Gender & Sexuality Studies Transnational Feminism Reshmi Dutt-Ballerstadt and Kiana Anderson

TRANSNATIONAL and Anderson of transnational can be found as early as the 19605 through the ideals of global The term in reference to feminism is distinct from global feminism . With the publication of Robin Morgan Global in 1984 , it became evident that many mainstream US of feminism were still rooted within western notions of progress and oppression that grounded the points of views of white , and liberal feminism . Transnational feminism the assumption of a global sisterhood , rooted within white , western feminist subject positions that frequently have ignored cultures , geopolitics , and paradigms , and the lived experiences of women in the Global South . Furthermore , transnational feminism and feminists attempt to dismantle the hegemonic power structures implicit in this divide between western feminists as saviors and feminists attempting to save the disadvantaged women from spaces . Instead , feminism pushes for radically reshaping feminist geopolitics by including perspectives of women and feminist movements that otherwise have been ignored or glossed over . Transnational also suggests a politics rooted in solidarity , rather than an assumed shared experience . Transnational feminists believe that the term emphasizes as distinct entities , while the term global speaks to liberal feminist theories on global sisterhood that ignore women in the Global South , especially perspectives of Black , Indigenous , and other People of Color ( The fact that perspectives of feminists from the Global South have been ignored is most evident in on gender inequality , labor politics , economic disparities , and various other imbalances produced by globalization and that privileges capital and while glossing over the working conditions of the poor and working classes , women , and subjects . Why Is Important ?

by Shannon When European Union Commission President Ursula Von der visited Turkey on April , 2021 , with EU Council President Charles Michel , Turkey President and President Michel received chairs in which to sit , but President Von der did not . When the same meeting had

occurred in 2017 , all three leaders were men , and all three were provided chairs . While this may seem a minor blunder to many , the truth is it reflects substantial cultural ideas that women do not have a place or , no seat a society or its government . In cultures where women have no place , they are not treated as valuable and gifted people , but as property that one can use and abuse as one sees . In 1979 the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women ( was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly . It discrimination against women and sets forth a plan to eliminate it . In March 2021 , Turkey withdrew from just weeks before ing to give President von der a chair at the international summit . plays a vital role in addressing and elevating the position of women in local cultures by giving international groups common ground from which to grow and expand their resources and opportunities . The Istanbul Convention and the UN Beijing Platform for Action have built on the initial agreements of . Transnational feminist academic paradigms draw from various that investigate interlocking systems of oppression , including postcolonial feminist theories and critical race feminism ( While these theories intersect with and draw from each other , transnational feminism is distinct from feminism and critical race feminism . For instance , a postcolonial perspective is rooted in the white , western , experience . Hence a postcolonial feminist lens seeks to both understand and undo the legacies of colonialism within feminist activism using a postcolonial perspective , ing how colonialist legacies , racism , and have shaped and continue to shape the social , economic , and political oppression of people across the globe . Critical race feminism , in contrast , derives from the intertwining of three jurisprudential movements ( critical legal studies ( critical race theory ( and ( feminist ory . Feminist theory is rooted in the belief that while law is necessary , it is not to overcome discrimination and achieve success for communities of color . favors a disciplinary approach that intersects with various social science , education , and to developing the rights of people of color , particularly women . Crenshaw introduced the notion of ( which is a part of the and framework within the legal discourse ) to fully understand the complex situation of women of color , rooted in Black feminism . According to shaw , understanding the oppression of Black women requires us to not only look at their race and der , but to also explore the intersection of these identities , as well as class , sexuality , ability , and geography , among other aspects of identity and experience .

Transnational Black feminism the long history of Black feminist praxis and theorization , ing back to the nineteenth century with writings by Anna Julia Cooper and Ida . Wells . According to the Transnational Black Working Group , transnational Black can move us beyond survivability and demands for recognition , and instead generate alternative frames and understandings around belonging , community , justice , and equity ( and ) Transnational Black also emphasize the importance of racial politics in the development of capitalism and global Cedric Robinson ( 1983 ) called racial capitalism well as the need to integrate a analysis . literature has expanded beyond the borders of the United States . Global offers transnational perspectives and contributes to postcolonial theory , given that women of color around the world are within various . Global and transnational promotes the perspectives of women in the development of international and comparative law , including public international law , human rights , and international business transactions . While transnational feminism rejects the idea that people from different regions have the same subject position and and experiences with gender ity , it recognizes that global capitalism has also created similar relations of exploitation and ity . Nadine , in Arab and Black Joint Struggle and Transnational Activism , charts the formation of the Arab feminist group and the Women of Color Resource Center in the United States . By tracing its history from the and , maps the alliances among Black feminist thought , radical women of color movements , and Palestinian history and contemporary methods of ( 2016 , In order to address issues of inequality and intersectional oppressions , transnational feminist practice is involved with and rooted in activist movements across the globe that work together to understand the role of gender , race , class , sexuality , and the state in critiquing and resisting , capitalist power structures . Thus transnational feminism is both a liberatory formation and a practice that continuously resists forces of colonialism , racism , and imperialism rather than being complicit with these historic forms of oppression . UN Report Network A Global Resource Lockhart Looking for information to the experiences of women and girls in every part of the world ?

Women UN Report Network ( is a comprehensive online resource for news and research TRANSNATIONAL about issues facing women and girls worldwide . Created on the basis of a United Nations report on the status of women , addresses the human rights , oppression , and empowerment of women and girls all over the With themes from child marriage to women , girls , and technology , their searchable database includes a huge scope of news articles , reports , documents , and research from across the globe . Topics are timely , such as one article about women and Zoom fatigue , and , such as one about existing matrilineal societies ( yes , there are some ! Their archive goes back more than ten years . They also maintain a that sends subscribers UN reports , resolutions , and other publications . The site can translate items and articles into Arabic , Chinese ( English , French , Russian , and Spanish . A , nongovernmental organization , provides these resources as tools , to move ward and activism local to global on the human rights and empowerment of women and girls all over the also organizes occasional events on women rights at the UN in Geneva , New York City , and Rome . They also cohost on subjects like violence against women , cyberbullying , and women and addiction issues . In the early , Angela Davis visited Egypt , later writing about her visit in the book , Culture , and Politic ( 1990 ) Davis trip and her thoughts exposed how white western feminists have both and excluded many of the lived experiences and conditions of Egyptian women . Davis ration marked an approach of transnational feminist solidarity through the eyes of multiple generations of Egyptian feminists and African American women gender oppression within multiple structures , including globalized capitalism . Conditions in Egypt in the through to the allowed for the formation of new international forms of solidarity focused on material conditions . This enabled Egyptian feminists to forge solidarity with women across the globe , including with Angela Davis , who located gender oppression within the same , capitalism and imperialism . More recently and in a 11 world , Arab like Lila challenge western representations of oppressed Muslim women . In her book Need Saving ?

she writes , orientalism has taken on a new life and new forms in our feminist twenty first century ( 2013 , 202 ) And in her important critical essay , Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving ?

Anthropological on Cultural Relativism and Its ers , explores the ethics of the war on terror and justifications made for American tion in Afghanistan in terms of liberating , or saving , Afghan women .

TRANSNATIONAL i Rather than saving , 2002 ) writes I argue that we need to develop , instead , a serious appreciation of differences among women in the products of different histories , expressions of different circumstances , and manifestations of structured desires . Further , I argue that rather than seeking to save others ( with the superiority it implies and the it would entail ) we might better think in terms of ( working with them in that we recognize as always subject to historical transformation and ( considering our own larger responsibilities to address the forms of global injustice that are powerful of the worlds in which they themselves . 783 ) Transnational feminist activism has also forged deep alliances with Palestinian women linking their struggles for gender equality to national liberation . Feminists in the Global North have failed to understand the importance of connections between gender and nation , and as a result , Palestinian women have been at the ing end of but misguided initiatives which have disregarded their agency , needs and resilience , and have focused on a narrow understanding of women issues and critiques of archy and nationalism ( et al . 2015 , 654 ) There are , ever , encouraging signs of emerging transnational feminist solidarity in response to the political and humanitarian crisis in Palestine . Foremost among these actions is the emergence of the Boycott , Divestment , and Sanctions ( movement , which has created new momentum for a coherent feminist response to the crisis in Palestine . Palestine is a feminist issue In November 2014 , at the annual conference of the National Women Studies Association ( in San Juan , Puerto Rico , several members of the association crafted a petition that presented a rationale for feminist support of the movement . The group was moved to action in the aftermath of the siege on Gaza a few months earlier and sought to stress the between systemic forms of oppression and the transformative potential of collective resistance and solidarity ( et al . 2015 , 654 ) Transnational feminist theorists and practitioners vary their use of terminology . Some of the variations used include transnational , transnational feminist praxis , and transnational Nagar and Amanda Lock , in their book , provide a list of terms that have been used at various historical moments to describe transnational feminist . They emphasize that the term feminism is merely a product of its time in US and Canadian academic institutions . The terms previously used to describe transnational feminist

I ity include women of color feminism ( River Collective 1981 ) Third World feminism ( Russo , and Torres 1991 ) multicultural feminism ( 1998 ) international feminism ( 1990 ) and global feminism ( Morgan 1984 ) In on It Next Change , Kaplan and , two prominent scholars of transnational feminism , claim that they do not think the term transnational is better suited than either international or global , but that it is useful inasmuch as it is free from the implications that other terms may have Transnational as a term is useful only when it signals attention to uneven and dissimilar circuits of culture and capital . Through such critical recognition , the links among , and become more apparent and available for critique or appropriation . The history of the term , by contrast , is quite different . 2002 , 73 ) Along with and Kaplan , other feminist scholars like Chandra and Alexander claim that the term has political power and can intervene into like First Third World , or heteronormative gender constructs . These scholars believe that the term international puts more emphasis on as distinct entities , while the emphasis on the global draws attention to liberal feminist theories and the concept of what Robin Morgan calls global sisterhood ( Morgan 1996 ) without taking into consideration race , class , culture , or colonialist and imperialist histories . It is evident that under the term feminism , transnational feminism intersects with these concepts while also remaining its own distinct entity . Indigenous are also transnational Transnational feminism , then , begins with the idea that , political , cultural , social , and other become global where borders are crossed . These border crossings have multiple

i , as the act of crossing borders entails subjects being confronted with one alliances with multiple national identities and . The suggests on or to the other side of , across , or beyond . So , this idea of movement across borders is at the core of transnational feminism as people are constantly . For instance , workers move across borders to jobs . Money and currencies move all over the place , at faster and faster rates . Movements are not only global but also transnational and transactional . has studied the new economies and transnational movements in which she on how power as understood by transnational feminism has become global caused by movement and tion of workers . Along with this labor movement is the movement of and economic , familial , religious , education , and skills . In Cities in Economy , describes the situation of the global economy as existing on the backs of women and other marginalized people The last decade has seen a growing presence of women in a variety of circuits . These circuits are enormously diverse but share one feature They are or circuits developed on the backs of the truly disadvantaged . They include migrations , both documented and not , which have become an important source of hard currency for governments in home countries . The tion and strengthening ofthese circuits is in good part a consequence structural conditions . I conceptualize these circuits as . 2006 , Transnational Feminism and Globalization Within the past decade , Global South nations have entered the new global economy by sending women across borders to work in wealthier countries and send home their wages as . Salazar in her book Servant ( 2015 ) studies migrant Filipino domestic workers who leave their own families behind to do the caretaking work of the global economy . ing work discusses the invisibility of labor migration and transnational families . She explores the role of domestic workers and their labors , the separation from their children and children with their mothers , and the plight of the aging care workers . Such feminization of labor is also linked to what refers to as feminization of survival ( 2003 , The government of the Philippines , for example , sends women as care , nurses and domestic part of its national economic development program . While nurses are often considered part of the professional stream of migrants , of the female migrants from Philippines are domestic workers . These women migrant workers go to Canada , China , Hong Kong , Italy , countries in the Middle East , and the United States . As a result , many of these migrant workers are often exploited as their cultures become displaced this transaction becomes transnational given the multiple borders being crossed on both a geographical and bodily level . Not only are these migrant women exploited , but also their loss of relationship with their children constitutes a . Valerie , in Labor and Families in the

Age ( 2018 ) discusses her interviews and collaborations with a group of working migrant ers from the Philippines . provides an analysis of the emotional resulting from the separations between migrant workers and their children , and explores circuits of care for these transnational migrant mothers . She pays particular attention to how technologies like Facebook , Skype , and recorded video have opened up transformative ways of bridging distances produced by globalization while still supporting traditional family dynamics . All of these practices demonstrate what ( 2006 ) has called the feminization of In The Feminization of Survival Alternative Global Circuits , she writes , These circuits can be thought of as indicating of survival , because it is increasingly women who make a living , create a and secure government revenue . Thus in using the notion of feminization of survival I am not only referring to the fact that households and whole ties are increasingly dependent on women for their survival . I want to emphasize the fact that also are dependent on earnings in these various circuits , and so are types of enterprises whose ways of exist at the margins of the licit economy . Finally , in using the term circuits , I want to underline the fact that there is a degree of institutionalization in these are not simply actions . 2003 , 61 ) Foundation for Women in South by Lauren Grant South has spent most of its independence in conflict . Since 2013 , armed groups have targeted civilians along ethnic lines committed rape and sexual violence and looted villages and recruited children into their With most of the population under age 18 , women take on immense family much more difficult in the face of conflict , and few opportunities to secure an income and basic needs . Even before the crisis more than South citizens lived in absolute were dent on subsistence agriculture and suffered from Now the country faces radical political instability , weak state structures , and few formal institutions , limiting small ness and enterprise work opportunities , and deeply affecting women who seek to support their families through agricultural and activities . and lending practices for small business owners in rural South have grown among civil society organizations such as Foundation , an Indigenous women and youth rights and organization . In central rural South , Foundation hosts more than 550 women at Farm , where it brings them together in small savings groups . Each week , women contribute

TRANSNATIONAL i ( about ) and basic household items to a collective pot , including sugar , flour , and cooking oil , and two women are selected on a rotating basis to take home the pot . model for collective management , accompanied by trainings on savings and small business , empowers women groups to provide for their families , purchase seeds and livestock , save and invest in starting up small businesses , and , most importantly , to become in their lives and communities . Savings equals women empowerment in rural South , where 90 percent of borrowers are women . and lending and trainings on business management , saving , and bookkeeping are tools for poverty alleviation and development . By providing initial funds for the collective pot , Foundation empowers women to freedom and climb out of poverty , a monumental win in a country where more than million people experience hunger and need humanitarian aid . Transnational in Transnational Feminist Research Transnational feminist research is seen both as a radical and an essential framework that seeks to reveal connections and various forms of inequalities between the Global North and South . Given the histories of global colonialism and the forces of capitalism and globalization , such research allows transnational to confront colonialism , imperialism , and and the multiple forms of political sion based on gender and sexuality . Building Bridges between Institutions and Prisons by Pollack Walls to Bridges Canada ( is a national program housed in the Faculty of Social Work , Wilfrid University , Kitchener , Canada . Inspired by the US Prison Exchange Program , brings together incarcerated and students to study for courses in prisons and jails . The mission is to create educational opportunities in settings where the experiences of teaching and ( un ) learning challenge assumptions , stigmatization , and inequality . The values underpinning the program include a commitment to ity with people who are incarcerated and to the creation of collaborative learning spaces where critical analysis , dialogue , and dismantle preconceptions about prisoners and punishment .

10 The leaders of this program are women incarcerated at a federal women prison in Canada who have taken many classes and have the pedagogy with the director . They work as ing assistants for professors and a instructor training , during which from Canada , Europe , and the United States come to the prison to learn the unique educational model of . Once professors take the instructor training , they can establish classes in their own communities . For educators and students alike , assumptions and stereotypes are challenged through relational learning and by unpacking how we come to hold certain assumptions about the Research on the impact of classes found that both incarcerated and students report an increased awareness of how structural factors such as racism and violence affect , a strengthened commitment to social action , and an increased sense of voice and ing as a result of being part of an innovative collaborative learning community . In What Is the in Transnational Feminist Research ?

2019 ) articulate the aims of the in feminist research . The focus on the transnational in feminist research aims to decentre Western , shaking the foundation of the sometimes framework of UK , US or research in the English language it aims to disrupt the embedded of nationalist ideologies , in all their connotations . It is also important to note how transnational , as activism and scholarship , have largely been developed and by the work of feminists located in the Global North and postcolonial scholars or Third World feminists located both in the North and South ( and 2019 , Transnational feminists also locate and articulate various of power and domination across the globe . They critique many central sites of to determine where power is concentrated and how gender is defined within these various sites of power . and Kaplan refer to these sites as scattered . As the understanding of feminism and its intersections with movement continued , the theory termed transnational feminism was first used by and Kaplan in their book Scattered and Transnational feminist scholarship is grounded in transnational feminist activism

11 , which situated transnational feminism among other theories of feminism , modernity , and . and Kaplan remind us that We need to articulate the relationship of gender to scattered such as global economic , patriarchal , authentic forms of tradition , local structures of domination , and juridical oppression on multiple levels . transnational feminist practices require this kind of comparative work rather than the relativistic linking of differences undertaken by proponents of global feminism that is , to compare multiple , overlapping , and discrete oppressions rather than to construct a theory of hegemonic oppression under a theory . 1994 , 18 ) Here , scattered suggests a way of thinking about across the globe from various disciplines . and Kaplan urge critics to consider and locate these ways of thinking by taking in tiple and intersectional perspectives and reading them side by side , rather than developing an entirely new and singular . Three years after the publication of Scattered , Alexander and Chandra published ' Colonial , Democratic Futures , an important book in formulating transnational feminist . This text , building on and Kaplan , focused more on the ways in which a theory of transnational feminism feminist activist practices in global . We can see this today in many . For instance , various addressing global racial justice and the Black Lives Matter ( movement have led to intersectional collaborations . is a global networked and a decentralized movement that has highlighted police brutality and of Black people . Furthermore , the network works to connect global struggles of Black subjects by organizing and highlighting how oppressive systems ( including those resulting from white supremacy , colonialism , capitalism , The Black Lives Matter movement intersectional feminist femmes , transgender , and people . activism and imperialism ) continue to threaten Black girls , women , Given that our lives are saturated with images , transnational feminism is also deployed within the fields of and media studies in order to understand and analyze transnational media representations . Topics ranging from and gender to the global circulation of images and their effects within and outside of national , along with critiques of contemporary forms of Orientalism within transnational media forums ( from perspectives ) are all evident in feminist studies of transnational media representations . The edited volume in Film and

12 i ( and 2007 ) extends the dialogue beyond the academic debate in understanding how media representations the analysis of , television , theater , music , visual culture , various art installations , and video art have global and transnational implications . The book , according to Sandra , provides a thought provoking and refreshing analysis of the transformed understanding of migration , borders and media that has shifted in focus from the postcolonial subjects to new others Muslims , refugees and asylum seekers Who reshape notions of , but also of through a focus on Eastern Europe , linking questions of to and . 2011 , 353 ) For example , the multilingual Academy ( 2006 ) by Alejandro , creates a transnational framework by challenging old and new global borders post along with the portrayal of women , namely , Moroccan women who are represented as voiceless and seductive , Orientalist . Similarly , another documentary , Born into Brothel ( 2004 ) while representing women in the sex industry in Calcutta advances the trope of both a white savior complex and the narrative of the mother . The documentary centers around a white western woman attempt to rescue the children who are born into brothels from the abuse and neglect of their mothers . Patti Duncan in her article Saving Other Children from Other Women Born into explores how such rescue narratives are both and and are shaped by various colonialist , imperialist , and ( Duncan 2013 ) Research Methods , Methodological Approaches , and Praxis Approaches Research methods , methodological approaches , and praxis in transnational feminism are and continue to evolve . They include qualitative , quantitative , and empirical approaches , using an sectional feminist lens of gender , economics , human rights , and the politics of race and ethnicity , often located within the context of colonialism , imperialism , nation , nationalism , and . feminist research focuses deliberately on the problem of epistemology , particularly western as a site of knowing and being . Epistemology can be understood as the study of knowledge where questions of how one knows , what one knows , and how that came to be are studied . This type of research relies heavily on one experiences ( as experiences are a valid form of knowledge ) to draw about what transnational feminism is . Such knowledge that comes from spaces of colonial structures is important to consider when attempting to subvert and push back against knowledge that emerges from sites of colonial oppression .

13 The study of epistemology is vital to feminist and praxis since it is used to locate the of women and gender geographically and geopolitically as a way to decenter and interrogate colonial structures . By interrogating what has been considered by western feminists as liberatory works , transnational feminists interrogate the very mode of organizing knowledge and its relationship to and hegemonic power structures . Transnational feminist are also continuously subject to interrogation and contestation . These critiques , as Nagar and Lock ( 2010 ) 2013 ) Roy ( 2017 ) and others suggest , when they operate within the same systems of power and privilege , and from the same imperialist networks they seek to , do not address any change or seek to empower the franchised . In fact , critiques that try to amass power and pander to and other liberal political projects do not advance transnational feminist practices . Transnational feminist research and praxis is therefore a radical framework with an ability to connect various forms of inequalities between the Global North and South to confront histories and contemporary practices of imperialism , colonialism , and ism and their effects on women , gender , and sexuality and to place and liberal feminist theories and ideologies . Much of the research relies on role of within feminist research while being cognizant of one Activists of all ages are part of transnational feminist Struggles for justice ity and sites of what Donna calls situated Situated knowledge reflects the particular location of the knower and rejects any impulse to universalize and essentialize both knowledge and experiences ( 1988 , In other words , all knowledge comes from particular positions we hold and reflects particular conditions within which each form of knowledge is produced . Thus , in conducting and reading about transnational feminist research , one must also be considering one own identity and biases is key to contributing to this research in ways that can incite change and enact movements for social justice .

14 The Youth Are the Future and the Present by Laura In the United States and across the world , young leaders are not just demanding change , they are leading it . Over the past several years , we have experienced an international movement of youth leaders like no other . From Greta in Sweden advocating for global climate change awareness to Emma in Parkland , Florida , taking a stand for gun control after experiencing the worst high school ing in American history to in , Minnesota , whose quick and empathic video response helped shed the light of accountability on the murder of George Floyd , youth have sparked international conversations . Young leaders are using social media to mobilize their communities toward equitable action and are a cultural shift in consciousness and awareness . They are leading important accountability with elected and people in power to push for just representation in their schools and in their communities . Girls Learn International ( GLI ) a program of the Feminist Majority Foundation , empowers and cates middle and high school students to advocate for human rights , equality , and universal access to education , and collaborates with partner organizations in India , Nepal , Sierra Leone , nia , and . Organizations like GLI are needed to support and empower girls , boys , and young leaders into action . Their club model makes it easy for students to work with advisers to establish chapters in their schools . A just , equitable future free of oppression can be lived today , and young leaders are a constant reminder of that .

TRANSNATIONAL I 15 Learning Activities . Working alone , with a peer , or in a small group , explain the differences between transnational and global feminism as discussed in this chapter . Why do contemporary feminists prefer the term transnational over international or global ?

Why do you think the title of the chapter describes plural transnational , rather than a singular transnational feminism ?

After ing this chapter , how would you transnational feminism in your own words ?

How does this chapter discussion of transnational feminism build on or complicate what you ve learned about feminism from other sources ( eg , news articles , other classes , your personal experience ) In this chapter , and Anderson discuss a variety of feminist issues , activism , and that could be considered transnational , including intersectional collaborations between the Black Lives Matter ( movement and global racial justice issues and organizations solidarity with Palestinian women and the emergence of the Boycott , Divestment , and ( movement and the role of migrant and caretaking in the global economy . Workin alone , in airs , or in a small rou , select one of the to listed above . What do ou know about the issue you ve selected ?

How much do you know about it ?

Where did you learn the information that ou know ?

What do ou have ?

Second , take a few minutes to search I the Internet for more information about our to ic alwa takin care to select reliable sources as ou ather information . What else is there to learn about these to ?

How mi transnational feminist analysis and activism provide new ways to address the issues you discovered in your research ?

This chapter , and indeed all the chapters in this textbook , includes specialized vocabulary that may or may not be familiar to you . Over the course of the semester , you will want to build a familiarity with these terms and learn to use them in class discussions and in your writing . Working in a small group , create a class glossary that you can continue to add to over the course of the semester . The following terms from this chapter provide a great start for your glossary transnational feminism , Global South Global North , liberal feminism , feminist praxis , feminist methodology , critical race feminism ( globalization , feminization of survival , Orientalist , epistemology .

16 References , Lila . 2002 . Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving ?

Anthropological Reflections on Relativism and Its American Anthropologist 104 , no . 2013 . Do Muslim Need Saving ?

Cambridge , MA Harvard University Press . Alexander , and Chandra , 2013 . Feminist , Colonial Legacies , Futures . New York . River Collective . 1981 . A Black Feminist In This Bridge Called ) Bade ings by Radical Women of Color , edited by and Gloria , New York Kitchen Table Women of Color Press . Duncan , Patti . 2013 . Saving Other Children from Other Women Born into In Motherhood in Global Special issue , journal of the Motherhood Initiative for and Community Involvement , no . Cynthia . 1990 . Bananas , and Bases Feminist Sense of International Politics . Berkeley University of California Press . Leela . 2013 . Transnational Feminism in United States Knowledge , and Power . New York New York University Press . Valerie . 2018 . Labor of Care Migrants and Transnational Families in Digital Age . University of Illinois Press . and Kaplan , 1994 . Scattered and Transnational Feminist Practices . University of Minnesota Press . Donna . 1988 . Situated The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Feminist Studies 14 , no . and Joanna . 2019 . What Is the Transnational in Transnational Feminist Research ?

Feminist Review 121 , Kaplan , and . 2002 . Transnational Practices and Feminist Women and Gender In Women Studies on Its Next Reader in Institutional , edited by Robyn , Duke University Press .

17 , and , 2007 . Transnational in Film and Media . UK Macmillan . Chandra , Ann Russo , and Lourdes Torres , 1991 . and the Politic . Indiana University Press . Morgan , Robin . 1984 , 1996 . Global The International . New York Pres at UN , Nadine . 2016 . Arab and Black Joint Struggle and Transnational Departure in Critical Qualitative , no . Nagar , and Amanda Lock , Critical Feminist Praxis . Albany State of New York Press . Celia , and . Transnational Black Columbia Center for the Study of Social Difference . Salazar . 2015 . Servant and Domestic . Palo Alto , CA Stanford University Press . Sandra . 2011 . Transnational Feminism in Film and Third Text 25 , no . Robinson , Cedric . 1983 , 2000 . The of tbe Black Radical Tradition . Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press . Roy , 2017 . The Positive Side of ?

A Conversation between and International 19 , no . 2003 . The Feminization of Survival Alternative Global In Border and , edited by , and , New York Springer . 2006 . in a Economy . New York Sage . Dina , Felicia Eaves , and . 2015 . Transnational Feminist Solidarity in Times of Crisis The Boycott , Divestment and Sanctions ( Movement and Justice International of Politic 17 , no .

18 I , Ella . 1998 . Talking Visions Feminism in a Transnational A ge . Cambridge Institute of Technology Press . Further Reading Ahmed , Sara . Toward a Queer and Gay Studies 12 , no . Queer Phenomenology , Others . Duke University Press . Alexander , and Chandra . 2010 . of Knowledge and In Critical Transnational Feminist Praxis , edited by Nagar and Amanda Lock , Albany State University of New York Press . Arjun , et al . 2003 . Information Is Alive Art and Theory on Archiving and Retrieving Data . NAI Publishers . Tina 2017 . Listening to Images . Duke University Press . Craven , Christa , and Davis , 2014 . Ethnography to in . Lexington Books . Davis , and Christa Craven . 2020 . Feminist In Companion to Feminist Studies , edited by Nancy Naples , John Wiley Sons . Yasmin , and Carrie Hamilton . 2017 . Introduction the Wherewithal of Feminist Feminist Review 115 , no . ed . 2013 . Feminist Research Practice A Primer . Los Angeles Sage . 2016 . Feminism and Nationalism in the Third . New York Verso Books . Kaplan , Norma , and . 1999 . Between and Nation , Transnational , and the State . Duke University Press . Lowe , Lisa . 1996 . On Asian A Cultural Politics . Duke University Press . Chandra 2002 . Feminism without Borders Theory , Practicing Solidarity . Duke University Press .

I 19 Naples , Nancy , and , 2002 . and Linking Local Struggle and . New York . 2007 . in Queer Timer . Duke Press . Roberts , Adrienne . The Political Economy of Transnational Business Feminism the Gender Equality International journal Politics 17 , no . Ella , and Evelyn . 2013 . Between the East and The Cultural Politic . Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press . Gayatri 1988 . Can the Subaltern Speak ?

In and Interpretation of Culture , edited by Cary Nelson , UK Macmillan . 2008 . a . Oxford . Jennifer . 2011 . Is Transnational ?

Signs journal of in Culture and 36 , no . Wilson , 2015 . Towards a Radical Gender , Development and Development and Change 46 , no . Wilson , Jennifer Ung , and . 2018 . Gender , Violence and the State in 119 , no . World Bank . 2006 Gender Equality as A Group Plan . New York World Bank . Image Photo by Patrick Perkins on Photo by Lima on Photo by chloe on Photo by Liam Edwards on Photo by Brown on