Gender & Sexuality Studies Women's Work in a Global Economy Paula Sheridan

WORK IN A GLOBAL Paula Sheridan Exploring women work in a global economy is an ongoing challenge and delight . The statistics and vary depending on who , what , and how you ask . But the overall picture is generally the same women in our global economy have more difficulty than men in getting a job and earning equitable wages . We acknowledge women intersecting identities and roles women of different ages , sexual and identities , geographic locations , social classes , political and spiritual beliefs , physical abilities , status , and women with and without children . Mainstream literature and research inadequately represent the many identities of working women in a global economy . Many databases provide binary information , making it difficult to understand the experiences of women with diverse identities . Therefore we learn how to use the data we have and create new ways of asking questions that represent all women and their experiences , giving voice to those who are silenced or made invisible by multiple oppressions . What challenges do working women encounter ?

Some of these barriers include the power of patriarchy , unequal wages , educational inequality , and unequal access to opportunities . A Reuters dation poll balance and the gender pay gap as the top two of major concerns of the women participants . Do you see any connections that shape your ability to succeed in the workplace ?

Banking Deserts and Gender Inequality by Shannon Banking deserts are areas of the world where people have little to no access to basic banking services . The World Bank Global report that more than half of adults in the world poorest areas still have no access to the Technology is making banking more accessible in some parts of the world , but it is not narrowing the gender gap . In Southeast Asia , only 37 percent of women have bank accounts , versus 65 percent of men . Africa has seen a boom in account ownership with the easier access to smartphones in the

238 ) WORK IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY past Few years . This has raised account ownership from 51 percent to 62 percent globally . World Bank Group Yong Kim said , Access to financial services can serve as a bridge out But we might consider that there are numerous additional factors women face when banking in their countries , including exclusion from legal rights to own accounts , male guardianship or permission required , not having access to money of their own , or , having so little money it is kept in cash . The American Civil Liberties Union ( is backing a US initiative to offer basic banking services at local post to protect people from the outrageous fees offered at storefronts . In an increasingly global , digitized economy , without access to digital funds , it is harder to accomplish basic transactions . How do the challenges that working women face relate to their daily of Food , clothing , The products and services we consume are global commodities and connected to a workforce . Many of these items are produced in women homes , neighborhoods , or workplaces . If we want to understand the global commodity chain , we need to comprehend the role that gender plays on the global level ( 2015 , 15 ) Working Women in a Global Economy Perspectives We discuss several theoretical lenses and perspectives in this chapter . But two overarching perspectives help us organize and understand women work in a global economy . The ecological perspective allows us to see many connected systems that shape women work and the types of relationships between systems that enhance or deter human thriving . The empowerment perspective helps us look at these systems , analyze the power relationships , and develop strategies that build more systems . An Ecological The ecological or ecosystems perspective views individuals as complex systems that shape and are shaped by physical and social environments , allowing us to see the connections between and within an individual , group , community , and global interactions . Building on human ecology , we see humans and their physical and social environments as being interconnected . This perspective also the type of interactions between people , social , and physical environments that can enhance or deter the quality of life for all ( Brown and Mills 2001 , 16 ) We can group systems according to size ( individuals and

WORK A GLOBAL ECONOMY 239 lies ) communities and organizations ) and ( national and global institutions such as government , health , education , commerce , and others ) and Germain ( 2008 ) help us think about living spaces or niches and habitats in ecosystems , our social structure in the environment . We develop our niches through attributes attributed to us ( gender , race , ethnicity ) and those we earn ( education , income ) Brown and Mills 2001 , 16 ) Solomon ( 1976 , 13 ) discusses how niches can injure Black individuals , families , and communities when a niche is not valued or is systemically oppressed through gender , age , ethnicity . Thus the workplace can be a safe or dangerous niche , depending on the resources in the physical and social environments . Habitats , the places where we live and dwell , can also suffer from systemic oppression and power imbalances . The physical layouts of urban and rural community settings , including our workplaces , schools , homes , communities , can damage our sense of self when they are inadequate , unsafe , and fail to provide education and other resources that help us thrive ( Brown and Mills 2001 , 17 ) Solomon ( 1976 ) ways that power and resources are blocked from women and other groups by looking at unequal accesses to power and resources in systems ( Brown and Mills 2001 , 16 ) This perspective can help us link the many systems and structures of women work in a global . Systems connected to women successful work include such things as the presence of health care , reproductive rights , child care , legal advocacy , and workplace advocacy . An ecological perspective provides a way to map the systems that affect women global work and the ity of the relationships between systems . For example , companies may from women labor and production . Still , women can be exploited by companies with unfair wages and unsafe or neglected work environments , making this an imbalanced and unjust interaction . An ecological perspective helps us get strengths and challenges on , and levels that women encounter as workers in a economy . An Empowerment Empowerment is a process and an outcome that occurs on , and levels . With roots in feminist theory and community organization methods , empowerment theory and practice increase personal , interpersonal , or political power so that individuals can take action to improve their life situation ( 1990 , 149 ) An empowerment perspective or approach addresses barriers to imposed on stigmatized groups by an external or dominant society ( Solomon 1976 , 21 ) Empowerment perspectives , used in advocacy work to support the disenfranchised and counteract ings of powerlessness created by unfavorable valuations of stigmatized group , identify the direct and rect power blocks that contribute to the problem , and develop an action response to reduce or eliminate resistance ( Solomon 1976 , 19 )

240 ) WORK A GLOBAL ECONOMY We can confuse empowerment as saving , rescuing , or depriving others of their own and action . In this context , however , empowerment means developing power , seizing power from oppressive places . Empowerment lies in the person and structure . Janet Townsend et al . 2000 ) learned about transforming forms of power as they listened to women in , Mexico . These women , living in a poor , rural area , shared their approaches to advocacy and change with Townsend , who four forms of power . The women of described power that oppressed their growth and change , which Townsend as power over . When women shared their hopes and struggles with other women , they experienced . When women joined together to address their concerns , they experienced power with . Women expressed a power to do when they made concrete changes that improved their lives , such as earning wages and completing projects ( Finn 2001 , 275 2016 , 36 ) Such broader understandings of power originate from the life experiences of these poor , rural women in Mexico . Afghan Leading the Way by Perry The women of Afghanistan are leading the way for each other and for the future of their country . In 2020 , Afghan Deputy Speaker of the Parliament was one of four women delegates ( of delegates total ) selected to attend peace talks with the Taliban in . In her , she sought to have the Taliban respect Afghan women rights to education , to work , and to travel freely as well as the things that are important for the country to thrive . Women right to be a visible part of Afghan society is gaining traction . I not asking a charity from them . It my right , she says . An soccer team was formed in 2007 . The league shut down in 2017 because of a lack of funding , but it was reinstated by the Afghan government in 2018 after allegations of rape and physical abuse by the Afghan Soccer Federation president were reported by women players and he was banned from the sport for life . The players who Came forward about the abuses , and those who continue to play despite threats from the Taliban and the dislike of some community members , have dreams of playing for the national team . As time goes on , women in Afghanistan are also gaining family support for attending school and ing . In early 2021 , an Afghan crew for a private airline a Boeing 737 from Kabul to with two women pilots and four women cabin crew members . This is the first such in the country history . Pilot explained that her mother suggested she go to school , telling her , everything is possible .

A GLOBAL ECONOMY 241 Addendum Since the above was written , massive changes have taken in Afghanistan . The United States withdrew its military forces , and the Taliban immediately moved in and took over the country . In spite of reassurances from the US government , the rights of women and girls have not been protected under this new oppressive regime . action Start with the link above , and do some research into current conditions for women and girls in Afghanistan . Choose one small an email , make a donation , host a fundraising event , educate others . If you can , do more to support the women and children struggling to recover some of the freedoms they have lost . by Paulo belief in critical and critical awareness , the empowerment tive analyzes power and how people and systems distribute power in society . Power and empowerment come from individuals and groups and are not bestowed from a more dominant group ( Finn 2016 , 158 ) We don empower other people . We support others in empowering themselves . Empowerment approaches develop and capacity building in ways that challenge oppressive and conditions , working simultaneously toward personal agency and social change . Like the ecosystems perspective , an empowerment perspective makes connections between and among the multiple systems in our lives . This lens systems that affect women who work in a global , analyzes power relationships that support or deter women , and removes the blocks of unmet needs on multiple system levels . In summary , ecological and empowerment perspectives and inform how we understand and respond to the challenges and opportunities of working women in a global . Working Women in a Global Economy Challenges WE are the oil in the wheels . It is our in households which other toga outand he economically It who take care of your children and and elderly we your food to healthy and we when you are away . Tanzanian Trade Unionist , 2010 ( Boris 2019 ) The ecosystems perspective allows us to identify and critique the many systems that shape women and are shaped by women in a global economy . The empowerment perspective and approach give us strategies and skills to evaluate and implement needed changes in our lives and the systems that women in a global

242 WORK A GLOBAL ECONOMY economy encounter . In this section , we look at the systemic challenges that women who work in a global economy face . Gender Gaps in Labor Rates Someone who is employed or actively looking for work is a participant in the labor force . The global labor force has an unequal percentage of women and men . The International Labour Organization ( was founded in 1919 as a nongovernmental organization designed to establish global labor standards . For many years , women inequality was not a focus for the organization , but now the addresses women inequality in the workplace and labor unions , unsafe working conditions , and efforts to improve women lives ( 2018 , 509 ) In March 2018 the reported that 49 percent of women were employed , pared to 75 percent of men . What does this mean ?

The suggests that women have more a job than men and are more likely to be employed in vulnerable jobs with fewer work hours , unpaid work , lack of maternity coverage , and less job security . Women spend about three times as many hours as men in domestic and care work , and women with young children at home do even more . Additional stressors reduce women participation in the workforce by 75 percent . During challenging times such as the pandemic , however , women and men take more responsibility for home duties and child care . Still , women and girls assume most of the duties , returning to the pattern . and global surveys of women suggest that 70 percent of women prefer to work in paid jobs . Some women , depending on where they live , experience unwanted moves and resettlement , high levels of poverty and unemployment , and codes that discourage women from formal education , employment , and mobility without male supervision . Traveling to work can be dangerous . The a series of to help us understand both the big picture of global data and the personal narratives that are worthy of our attention .

A GLOBAL ECONOMY 243 Women in cross a body of water Gender Wage Gaps in the US and the Global Economies Wage gaps are differences in wages between groups of people , particularly the earning disparities between women and men . Generally , organizations measure wage gaps in hourly rather than annual wages to more accurately compare the earnings of women and men who do the same amount of work . The Organisation of Economic and Development ( is an international tion that includes policy makers , governments , and citizens to develop policies for better lives . Some of the initiatives include economic , social , and environmental changes . The focuses on a different measure of the gender wage gap , the median earnings of men compared to women median earnings in employment from 2015 to 2019 . The wage gaps range from lower disparities ( Costa , percent Denmark , percent Italy , 56 percent Chile percent ) to larger disparities ( United States , cent Israel , 227 percent Japan , percent and Korea , percent ) The following chart shows the wage gaps in countries . Even with multiple measures , most data show that women still earn lower wages than men in the global labor market .

244 ) WORK IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY gender wage gap data by percentage , 2019 In the United States , women wages have increased but still are less than those of men . In an analysis of wages from 1979 to 2016 , and ( 2017 , report that US women have made cant progress in education , salary increases , and workforce participation as women wages have increased , men wages have fallen . The unadjusted wage gap accounts for the wage differences between women and men caused by discrimination , occupation , and other factors . It is larger than the adjusted wage gap , which shows the differences in wages after accounting for the observable factors . Both the unadjusted and adjusted wage gaps have declined between women and men ( and 2017 , 23 ) When we compare US wage gaps to other industrialized countries , the US wage gap in unadjusted ings among women and men was higher than in comparable countries but is now more in the middle range . The compiles earnings data from national agencies to compare the differences in unadjusted wage gaps from employed men and women . Countries with higher wage gaps , such as South Korea , have slight reductions in their wage gaps . Countries that began with smaller wage gaps , such as Australia , Finland , and Sweden , are still narrowing the wage gaps , as illustrated in the following chart .

WORK A GLOBAL ECONOMY I 245 Earnings gaps in selected an South Korea Gap as percent of men median earnings 1975 use was 1955 2090 was mu Va earnings gaps in selected These gains occur with continued occupational segregation , the degree to which women or men an occupation such as nursing , social work , and education . Other factors that sustain the gender wage gap include wage discrimination and challenges in balancing work and family responsibilities that women experience ( and 2017 , Decreased Participation in the US Labor Force From 1960 to 2000 , up to 78 percent of women ( ages ) in the United States who vary in age , race and ethnicity , marital status , education , and with and without children were in the labor force , with numbers increasing over time . The growth of women in the labor force contributed to family income and US economic growth . Since 2000 , however , the percentage of women of the same decreased by percent in the labor force . Not all participating countries reflect this trend . Canada , France , Japan , and the United Kingdom show a rise of women in the labor force . Compared to those of other developed countries , the US labor force receives fewer unemployment , has no paid maternity leave , and has fewer policies that support family integration and work in women lives ( Black , and 2017 , 19 ) In comparison , Scandinavian countries ( Denmark , Norway , Sweden ) and Finland have welfare systems , called the Nordic model , by taxes that support citizens throughout the life cycle . The Nordic model includes early childhood education and day care , extensive family leave policies , equality for persons who are lesbian , gay , bisexual , trans , queer , or intersex plus ( extended work holidays , strong labor unions who support worker salaries and , retirement pensions , health care , and other services . Danish citizens bear the highest tax burden

246 I A GLOBAL ECONOMY ( percent ) but wages are high . These resources are available for all citizens and many . The Nordic model is most successful when a large percentage of the population is employed and paying taxes . The Laws of by Lily The Laws , is a cultural concept that dictates social code in Nordic societies ( the countries of Denmark , Finland , Iceland , Norway , and Sweden ) is not a literal law enforced in the region , but a general moral code that emphasizes the greater good over the individual . The term was first coined by Danish Norwegian author in his 1933 novel A ' is ingrained into Nordic people from a young age , and it shows up culturally in a to champion collective accomplishments and disdain individual triumphs . In his novel , lays out ten written laws that encapsulate the relationship between the collective and the individual in Nordic culture . The general message Do not think you are smarter than anyone , better than anyone , more important than anyone , or can teach anybody anything they do not already know . The impact of is apparent in Nordic welfare states , where high taxes are endured for robust social services . In places like the Nordic collective is of socialism are able to gain more public support than in places like the United States , where health care is privatized , welfare programs are comparatively weaker , and there is a cultural emphasis on the individual . Another major contributor to the success of socialized welfare is the ethnic homogeneity of the region , which political economists to be correlated with support for public programs . Despite strong welfare states , Nordic countries are still capitalist . In fact , many blame the modesty and discouragement of competition upheld by for hindering economic growth in Nordic tries on the global scale . Especially among younger generations , the Laws have been losing both relevance and socially and culturally . There are more downsides to be seen in the extreme modesty encouraged by . While the Nordic region is a global pillar for gender equality , their economic model results in gender segregation by occupation . emphasis on modesty in professional settings can ultimately discourage women from speaking out , which masks and sustains structural gender discrimination , including a pay gap , in these countries .

) WORK A GLOBAL ECONOMY 247 Whether the critique comes from those who believe it is time to do away with modesty for economic growth or those who see its imperfect application , the relevance of has been called into question . Its , however , remains undeniably present . Gender Segregation in the Workforce The lobal labor force includes man se re or se a , re ion , class , race , status , sexual orientation , and identity ) Some are bound by gender ( lower wages , women work , leave . Women who ex an intersection of ender and other se re ) in the labor force are affected more intensely . Domestic labor is a primary factor in the gender segmentation in the labor force in many cultures . Women with lower incomes and women in developing countries are in paid and unpaid tic labor . Practices include , the primary responsibility for home management , and other unsalaried but essential care tasks . This domestic model has been replicated in the marketplace and ported by social values , norms , and , in some countries , laws . Other factors that segment women from equal wages include legal policies , trade unions that do not challenge local practices such as lower wages for women , formal and informal organizational policies and practices , and lower job for and by women ( 2019 , Sexual Harassment Only six countries legally mandate equal rights at work Belgium , Denmark , France , and Sweden , according to the World Bank . In these countries , laws protect men and women against sexual harassment , provide equal pay , and offer family leave . Even countries such as Denmark and Sweden , known for a heritage of feminist movements and women in government leadership , have recently addressed women claims of harassment in the workplace . These two national economies receive the est ratings from a World Bank index that examined laws related to women economic empowerment in different phases of their working lives ( World Bank 2019 , but numbers of women in each country challenged sexual harassment at work . In 2019 , a university study compared each country response to the . The study found that Swedish news reports described the systematic , structural , violence of politicians and citizens in different ways . Danish media focused on witch hunts and excessive political correctness . But both countries enacted legislation that now offers more protections to women .

248 WORK A GLOBAL ECONOMY In Sweden , explicit consent is the standard for sexual interactions , with the onus on criminal defendants to prove that their victims granted consent . Amnesty International initially criticized Denmark for vague and confusing wording about consent laws . In 2019 , new Danish legislation created more tion for consent , stating that sex without consent isn sex ( 2020 ) France also has a mixed picture of gender equality , with the highest percentage of women in the workforce in Europe and accessible day care , but a gender pay gap of percent less earnings than men in 2016 and heightened claims of sexual harassment and assault related to the French movement , known as , or out your The government has a gender equality minister and legislation to punish harassment in the streets with of ( 840 ) Critics note that older citizens are more likely to tolerate excuses of male harassment that are unacceptable to younger men and women ( 2019 ) A Reuters poll of hundred working women in developed countries listed harassment as the third workplace concern , following balance and equal pay . Approximately 29 percent of participants interviewed experienced sexual harassment , but more than 60 percent did not report it . Indian women were the most likely to speak out ( 53 percent ) Hope rights are human rights and economic issues . In addition to the personal costs of social stigma and exclusion , the economy loses access to talents and abilities that enhance a global workforce . harassment in the workplace also diminishes the capacity of workers . Studies in Canada of

) WORK A GLOBAL ECONOMY I 249 ( not including transgender people ) and India of exclusion suggest that employment crimination and health disparities yield losses of billions of dollars to their economies ( Park , and Flores 2018 , Everyone loses . Conversely , when people can develop and use their skills in the economy , more talent is for economic development . The research of , Park , and Flores ( 2018 , suggest that inclusion increases economic performance as measured by the gross domestic product . Countries that include and support people may be more likely to have stronger economies . When countries enhance the health and welfare of persons and remove stigma and barriers , the economy and persons are more likely to achieve a higher potential ( Park , and Flores 2018 , 11 ) In the United States , Title of the 1964 Civil Rights Act prohibits workplace discrimination on the basis of sex , race , color , religion , and national origin . Later , Congress extended workplace protection on the basis of age ( 1967 ) disability ( 1990 ) and some veteran statuses ( 1974 ) People who belong to these groups are members of a protected class . The United States made some progress in rights with the US Supreme Court decision affirming marriage equality ( Hodges , 2015 ) and President Obama executive orders that prevented discrimination for federal contractors and established equality laws in cities and states . In 2020 , the US Supreme Court decision in 12 . Clayton County ruled that discrimination is a type of sex discrimination and therefore illegal under the Civil Rights Act . Equal under the Law ?

ay Shannon The Constitution of the United States was groundbreaking when it was written , guaranteeing rights never so clearly afforded to citizens . But the framers could not foresee the ways in which their work would change the world and how the homogeneity of the men present did not represent the whole of humanity . Since 1781 , Congress and the states have continued to revise and expand the meanings of the original words . As culture has changed to recognize the full humanity of people with all shades of skin and all genders , we must continue to work to afford full legal status and human rights to all people . While the Equal Rights Amendment was passed in 1972 , its still has not been officially as part of the constitution . The Civil Rights Act of 1964 clearly outlined the civil rights of

250 ) WORK IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY ple of color who , while freed from slavery , continue to struggle for equal treatment under the law and in practice . Likewise , today , known as the Equality Act , which prohibits discrimination based on sex , sexual orientation , and gender identity , continues to come before Congress , intending to expand and ensure the full legal status of persons of all static and identities . The work for equality for all presses on . During his first day in office 20 , 2021 , signed an Executive Order on Preventing and Combating Discrimination on the Basis of Gender Identity or Sexual Orientation ( White House 2021 ) This order builds on the Boston decision , which protects those who identify as from employment discrimination under Title of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . David , ident of the Human Rights Campaign , called it the most substantive , executive order sexual orientation and gender identity ever issued by a United States reversed discriminatory policies from the previous Trump administration that would allow sports teams and rooms to be exempt from the effects of the decision . While this executive order is liberating , the United States still has no national law that extends class status to persons in the workplace . Only federal employees have been protected by crimination policies that include sexual identity since 1998 and gender expression since 2012 . Congress repeatedly failed to pass national legislation that would include sexual orientation and gender identity expression as a protected class since it was first introduced in 1994 . On February 18 , 2021 , however , Representative David ( an openly gay congressman , the Equality Act , which he has proposed since 2015 . The bill would amend the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and other federal legislation to protect the community from discrimination in key areas of life , included housing , credit , employment , education , and public spaces and services . This bill builds on the ruling and civil rights legislation over the past forty years . While we advocate for federal legislation establishing persons as a protected class in the workplace , some companies have voluntarily adopted nondiscrimination policies for persons , including formal employee resource groups that advocate for inclusive policies and practices , Safe Zone trainings ( Safe Zone Training , to diffuse bias , and fair resource tion ( and 2020 , 56 and Henry 2020 , 27 )

WORK A GLOBAL ECONOMY i 251 How can we keep track of our elected representatives ?

What legislation is relevant for your life and work ?

Check out so that you can be aware and speak out about national justice . The ecological perspective allows us to see the structures of injustices that transgender people Face in multiple systems throughout their life spans as children in their homes , in schools , in social settings , in the doctor office , with police , and judges . Each one of these barriers is related to one right to work . The National Task Force and the National Center for Transgender Equality ( 2011 ) report that transgender and individuals completed a survey about the reaching injustices in their lives . The Feedback of participants from US states and territories provide data that enable policy makers , activists , and legal advocates to address the unsettling and unjust ties . A summary of the , the big picture , suggests that the combination of bias and persistent , structural racism was , particularly For people of color ( Grant et al . 2011 ) African American transgender respondents fared worse than others in most areas examined . The report that transgender respondents live in extreme poverty and are nearly four times more likely to have a household income of less than a year than the general percent of the respondents reported attempting suicide , compared to percent of the general population . Those who lost a job due to bias ( 55 percent ) were harassed in school ( 51 percent ) or were victims of physical assault ( 61 percent ) or sexual assault ( 64 percent ) reflected higher rates of suicide attempts . Working while Trans by Ramona Flores In the United States , no company or organization is legally allowed to deny a transgender employee a raise or promotion based on their gender identity , with the same being true about termination . The Equal Commission bluntly outlines , discrimination against an individual because of gender identity , including transgender status , or because of sexual orientation is tion because of sex in violation of Title Many states , including California , Colorado , Iowa , Maine , and New Mexico , have explicit state laws discrimination based on gender identity or expression . Similarly , section 1557 of the Affordable Care Act prohibits sex discrimination but doesn outline explicit protections for lesbian , gay , bisexual , trans , queer , or intersex plus ( people .

252 I A GLOBAL ECONOMY The decision in Alliance , however , combined prohibitions against nation on the basis of gender identity for the nation . While this was seen as a small victory , in 2020 the prohibitions were fully eliminated , allowing for gender discrimination in health care and insurance . Bolstered by the US Supreme Court case Clayton County , both homosexual and transgender employees reserve the right not to face any professional backlash because of their sexuality or gender identity and therefore have the precedent to pursue legal action if they do experience nation . Transgender people also have to worry about whether their company will recognize their spouses for maternity or paternity leave , whether their company dress code will allow them to dress according to their identity , and whether their company will support them if they report a hostile work environment or discriminatory language . The National Center for Transgender Equality in the United States reports that more than one in four transgender people have lost a job due to bias and more than have experienced some form of workplace discrimination ( Grant et al . 2011 ) This could include refusal to hire , workplace nation , privacy violations , harassment , and physical or sexual violence . Transgender people of color report even higher numbers . While recent US legal rulings such as 12 . Clayton County ensure more equity and inclusion , trans women still seek safety and normalcy when using the bathroom , wearing clothes that are consistent with their gender expression , and being addressed in a respectful manner . Jane Fae , a gender activist , notes that changing your forename and gender at work remains troublesome for many , despite its relative ease in the eyes of the law 2012 ) Fae suggests that employers and employees should have clarity on issues surrounding transition and being transgender as well as provide a safe space for people to discuss their anxieties and fears . This includes a work culture that is inclusive and intolerant of discrimination . The results of this study are limited to the United States and US territories , so we do not assume these are the same in other countries . To learn more about transgender rights at work and strategies for employment discrimination , see the National Center for Transgender Equality website ,

WORK A GLOBAL ECONOMY i 253 Disabilities and It is normal to experience a disability during our life cycle , though we may see disability as far removed from our own experiences . Disabilities , which vary widely and can include one vision , hearing , ment , mental health , thinking , ability to communicate , and more , can be visible or unseen by others . We view disabilities through various lenses , particularly the social and medical models . The social model , developed by people with disabilities , advocates that societal barriers and attitudes disable people , such as buildings without accessible toilets , stairs , and assumptions that people with disabilities can not do what others can do . The social model helps us acknowledge that barriers make life more difficult . The medical model assumes that people are impaired or different , focusing on rather than human potential . Such a model could lead to the loss of human agency , creating dependence and loss of choice and opportunity for people with disabilities . is a term that describes discrimination or prejudice against people who have disabilities . manifests in a person attitudes , beliefs , or behaviors . We see structural forms of when people with disabilities are excluded from participation because of the social biases in training , hiring , motions and in the physical design of buildings that deny access ( stairs instead of ramps or elevators , bathrooms ) People with disabilities represent at least 15 percent of the world population . According to ( there are more than billion people with disabilities in our world , and at least 785 million are of working age . A UN Women report on women and girls with disabilities ( UN Women , that one in women lives with a disability , and these women are among the most vulnerable populations . They are diverse in intersectional identities such as ethnicity , religion , citizenship status , gender identity , sexual orientation , age , marital status , and health . Approximately 36 million women in the United States have disabilities , with 44 percent of individuals 65 or older living with a disability . In the United States , 26 cent of adults , more than 61 million people , have a disability . One in four is a woman . These numbers are higher in Indigenous communities , such as American Indians or Alaskan Natives . The ecosystems perspective ( Brown and Mills 2001 , 16 ) helps us understand that women geographic , economic , and social positions can shape one inaccessibility to resources . For example , in the United States , women with disabilities are less likely to receive regular health screenings for breast cancer and cancer . Women and girls who reside in countries at war , with internal political conflict , poverty , and natural disasters are even more likely to be invisible , marginalized , or harmed . Human Rights Campaign ( 2012 ) has documented barriers to education and violence to children in schools . and discrimination and other abuses highlight the vulnerability of people with disabilities , particularly women and girls , who have more limited access to health care , education , employment , and civic involvement .

254 WORK IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY Even though a woman right to make personal reproductive choices is protected in numerous human rights treaties , disabled women are subjected to forced or coerced sterilization in some parts of the world . The empowerment perspective ( Finn 2016 , 158 ) shapes our of actions for people with disabilities . ity inclusion is a commitment to include people with disabilities in roles like their peers . Many inclusion strategies principles and strategies of the empowerment perspective , involving people with disabilities in developing inclusive policies and practices in the workplace , creating , and utilizing knowledge and statistics that shape innovative inclusion . Social protection is a form of disability inclusion founded in the human rights framework that facilitates moving beyond welfare approaches to interventions that promote active citizenship , social inclusion , and community participation while avoiding paternalism and dependence ( Social Human Rights , The 2006 UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities ( informs social protection , Article 28 , recognizes the right to adequate living Woman in advocating and social protection without discrimination based on for of persons ity . These provisions , ranging from housing , education , training , medical care , would persist throughout the life cycle . One example of social protection for employed women with disabilities is the work of the Trade Union Congress ( 2021 ) the national center for trade unions in Britain representing more than million workers and member organizations . Their 2016 report researched the intersectional discrimination of disabled women in member unions and provided intervention strategies that include women with . Disabled women have a percent higher gap of unemployment than women and are paid 36 percent less than men . In 2015 , the report Bit of Banter ?

explored the experiences of more than a thousand disabled women . Approximately 68 percent reported sexual ment at work , compared to 52 percent of women in general . Employed women with disabilities reported multiple ( 54 percent ) and described lasting effects on mental health , physical , and security in the workplace . of the women did not report harassment to their employer , ing it would either not be taken seriously or harm their careers . The provides two approaches for disability inclusion both mainstream services and activities ( skills training , employment promotion , social protection , poverty reduction ) and programs that address particular barriers or disadvantages . The recommends additional actions for disability

WORK IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY I 255 inclusion providing opportunities such as the inclusion of people with disabilities at policy and planning on local , national , and global levels linking disability issues to national development and poverty reduction efforts ( youth employment offering more opportunities for women and girls , rural development ) and improving work opportunities in rural and informal economies ( International Labour Office , Paid and Unpaid Care Work How do we determine whether an occupation is defined as caring labor ?

One way is to notice the demands on workers . Are workers expected to invest emotional labor , care work , to others in their jobs ?

Child care workers , nurses , teachers , social workers , and elder care workers , which are predominantly women , fall in this category . The International Labour Organization categorizes care work as paid and unpaid . Unpaid care work is provided without monetary reward and was determined by the to be work ( 29 ) Women perform more than 76 percent of unpaid care work in the world . Women care workers are more likely to have less paid work hours , more obstacles to having jobs , and work in informal economies with fewer contributions to pensions and employee . Refugee from holds her granddaughter while taking an adult education class ( 2000 ) explored how paid and unpaid labor mirrors and reproduces women nation . She coined the term global care chain to describe patterns of women in developing countries in Latin America and Southeast Asia migrating to more developed countries to care for children of affluent families . But who cares for the children the immigrant caregivers left at home ?

links hold duties to a larger political economy . The migrating caregiver represents an economy that is and unequal in power dynamics ( Boris and Fish 2014 , 415 2017 , 124 ) 256 WOMEN WORK IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY Some feminists have developed and challenged some of ideas . We can not assume that all female migrants are mothers , heterosexual , or emotionally care about the children under their ity . 2008 ) encourages a of migration studies to allow for a broader range of gender identity and the of biological parenting and care . Unpaid care work is work that is more invisible . Unpaid care work includes housekeeping , family care , and domestic tasks that support family and community . It may be done as an act of love or . Care work is shaped by culture , law , and economic need . Care is associated with women and embeds stereotypes of nurture and tenderness . This embodiment limits women and dismisses the of others . Caregivers are often women of color and immigrants who have been invisible in the world of white women feminism ( 2019 , The following chart shows the minutes per day that men and women perform unpaid care work in a global setting . Women perform per cent of the total amount of unpaid care work 480 453 I Unpaid care work I Paid work 442 420 42 ! 417 417 399 use 350 350 , 201 355 36 129 292 300 268 240 322 353 271 80 22 20 60 23 ( 70 262 64 272 . Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Men Women Men Minutes per day Asia and Europe and World Africa Americas Arab States the Source ( 201823 ) Poo , director of the National Domestic Workers Alliance , advocates for Universal Family Care , a plan that provides domestic workers , the majority of whom are immigrants and women of color , with resources to care for children , elders , and other family members while they are working . This shifts the care work from an individual person to a social network that is supported by law ( Poo 2019 )

A GLOBAL ECONOMY i 257 women working in a Global Economy Sustaining Strategies The world ix line . Dockers ( 2020 , 325 ) Strategies that target gender equity for women in a global workforce are most successful when they are designed and implemented on the , and levels in women lives . This section examines selected interventions and initiatives from global groups and grassroots organizations . Global Policies for Gender Equity at Work United Nations Sustainable Development Goals In 2015 , all United Nations member states adopted an action plan of seventeen Sustainable Development Goals ( in a global partnership to address challenges to world peace and prosperity by 2030 ( UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2020 ) The UN created the Division for Sustainable Goals to oversee , support , and promote global ownership of the goals and action plans . Examples of individualized address poverty , hunger , health and , education , gender equality , sustainability , climate action , economic issues , and reduced inequalities . UN Women , an entity of the United Nations , gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls . It supports member states by supporting governments and civil society in planning and policies and programs that women and girls . UN Women ( 2021 ) attests that gender equality is essential for attaining these goals and reviews each of the seventeen with indicators . The UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs World Women Report 2020 provides an overview of current trends for women in the lobal work force . Because women work connects to multiple ecosystems represented in the , we can identify goals that support a more equitable , sustainable global workforce . When women are safe at home , work , and in their communities are healthy and have the agency to make life decisions , they have a more opportunity to be successful at work . plans to achieve gender equality and power among women

258 I A GLOBAL ECONOMY and girls by ending harmful practices such as forced marriage , genital mutilation , violence , and tion against women . also supports issues connected to women global work eliminating the gap in value between paid and unpaid women work , increasing access to sexual and maternal health and rights , providing women with equal rights to economic resources and ownership according to national laws , enhancing technologies that promote women empowerment , and adopting and policies and legislation that promote gender equality and empowerment of all women and girls . Women receiving free skill development in , India The UN Foundation works with global companies in implementing practices to attain the . Five global companies with more than women workers announced in September 2020 new and expanded commitments to improving the health and of women employees . Some of the corporations , convened by the UN Foundation , include Del Monte Kenya , the Ethiopian Horticulture Producer Exporters Association , Group , MAS Holdings , and Corp . These will provide workers in Ethiopia , India , Kenya , Sri , and other countries with services on health , contraception , maternal health , noncommunicable diseases , and protection from sexual harassment and violence . This intervention makes more opportunities possible as women participation in the supply chain increases , The International Labour Conference Challenges and Supports for Global Women Workers The International Labour Conference , founded in 1919 , consists of governments , employers , and workers of 187 member states to set labor standards , policies , and programs that promote decent work for all women and men , While it is not a feminist organization , feminists have used the to address

WORK IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY I 259 issues of care , violence against women at work , and most importantly , gender inequality . Historically , the wavered between universal standards for all workers and protections for women workers , regional and legal restrictions on women freedoms . Now the focus is the mainstreaming of women in the global workforce . Recently , the factored the role of care work in the equation of equity . Care work is not adequately addressed by nondiscrimination and safe working conditions ( Boris 2019 , Care work , particularly unpaid care work , is more difficult to document and can be invisible when provided in homes or other settings . It can be invisible to others , leaving the care worker vulnerable to unreasonable demands from the employer , unsuitable working conditions , and inadequate wages . Care work is often sheltered by cultural norms of male dominance and law . and Regulations in a Global Economy The global supply chain shapes worker conditions . The effects range from cheap goods , corporate , and worker exploitation , most often found in the Global South . Labor rights and working conditions require ongoing oversight from government and private regulations . It is not enough for corporations or governments to do this independently through laws and funding incentives . Rather , gender equity along the global supply chain is more possible when government and businesses share responsibility and tor policies and practices in the workplace ( 2020 , 324 ) Expanding Gender Equity in the Workforce Organizations often focus on in the entry process of a job , such as employee searches and hiring . Research in academic settings suggests that institutions focus on formal and informal biases and unintended interactions that are more difficult to identify and monitor . The World Bank ( 2019 ) along with external contributors used an index of economic decisions that women make throughout their work cycle to examine how women economic decisions are shaped by law . The study collected data on eight indicators that represent preparing to work , entering work , family life , business experiences , and retirement . The , published as , and the Law 2019 , show that 131 economies have enacted 274 reform laws and regulations , leading to an increase in gender equality over the past decade . economies implemented laws that protect billion more women from sexual harassment in the workplace . Yet the indicate that a typical economy gives women only of the rights of men in the areas measured .

260 I WORK IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY FIGURE I THE INDICATORS MEASURE HOW LAWS AFFECT WOMEN THROUGHOUT THEIR Going Places Getting Paid Having Children Managing Assets , on ) UlL laws ' mix Hi nay in an and minim Starting a Job Getting Married Running a Business Getting a Pension Ann . legal ( sId ' starting mini Women am the Gender equity also includes a thriving work environment for people who identify as and trans . The American Civil Liberties Union ( 2021 ) urged the administration to do more than reverse criminatory policies from the Trump era . The advocates the issuing of accurate federal tion for transgender and people . The IDs would include two changes of gender markers so that people can their own gender without medical , and adding a neutral designation on all federal records and IDs . The Role of Collective Organizing in Labor unions are a part of the United States political , social , and economic history . In many cases , unions historically shape most workers quality of life with wage premiums , health , and retirement . In the past , labor unions were more in providing pay rates and packages that set labor ket trends . Often , nonunion employers matched the packages to keep union organizing at bay . In 2014 , only percent of the private sector was unionized ( Berg 2015 ) Until the , labor unions the cultural norms of countries and organizations rather than challenging them . Since that time , unions have advocated for higher women wages , but women are still underrepresented in unions as members and in leadership positions . This trend is recently changing in countries such as Australia , New Zealand , Sweden , the United Kingdom . Now , women are as likely as men to join unions in similar markets and gain more from unionization . Women in unions are more likely to have a lower pay gap ( 2019 ,

IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY 261 Mural of Dolores , first female Mexican American union leader , in Los Angeles In the United States , unions lost political with declining membership and the 2010 ruling by the Supreme Court in United . Federal Election . This decision enables corporations and other outside groups to spend unlimited funds on elections , giving greater access to wealthy donors , corporations , and special interest groups . As membership in labor unions has declined , their political strength to motivate voter activity and for policies that shape vulnerable workers lives has diminished ( Berg 2015 , 396 ) As a result , represented union members such as African Americans and immigrants were disproportionately hit . More recent labor representation models include labor unions , organizations , and worker centers . In New York City , groups of workers who are traditionally unrepresented in unions ( street vendors , domestic workers , migrants ) organize themselves or collaborate with unions . Such alternative partnerships improve social justice beyond the workplace and expand the models nationally ( Berg 2015 , 396 ) Students and faculty at City University of New York created a collection of essays of innovative examples of how immigrants , worker centers , labor unions , and others can organize to address the needs of workers within and beyond the workplace and the limits they encounter ( Berg 2015 , 397 )

262 i A GLOBAL ECONOMY Artisan woodworker and entrepreneur Sandy is a member and partial owner of a artisan cooperative The global labor force the challenges of local and global economies , reinforcing that work is not only about production and economic growth . For labor to be effective , the needs of vulnerable such as women , children , older workers , and people with disabilities should be addressed in the global workplace and market . Workplace safety is also essential to productive labor and product outcomes . Grow Where You Planted by Sarah Baum What do you do when your country falls apart around you , and the government that is supposed to help you doesn ?

The easy option is to simply give up and give in to want and poverty , but the women of Haiti refuse to back down . Known as Sara , these rural women run marketplace stalls , selling produce and other necessities . With each sale , they build a life for themselves and their families , creating opportunities for their children out of the efforts of their own creativity and hard work . Sara are the backbone of the Haitian economy and have made themselves economically indispensable . Even so , they receive no acknowledgment from a hostile government that too often ignores the struggles of these clever and amazing women . Sara have been the glue that held the Haitian economy together since almost the beginning of the country , yet these women still have not earned the respect and

) WORK IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY 263 support they deserve . Every day , they face a lack of infrastructure , social injustice , and highly unstable political settings . Their success alone would be something to be admired , but Sara go beyond merely looking out for their own homes and families . They bind together and help one another against sometimes impossible odds , facing down everything from thefts , threats of rape and physical violence , to debt collectors , and even arson in they face all of these together , collectively . The power of Sara working together to build a better life is stronger than any adversity they come up against . It is important to critically analyze attempts to empower women in industries that have historically paid low wages and provide unsafe settings . The garment industry in Southeast Asia may appear empowering because women are hired to work in the factories , but they are suppressed by lack of representation , low wages , and unsafe conditions . Women garment workers are when they earn decent wages and participate in leadership that determines their best interests in management and unions ( 2019 , 138 ) A Tool for Mapping Work and Our Own ay Paula Sheridan We use the ecosystems and empowerment perspectives to frame our understanding of women in the global workplace . The ecosystems perspective helps us identify the barriers women experience at work and ways that these barriers women in their personal , Family , work , and community . We also identify resources and organizations that women can use to empower themselves in the global workplace , looking for and creating strengths in many system levels individual , family , workplace , and national and global laws and policies . We can map these strengths and challenges with a tool , an , that is used by mental health and organizations to understand a persons in the multiple environments they experience . are diagrams that show us the many connections we have to people and systems in our world . We can map information in this chapter and map our own experiences . symbols describe the quality of relationships in the . Symbols show us where people support , disconnection , ambivalence in our support systems , and more . Symbols can also be used to map health , migration , substance use disorders , losses , and gains in our lives . Here is one of

264 I A GLOBAL ECONOMY many examples of symbols we use in an to illustrate relationships between people and systems . belong to the creator . This is a snapshot of how one experiences relationships in life and can change over time . There is no right or wrong , just one standpoint . Create an of Challenges and Supports in the Global Workforce Create an that charts the barriers and supports women encounter in the global workforce . Your can begin with a person in the center . Use the symbols from the above links to show the ing structures and relationships that working women may experience ' Barriers to Success In the home In the workplace From other organizations outside of work ( health , education , religion ) From laws and policies ' Supports That Enhance Success In the home In the workplace From other organizations outside of work ( health , education , religion ) From laws and policies ' Relationships That Provide Support and Challenge Many relationships can be ambivalent , both supportive and challenging . Try to map this to show the complex experiences that Women face in a global workforce . Create Your Personal of Life and Work Using the tools , make an that represents your experiences with work and the other that affect your Vocational success ( family , school , friends , geographic location , diverse identities , and more ) Use the symbols to describe the quality ofthese relationships . You may see patterns of support , vulnerability , success , or concern . Many times , creating an can help you clarify your challenges and resources . It can help you see your big picture and the multiple roles in your life .

A GLOBAL ECONOMY 265 can empower you to be intentional about how you develop your goals , your relationships , and your resources . It can also be something you create over time to see the long view of your life . You may see unexpected connections between your lifestyle and global issues that you value . Conclusion Knowledge Is Gender Power In this chapter , we explored perspectives as lenses that help us see the many global systems in the lives of working women . We challenges that working women face . We learned about global that target gender equity in the workforce as a human right , not a privilege for some . We see how diverse identity and of health , education , sexual orientation , class , and geographic tion shape women inclusion and exclusion in the workforce . Who and what did we not address ?

What women are in the margins , underrepresented in the literature ?

We need to unearth the stories of women who reside in the Global geographic location and place of limited access to women who work at home and who identify as , and we need to understand how their locations shape their work experiences . In closing , listen to the stories of women who work in the fashion industry as an example of a global supply chain . These are women who grow cotton for clothes , sew garments in substandard factories or at home , endure exposure to chemicals , and dispose of used clothing in in developing nations . These are the faces of a global supply chain . We see hands and hear the voices of women who prepare that we purchase online or in a local store . They tell us about the systems that oppress them . They also show us resilience . They invite us to join them by examining the systems that provide us the clothes that our closets . 250 Million Children by Sarah Baum Who doesn love a bargain ?

Fashion today is and disposable . Most of all , it has become cheap , costing the consumer far less than it should because clothing is being made for pennies by shop laborers in developing countries . Women make up 85 to 90 percent of all sweatshop workers ,

266 ) WORK A GLOBAL ECONOMY and worldwide over 250 million who should be in schools and dreaming of their alongside them . It the ugly side of fashion that the consumer never sees . Sweatshop workers endure abusive conditions and insanely long hours , but the sweatshop isn a invention . In 1934 , Olsen wrote a poem , I Want You Women ) North to Know about sweatshop conditions in Texas . Little has changed since her poem was published , except the sweatshop workers are now Farther away and even easier to overlook . What am you do about and ?

Contact your favorite brands and let them know you won be spending your money with them if they continue to look the other ' Support organizations like the Fair Labor Association and United Students against , who are working to end these awful ' Finally , don give in to fast fashion . If it seems too cheap to be true , remember that someone , somewhere suffered to make it so . Consider repurposing , swapping , or saving up to buy sweatshop items . You will have the comfort of knowing you did the right thing .

WOMEN A GLOBAL ECONOMY i 267 Learning Activities . What is an ecological perspective ?

What is an empowerment perspective ?

What are the similarities and differences between these two perspectives ?

What are the systemic challenges facing women in a global economy ?

How does thinking about these challenges as being systemic , rather than as problems facing individual women , change your tive on on possible approaches to addressing these challenges ?

Working alone , with a partner , or in a small group , take a few minutes to look at the website . Choose one topic and read through it . What do you learn about women and work ?

How does what you learn relate to the topics discussed in this chapter ?

Please provide examples from the textbook and the website to support your assertions . What is care work ?

Take a few minutes to review the chart titled Women Perform Percent of Unpaid Care What do you learn about the different amount of time that men and women spend on paid and unpaid work across different regions of the world ?

Why is this information a key component of a transnational feminist analysis of women work in a global economy ?

Working in a small group , add these key terms to your glossary ecological perspective , empowerment perspective , levels , occupational segregation , Nordic model , social model of disability , medical model of disability , care work .

268 ) WORK IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY References American Civil Liberties Union . 2021 . Applauds Administration Order on Workplace January 20 , Lee , Andrew Park , and Andrew Flores . 2018 . Links between Economic Development and New Measures Williams Institute , UCLA School of Law . Accessed November 22 , Eleanor . 2019 . In France , the Movement Has Yet to Live Up to Women . May 19 , Berg , Peter . 2015 . Representing Worker Interests Past , Present , and Social Service Review 89 , no . Black , Sandra , Diane Whitmore , and Audrey . 2017 . The Recent Decline in Women Labor Force In The 51 Driving Growth through Economic , edited by Diane Whitmore and Ryan , Washington , Hamilton Project , Bookings Institute . Boris , Eileen . 2019 . the Labor and the Standards , New York Oxford University Press . Boris , Eileen , and Jennifer Fish . 2014 . Slaves No More Making Global Labor Standards for tic Studies 40 , no . Brown , Colette , and Crystal Mills . 2001 . Theoretical Ecological Model , Strengths tive , and Empowerment In Competent , Interventions , and , edited by Fong and , Boston Bacon . Erin , and William . 2020 . Workplace Inequality in the Federal Workforce Intersectional Processes , Organizational , and Turnover Review 73 , no .

A GLOBAL ECONOMY 269 , 2015 . Commodity Chains Seeing Women Work and Households in Global American journal of Sociology 120 , no . 2018 . Global Labour , and Gender Equity , 1919 to , edited by Eileen Boris , and Susan . Geneva Labour Organization . Finn , Janet Review of ancl Power Fighting and Power , by Townsend , and . Bulletin of Latin American 20 , no . 3339621 . Practice A Social to Social . New York Oxford University Press . Alex , and Germain . 2008 . Practice Advance in Theory and Practice . ed . New York Columbia University Press . Grant , Jaime , Lisa , Justin , Jack Harrison , Jody Herman , and Mara . 2011 . National Survey Executive Summary . Washington , National Center for Transgender Equality and National Gay and Lesbian Task Force . Lorraine 1990 . Working with Women of Color An Empowerment Social 35 , no . Russell . 2000 . Global Care Chains and Emotional Surplus In On Edge Living with Global , edited by Will and Anthony , London Jonathan Cape . Human Rights Campaign . 2011 . Sterilization of ancl Girl A Paper . Washington , Human Rights Campaign . 2019 . Women Empowerment in the Garment Industry through Labor A journal of it and Gender Studies 20 , 201 . International Labour Organization . Disability I Strategy and Action Plan . Geneva .

270 I A GLOBAL ECONOMY Jenkin , Matthew . 2012 . Transgender Issues in the Tbe Guardian . August , 2012 . Martin . 2008 . the Chain of Care Feminist Online ( 2008 ) 2017 . Rethinking Care and the Global Care Quarterly 45 , nos . and , Ryan , and Megan . 2017 . Tbe Incomplete of in tbe Labor Market . Washington , Hamilton Project . David . 2019 . Tbe Realities and Future of . Acton Australia University Press . Poo , 2019 . A Vision for Universal Family Care A Conversation with Ray YouTube video , November 22 , 2020 . The Difference between the Movement in Denmark and Standard . May , Safe Zone Project . Accessed February 20 , Erik Review of Protecting tbe A of in Global Supply , by Walker , and Tbe New Politics of Transnational Labor Some Alliance , by Marissa . Labor Studies journal 45 , no . Social Rights . Key Issues Persons with Accessed August 12 , Solomon , Barbara . 1976 . Black Empowerment Social in Communities . New York Columbia University Press . Russell , and Henry . 2020 . Workplace Protections as an Extension of the Protected Class Law and Human Behavior 44 , no .

A GLOBAL ECONOMY 271 Townsend , Janet , Pilar , Marta , and . 2000 . and Power Fighting Poverty . London Zed Books . Trades Union Congress . 2016 . Still just Bit of Banter ?

Sexual in the place in 2016 . London Trades Union Congress . 2021 . Sexual Harassment of Disabled in the . London Trades Union . place . UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs . 2020 . Goal Gender Equality . Achieve Gender ity and Empower All Women and Accessed August 12 , UN Women . What We Do Women and Girls with Accessed August 13 , 2021 . Progress on the Development Goals The Gender 2021 . Geneva UN Women . White House . 2021 . Executive Order on Preventing and Combating Discrimination on the Basis der Identity or Sexual January 20 , World Bank . 2019 . and the Law 2019 A Decade of Reform . Washington , World Bank .

272 WORK A GLOBAL ECONOMY Further Reading Acosta , Lucas . 2021 . President Issues Most Substantive , Executive Order in Human Rights Campaign . January 20 , Introduction to the Americans with Disabilities US Department of Justice Civil Rights Division . Accessed November 22 , The Atlantic . The Top Five Issues For Working Women around the Accessed November 22 , Research . 2015 . There Are Different Theories , Perspectives , Accessed November 22 , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 2020 . Disability and Health Information for Last updated September 16 , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 2020 . Disability Last updated September 16 , Accessed November 22 , 2017 . Extraordinary Bodies in American Culture and Literature . anniversary ed . New York Columbia University Press . Lorraine , and Edith Anne Lewis . 1999 . Empowering of Color . New York Columbia University Press . Human Rights Watch . UN Set Plan for Women , Children with Disabilities Include People with Disabilities in Development Programs September 11 , International Labour Organization . Disability and Development Priority Issues and for Disability Inclusion in the Post 2015 of Geneva .

A GLOBAL ECONOMY 273 . 2017 . The Story of Abu A Leading Young Palestinian YouTube video , February , Care Work and Care Jobs For the Future of Decent Presented at the ment Task Force Meeting , Vancouver , October , The Gender Gap in Employment What Holding Bade ?

Geneva . ble . In France , the Movement Has Yet to Live Up to Women . Accessed December , Job Accommodation Network . Employees Practical Guide to Requesting and Negotiating sonable Accommodation under the Americans with Disabilities Accessed August 30 , Johnson , Joshua . Rep . David ( on the Protections in the Equality Yahoo ! News . February 20 , Lau , Tim . 2019 . Citizens United Brennan Center for Justice . December 12 , Mar . Scandinavian Work Culture Is Better Than . 20 , Andrew . Scandinavian Socialism The Truth of the Nordic Life in Norway . August , Grant , Jaime , Lisa , and Justin . 2012 . Executive Injustice at Every Turn A Report National ' Survey . Washington , National Center for Transgender Equality . NEF Consulting . Accessed August 15 ,

274 I WORK A GLOBAL ECONOMY Navajo Nation Division of Social Services . Accessed August 14 , Eco . 2020 . Gender ( doi . Accessed May , 2022 . Organisation For Economic and Development . 2018 . Earnings and Wage Accessed September 15 , Payne , Malcolm . Social Theory , ed . New York Oxford University Press . 2019 . What Are the Biggest Problems Women Face Today ?

March , 201 . SCOPE . and Accessed September 12 , 2019 . How Women Are Shut Out of the Global Global Citizen . September , Sharon . 2021 . Rights and Obligations Commemorating the Anniversary of the Americans with Disabilities Act of Law Review 36 , no . Helen , Jill Anderson , and Bob , 2015 . and the of . Bristol Bristol University Press . 2018 . Wear Your Values on Your Sleeve YouTube video , May , oE . Vitamin Stree . 2018 . Women in the Workplace Scratching the Surface , YouTube video , March 13 , Young , Stella . Stella Young Comedian , Journalist , TED Ideas Worth Spreading . Accessed August 15 , 2014 . I Not Your Inspiration , Thank You Very video , April . Jo . 2021 . Issues Executive Order Expanding Nondiscrimination News . January 20 ,

WOMEN ) A GLOBAL ECONOMY 275 Image Photo by Checks from Gender wage gap by Earnings gap by is licensed under BY Photo by from A champion for living with disabilities by in Europe and Central Asia is licensed under UN Women Humanitarian Work with Refugees in by UN Women Gallery is licensed under by , copyright International Labour Organization 2018 Photo by Sai Baba Society on Image by Women . Business , and the Law team from World Bank Group La by is licensed under BY Lebanon women entrepreneurs . workers and small business owners by UN Women is licensed under Photo by Katrine Helms is all rights reserved , used with permission