropriation , racism .

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50 WORLD Williams , Erica . 2010 . Blonde Beauties and Black Booties Racial Hierarchies in , June 11 , Laura A . 2020 . A Free America for All Peoples . Washington , the Negro Actors Guild , and the Voice of the journal American History 105 , no . Image Photo by Calvin on No Known Restrictions Dancer from the World Columbian Chicago , 1893 ( LOC by is available under Lena . The Bronze Venus 1943 by Halloween is licensed under Gone With The Wind ( 1939 ) Leigh Hattie by aka Bud Care is licensed under BY actress Hattie by Tennessee State and Archives is licensed under by , is in the public domain He no Campo Grande Tatiana by is licensed under Photo by Khaled on Notes . Samples of such were exhibited in the historic Le Nair de 42 , curated by Denise , at the , Paris ( 2019 )