Gender & Sexuality Studies Sexualities Worldwide Sharadha Kalyanam

WORLDWIDE We re survivors of childhood violence with black eyes in common from mothers who hated our difference Your people as well as mine slaughtered in millions Queer we re still open season My on your ass are loving you Desire red raw as wounds we disguise we re open season . In Her Am These lines by poet and activist tell stories of sexual violence and abuse and how colonial separated Indigenous women from their . writes that it is possible For Indigenous queer and people to reclaim and realize their sexuality and sexual dom by engaging in healing through the erotic , which Cherokee poet has argued does through her erotic poetry for Native women . work shows how the genders and of Indigenous and other colonized peoples were regulated through and how Native peoples are healing themselves by theorizing the Indigenous erotic ( 2004 , have been and continue to be closely and violently regulated by a number of historical and ongoing structures , including colonialism , globalization , and nationalism . Women , queer , and other are sites of intense scrutiny , regulation , and control . This chapter addresses in a global context and the ways in which they are connected with and shaped by race , gender , class , age , and ( dis ) ability . Sexuality requires an intersectional understanding , which asks that we center the ways that Black , Indigenous , and communities of color have historically had and to have their own systems of gender and sexuality prior to colonial contact as well as how colonial conquest took place through the violent control of Indigenous gender and sexual practices . Western forces the of colonized peoples in order to justify European conquest and against savages .

80 I SE WORLDWIDE Johnson and Sylvia Rivera by Jones and Sylvia Rivera were friends and gay and transgender activists from the until their respective deaths . Best known for their participation in the 1969 Stonewall Riots , they were admired within the lesbian , gay , bisexual , trans , queer , intersex plus ( community for unapologetically dressing and living their truth , even in the face of judgment , harassment , and ridicule . Johnson was a Black and drag queen known for her vibrant and expression of her gender and personality . The in name stood For Pay it no mind expression that reflected how she felt about people who asked the intrusive question whether she was a boy or a Sylvia Rivera was a Puerto Rican whose gender identity was complex and shifted out her life . Although she did refer to herself as a , gay man gay girl , drag queen , and later a , she was not a fan and the power they held . In 1970 , Sylvia , and a group of drag queens formed the Street Transvestite Action aries STAR An offshoot of the Gay Liberation Front ( in which they were active , STAR support for gay people facing homelessness , gay people in prison , and youth who were becoming street drag queens to survive . Unfortunately , as some movements became normalized , their relationship with the radical politics of and Sylvia and other early gay activists became strained . and Sylvia were for just for gay and transgender people , but for they worked against systemic racism , poverty , and health disparities . Neither has been acknowledged or celebrated for their contributions to civil rights within their racial and ethnic communities either . It is important to understand and Rivera legacies , how they put their bodies on the line , and took up space to create places in the world for themselves and for others . Through the various sections , this chapter outlines the key concepts and themes on worldwide . It begins with colonial histories of sexuality and the ways that processes and structures like colonialism , imperialism , globalization , and impacted and continue to shape and control them . The chapter looks at how dominant western expressions and may not apply in Third settings and how they selectively erase local and regional expressions of gender and sexuality . It also examines how were viewed and regulated based on colonial of white and , normative and . We will then explore the cultural variations in and the How of dominant sexual cultures from the Global North to the Global South and discuss disability and sexuality

SE ) 81 in a global context , followed by the sexual politics of pornography . The section then ends with a discussion on and reflections on ongoing and movements to build radical coalitional futures . Key Before getting into the various sections below , I discuss working of several key terms used in this chapter . Some of these are , white supremacy , and genocide . Through this chapter , is as the ongoing ture ( Wolfe 2006 ) in Australia , Canada , New Zealand , and the United States , where European settlers , through the process of stealing Indigenous lands , have claimed the land as their own . employs the logic of elimination ( Wolfe 2016 ) whereby European settlers engineer the disappearance of the original inhabitants everywhere except in nostalgia ( Shoemaker 2015 ) et al . 2013 ) write , is a persistent social and political formation in which come to a place , claim it as their own , and do whatever it takes to disappear the Indigenous peoples that are there ( 12 ) utilizes the strategy of genocide , both human and cultural , to destroy humans and their cultures , religions , languages , and memories . Heterosexuality is the binary western organization of genders and where the heterosexual between men and women is considered as the norm , and other forms of sexuality are considered deviant and abnormal . This relates to , which is the belief that is the normal or default sexual orientation . Michael Warner by arguing , Het culture thinks of itself as the elemental form of human association , as the very model of relations , as the indivisible basis of all community , and as the means of reproduction without which society wouldn exist ( Warner 1993 , then , is a system where and patriarchy are considered normal and The United States is a white cist society , where and people always already have a relationship with ( Smith 2016 ) Gender and sexuality are distinct but overlapping identities , and the systems of power that produce and uphold them are intertwined . 2017 ) has theorized the term compulsory to describe how gender and sexuality are often by der people who sometimes perceive the of trans folks as a result of their gender presentation . being gay , lesbian , bisexual ) are distinct vectors of identity from transgender identities , 2017 , 246 ) writes , the way folks ( mis ) understand gender by viewing it through stereotypes that render trans identities invisible , unknown , and as a result , unknowable ( 2017 , 253 ) This understanding shows the ways in which categories of queer , upon a rigid gender binary system and , wherein only compulsory relationships between men and women are considered natural and normal .

82 i SE ) Countries Where Homosexuality Accepted Lockhart Over the centuries , acceptance of homosexuality has varied widely . In Belgium , for example , was legal as far back as the however , it is illegal in many countries today . A Pew Research Center report shows that between 2013 and 2019 , many countries have shown a marked increase in acceptance of homosexuality , but there are still differences . Geographically , societal attitudes toward homosexuality tend to be more positive in Western Europe and North America ( the United States ranks lower than most other countries in these regions , however ) eral Latin American countries also indicated high levels of acceptance . Across nations , the ofpeople tend to look more favorably upon people on the political left people in wealthier and more developed economies people who are with a religious group or not religious women compared to men ( in some places ) people with higher levels of education younger adults compared to older adults and Catholics and , compared to , Evangelicals , and Muslims . Besides laws protecting people who are lesbian , gay , bisexual , trans , queer , or intersex plus ( such as legal marriage , another indicator of societal acceptance is the presence of Pride events , and specific cities or districts with venues and activities welcoming people . Some of these include Amsterdam , Barcelona , Berlin , Bogota , Brussels , Buenos Aires , Copenhagen , Lisbon , London , Melbourne , Montreal , Paris , Stockholm , Sydney , and Vancouver . Colonialism , Imperialism , and Chattel Slavery Settler Colonialism and Colonial Colonialism , imperialism , and globalization have and continue to police and control and sexual freedom around the world . Colonialism has and continues to manifest in several ways depending on the intentions and motivations of colonizing powers . In the context of Australia , Canada , New Zealand , and the United States , continues to be present and operate as a structure that actively erases Indigenous presence by rendering Indigenous people into the past . projects ter and enforce onto Indigenous people bodies and communities .

SE WORLDWIDE i 83 ( 2020 ) writes , Sexuality was a terrain to frame the Native as pervert and validate European violence against the other , labeled as savage , heretic , and argues that colonizing processes were based on the Western practice of difference ( 2020 , 10 ) which means that European powers engaged in viewing and locating , others outside of Christian faith in a static , primitive past in need of modernizing and civilizing . This practice of continues in the way western lesbian , gay , bisexual , trans , queer , or intersex plus ( rights discourses and the connection between western liberal democracy in the developed world and sexual modernity to be centered in global discourses on gender and sexuality , locating sexual expressions in a marginal , primitive , static past ( 2020 ) For example , let us look at marriage . Spade has argued that in the United States there is extensive focus on a conservative , equal model that is perpetuated through the myth of equal opportunity ( 2015 , 30 ) He suggests that rather than focusing on on radical restructuring of dominant institutions , which include the prison industrial plex , the industrial complex , and the military industrial complex , there is an increasingly quest for inclusion and recognition by these institutions . The of marriage are only available to privileged gay and lesbian people who can in turn access other like child welfare , for example . Marriage , however , or the government privileged relationship status ( Spade 2015 , 31 ) does not guarantee protection under family law and child welfare because reducing queer and trans recognition to marriage rights alone does not contend with how race , class , dis ) ability , immigration status , and other factors determine the distribution of these as well as life chances ( Spade 2015 ) Colonization , Gender , and People in Indigenous Communities by Lily is a modern umbrella term used by some Indigenous North Americans to refer to people and ceremonial roles outside of the gender binary . In Native American cultures , people are not considered to be strictly male or , they occupy a distinct gender status beyond sex . Across North American tribes , there are certain similarities between people . One of the most important similarities is specialized work men often take on traditionally forms of labor and combine them with important ceremonial male roles . women , in , take on what is traditionally masculine work . Beyond labor , people are distinguished by a variety traits , such as demeanor , dress , and social roles . There are important variations in identity between some , males and females are referred to by the same term , amounting to a third In others , there are distinctions

84 I ) between males and females , creating a fourth gender . For example , Navajo culture recognizes genders ( woman ) man ) and ( the Navajo iteration of ) which is then into ( masculine female ) and ( feminine male ) and of gender vary between Indigenous all nous tribes and people perceive in the same way , and not all Indigenous people even recognize the term For those who do embrace the term , identity directly connects to ancestral practices that were intentionally targeted by colonization . Through religion , family separation via boarding schools , and violence by government agencies , sought to nate Indigenous practices and people by forcefully imposing western ideals . people and roles were especially targeted owing to rigid western of gender and sexuality . Many people went underground or disappeared altogether from certain tribes , erasing components of native cultures and histories . Today , an increasing number of Indigenous people in North America use the term . There have been conferences since the 19905 , providing a space for community and opportunity to continue the ongoing process of revival and resistance against Indigenous CI . The genders and of colonized peoples were outside of European , binary norms , and standings and were framed as deviant or perverse . For example , under British colonial rule in the South Asian subcontinent , were as eunuchs , and under the Criminal Tribes Act ( the colonial government vowed to slowly implement a cultural elimination by surveilling them and policing their public presence and then exterminating all of them ( 2019 , During this time , the colonial government saw them as a threat not only to morality but also as individuals that undermined British colonial authority . British administrators had concern with the and implemented policies that exercised control over gender expression , sexual behavior , as well as their kinship and intimate relationships ( 2019 , 24 ) Managing the gender , sexuality , and domesticity of the was one of the many ways in which the British colonial government implemented its idea of the ideal state . were a source of heightened colonial panic ( 2019 , 24 ) deemed immoral or to be and governed , thereby inciting the British to attempt to eradicate them entirely . The colonial regulation of bodies and laws that rendered them as criminals provide an important context and inform the stigmatization , and continued that communities experience today .

85 In North America , Spanish for people ) lived among the California Indian tribes ( Miranda 2010 ) were targeted and killed through the Spaniards genocidal policies in what and writer and poet Miranda calls the The Spaniards saw and perceived them through their third gender , and the fact that they dressed and behaved like women and had sexual relations with men was incomprehensible to the Spaniards . In different colonial moments , for example , in British and Spanish , gender and sexuality were not considered as separate categories , and there was no conception of . Colonized peoples were sorted based on their gender and racial as was violently imposed on them . Writing about Cherokee communities , 2016 ) argues that the term in itself is a critique of the and labels used in dominant white communities . The word queer refers to identities , and sexualized practices , whereas is about experiences and identities that fall outside of dominant European gender constructions ( 2016 , 30 ) In order to understand how colonial projects and technologies continue to control and genders , it is critical to understand the constructions of genders and on colonized lands gender and sexuality are colonial and ideas that are projected to make sense of pasts ( 42 )

86 Society of Denver writes that even before Europeans invaded territories in Africa , the Americas , and Asia , their conception of the primitive , unconquered lands and peoples was based on highly sexualized imagery . Romantic visions of the virgin land of the Americas , the African woman , and the lush of Pacific Islanders all shaped how European traders and conquerors understood and justified their imperial ventures ( 2014 , 60 ) she explains . The military forces kept in the Indian subcontinent by the British East India Company relied on and exploited the sexuality and sexual labor of women in the subcontinent , who were seen as highly serviceable and provided British soldiers with both sexual and domestic services ( 2014 ) Further , patterns of interracial intimacies and sexual relationships between imperial men and local women were fraught and varied throughout and early colonial encounters across continents , explains . Sexuality and race were twined to render colonized peoples as sexually perverse and racially degenerate . Queer Nature by Mateo Queer Nature , by and So , is a , education , and port organization based in the Northwest . They facilitate and help create workshops , spaces , and immersive events for 28 ( lesbian , gay , bisexual , trans , queer , or intersex plus ( people and queer and trans people of color (

SE WORLDWIDE 87 In these events , and So seek to create narratives of belonging for folks who have often been made to feel of that thev or don They focus on remembering the history of colonialism and environmental harm and centering the experiences of Indigenous peoples and their relationships with lands . Queer Nature offers events and classes on nature connection and skills and studies , including tracking , queer wilderness project , workshops on the ecology of power and privilege , and queer . Queer Nature can be found on Instagram . and Chattel Slavery Black women bodies and have been historically by and for the colonial European gaze . Hortense describes how during the transatlantic slave trade the enslaved Black body became the source of an irresistible , destructive sensuality ( 1987 , 67 ) devoid of any humanity ( 2003 ) The rendering of Black bodies as chattel was executed through the process of ( 1987 ) which collapsed the male and female genders together and rendered nonexistent any of personhood , desire , sexuality , embodied relationships , and familial ( 1987 ) In such an arrangement the captive Black woman body no longer retains her gender , sex , and calls the customary of sexuality including reproduction , motherhood , sure ( 76 ) The deviant of the Black body rendered it the other under slavery and reduced it to the state of being a commodity ( 2008 ) and nonhuman ( 1987 ) existing at a nexus of a racial inferiority and sexual perversion mapped onto Black people and the lands from which they were stolen . which ( 1987 ) describes as a process of , rendered the Black body a site of fantasy and Amber ( 2018 ) writes that ing violently reduces people into commodities while simultaneously rendering them sexually Yvette argues that there was an overlap between the periods of heightened of women and the slavery of peoples in South Africa ( 1998 , 223 ) And it was around this time that Sara , a woman , was taken to Europe in 1810 to be exhibited before audiences to highlight her bodily features . 1998 ) further argues that prior to the tion of , and representations of the savage did not explicitly show women or Black sexuality . With the exhibition of , the connection between bestiality and unbridled sexuality was made explicit , and it became impossible to separate sexualization from her public representation

88 ) 1998 , 226 ) Freak shows during this period , such as the ones in which was forced to participate , functioned as a site where the savage became equated with raw sexuality ( 1998 ) and the binary also acquired a sexualized , and form with her embodiment , which stood in contrast with white femininity . Christina Sharpe , Yvette , and other Black feminist scholars urge that we see how much of the writings about show too much of a focus and obsession on her bodily features . The repeated circulation of her images and narratives about her life continue to generate a certain prurient pleasure ( Sharpe 2010 ) The story of has been removed from its histories and historiographic , placed outside of it , completely isolating her from the world and times in which she lived ( 1998 ) Using the example of how enslaved Black women bodies were used by plantation doctors for cal experiments , 2017 , 52 ) describes chattel slavery as a cultural apparatus that brought sex and gender into arrangement where Black became the instrument for that apparatus . Caste and Sexuality In other example , in the Indian was shaped along the axes of not only race , religion , and class , but also caste . domestic arrangements around sexuality and macy were changed by imperial policies , both through government intervention as well as The family model of heterosexual conjugal domesticity was held up by missionaries and imperial administrations , viewing other forms of , including polygyny and as perverse and . Heterosexual patriarchal authority was upheld as the structural norm that decided familial arrangements , labor patterns , distribution of economic resources , and so on ( 2014 ) For ple , missionaries upheld heterosexual , monogamous marriages as the ideal , civilized institution , and along with this there was a clear , division of domestic roles and labor . Women were to perform their wifely duties of taking care of the home , whereas economic activities and outdoor work were the of men , an arrangement developed in the West as a result of the industrial revolution was brought into the colonies . In colonial , for example , wives played the central economic roles in families , a focal point that shifted toward men being at the center as a result of colonial rule . Men belonging to the colonized elite echelons of society from the assumption of such colonial patriarchal authority . While working with the colonial government , native elite men along with colonial authorities gained control over women as well as alternative ( 2014 ) has argued that connections between power and sexuality need to also take into account caste practices within both the geographical region constituting colonial and colonial South Asia as well as within the South Asian . The connection between caste mobility and the control over women sexuality predates colonialism and conversations about race and gender , and formations of gender hierarchies during colonialism should also be informed by caste and

89 ( Chandra 2011 , We must complicate the binary by analyzing how caste power shaped heteronormative sexual contracts in these local as well as the interactions between the colonizer and the colonized ( 130 ) Produced at the nexus of and caste , there was a rise in hegemonic power , which in the late nineteenth century created new of caste Hindu society , pushing prostitutes and temple dancers into the margins because their tive , nonreproductive sexual practices as prostitutes were seen as being outside of respectable , Hindu femininity ( Chandra 2011 , 135 ) Even after the colonial administrations physically withdrew from their colonies , laws normative continued to remain in effect in the colonial states until recently . For ple , in the Indian subcontinent , Section 377 , which is a colonial law that homosexuality , was operational until the Indian Supreme Court overturned it in 2018 after years of court battles . Women sexuality is controlled by enforcing marriages to strictly maintain caste structures and caste supremacy ( and 2020 ) and ( 2020 ) argue that it is impossible to achieve without dismantling , colonialism , and . and Kaplan ( 2001 ) draw our attention to the binary and the ways the United States and Europe are seen as liberal havens where people can sexual freedom , whereas other countries , especially in the Global South , are sites of sexual sion . Dominant discourses built on this binary often normalize dominant gender and sexual identities while completely erasing other , more local expressions . As and Kaplan ( 2001 ) suggest , states , economic formations , consumer cultures , and forms of all work together to and uphold and communities ( 670 ) Using the example of migration and refugee into the West , they suggest that particular types of mainstream discourses normalize narratives of , backward rural subjects their repressive environments back home and looking for a sexually liberated modern West . Sex Education around the World by Khan According to the United Nations , comprehensive sex education is a human right . The UN Population Fund Comprehensive sex education as a and approach to sexuality It occurs over several years and provides Countries take different approaches to sex education , and sex ed can even vary from state to state within a country . In countries like China and Indonesia , schools aren required to teach sex ed . In some of

90 SE WORLDWIDE those countries , rates of sexually transmitted infections and teen pregnancies are increasing , as parents often aren equipped to teach their children about sex , or they assume that schools cover sex education . In a few countries , like Sweden and New Zealand , sex education is mandatory . The Netherlands engages all students in sex ed starting when they are years old . Their program includes teaching not only about contraception , sexually transmitted infections , and reproduction , but also about consent and pleasure . In the United Kingdom , sex education became compulsory in 2020 . The new curriculum is broad and includes topics like healthy relationships , online safety , and domestic abuse . In parts of the United Kingdom , as in other countries like the United States , critics have thwarted attempts to teach about lesbian , gay , bisexual , trans , queer , or intersex plus ( sexuality and relationships . Although ion is not compulsory in , many schools do discuss concerns . The Samaritan Project in also teaches boys about masculinity and how sexual harassment harms women . Sex education can take different names . In , and other African countries , classes in Life Skills Education include topics related to sexual health and relationships . These kinds of indirect names for sex education can counter stigma in communities where sex and dating are taboo topics . Sexual Expressions and Sexual Politics We saw in the previous section how are connected with gender , race , colonialism , and caste . need to be situated and understood through an intersectional perspective . is a framework that talks about how a person race , class , gender , sexuality , dis ) ability work together to produce their unique experiences based on their overlapping identities and social location . In particular , helps us see ways Black women experience interlocking forms of oppression produced at the nexus of gender and race ( and 1983 Collins and Bilge 2016 ) has been described as an analytical framework , and its historical arc ( Nash 2019 , 77 ) includes Black feminist scholars Crenshaw , Patricia Hill Collins , and other feminists of color , including Gloria and the River Collective . They argue that oppression is not a sum of simply these different factors , but complex interactions between them , situated within historical and cultural . Applying an intersectional approach to understanding enables us to see how these factors decide whether we are able to express our sexuality and have relationships based on our der identity , sexual expressions , and social locations . The political and cultural in which we live tend to also control and regulate whether our family or kinship networks are validated

SE ) I 91 on the basis of our gender and sexuality . The current politics of sexuality determine its social . Sexual norms and practices are shaped by a variety of histories , politics , and expectations , cultural variations in the social construction of gender and sexuality worldwide . Sexual scripts ( Pereira and 2010 , are determined by the way power is distributed in different and how sexual and bodily autonomy is only selectively available to some but denied to communities . For example , the reproductive rights of women are tightly controlled by interlocking systems of power and oppression . Black women sexuality has been increasingly deployed as a tool to drive globalized capitalism and further white supremacy and attacks on the welfare state ( Ross 2017 ) Loretta Ross , a prominent activist in the reproductive justice movement , argues that and misogynist discourses have historically and Black women sexuality as in popular discourses and understandings , and there is a need to deconstruct these discourses . Black women sexuality and reproductive rights need an intersectional analysis and can not be understood with a approach . Ross ( 2017 ) asks that we center sexual freedom and bodily autonomy in an intersectional praxis of reproductive justice . The reproductive rights of Black , Indigenous , and other People of Color ( have historically been controlled by through Forced tion programs . Gender Reassignment Surgery by Shannon Gender reassignment surgery ( allows a person to reconstruct their own body to reflect their der . The reassignment , which is irreversible , consists of several individual surgeries , depending on which gender is being changed , and within those surgeries , several options are available , from cosmetic on the outside to fully functional . For now , does not include the ability to bear children . is available in many countries of the world depending on local law . The European Union provides an information page . Access is extremely limited in Africa and parts of the Middle East . Iran has offered surgery for years , but there is controversy over its intentions , as it made homosexual men into women instead of integrating homosexuality into its culture . Currently , Thailand offers a number of For surgery , which costs a Fraction of what it does in the United States . As with any surgical , patients will remind anyone that research and learning about the reputation of a potential doctor is paramount . is a politically hot issue in many countries but entirely accepted and

92 SE WORLDWIDE in others . Blogs of patients and videos about the procedures share the stories of those who have transitioned to their own gender . Another medical procedure that is important to discuss here is female genital cutting ( which is a culturally procedure practiced in a variety of locations around the globe . Female genital cutting involves the surgical removal of external genital organs for nonmedical reasons . It is a cultural practice in parts of Africa , Asia , and the Middle East . Although the procedure may not affect one ability to become pregnant , it puts women at high risk of complications and can even result in death during childbirth . also causes severe and term health complications , including severe pain , hemorrhage , other genital problems , shock , and death , according to the World Health Organization ( 2020 ) Students and teachers at a midwifery school in North committed to ending the practice of female genital cutting The World Health Organization ( 2020 ) describes female genital cutting in the context of the Global South as inhuman , degrading , and cruel , and medical interventions on children with intersex traits are framed and perceived as acceptable corrective procedures to normalize their bodily sexual ment , which is and seen as anomalous within the western gender binary , In the United States , children with intersex traits are forced into undergoing genital cutting these medical procedures are often performed on infants , and thus consent is impossible to obtain . While

SE WORLDWIDE I 93 communities in the Global South and immigrant communities of color are for subjecting their children to , western parents often coerced by medical establishments into having their intersex dren undergo surgeries are seen as having their children in mind ( 2019 ) The violent , practice of needs critical analysis that can challenge approaches in how popular discourses around it get framed . It is important to also understand that female genital cutting and medical interventions done on intersex children are not similar or equivalent procedures , but that ing at them closely allows us to see how the dominant discourses about these procedures are embedded in unequal power relations between the Global North and the South , where the North holds power to narratives and discourses about the Global South from its own viewpoint . Intersex Society of North America . PO Box 3070 Ann Arbor MI ) Actual scale . he above are actual current medical standards . Challenging these arbitrary standards , ISNA works to create a world free of shame , secrecy , and unwanted genital surgery for children born with mixed sex anatomy . Satirical ruler critiquing the medical standards that determine whether an intersex child be assigned male What Does Mean ?

by Janet Lockhart is a term referring to a person whose biological sex differs in some way from what is considered clearly female or male . This may be due to variations present at birth in a person genes , chromosomes , or hormones , or it is sometimes caused by an environmental factor such as an endocrine disruptor ( a natural or manufactured chemical that affects a body hormones ) These variations may be visible in a person genitalia ( external sex organs ) or secondary sex characteristics ( such as breasts and

94 I SE WORLDWIDE pubic hair ) or they may be internal to the person body , such as their internal sex organs or hormones . Estimates are that about percent of human beings have intersex characteristics . Intersex does not necessarily describe a person gender intersex person may identify as female , male , or some other sexual orientation a person with intersex may be gay , lesbian , straight , bisexual , or any of the other sexual that occur in the human community . Intersex people may , however , be affected by some of the same biases that affect people who are lesbian , gay , bisexual , trans , queer , or intersex plus ( They may also be affected by laws that prescribe how their identity is presented on documents and may struggle to access resources , such as health care , that respect their identity and their needs . Perhaps most difficult is the fact that many intersex people were and are subjected at birth or in infancy to surgeries to correct or determine their identity as clearly either female or male . Organizations that support and advocate for intersex people include InterAct Advocates for Intersex Youth and the Organization Intersex International . Intersex Awareness is observed on October . The process of forced sterilization and other ways of covertly controlling sexuality is part of the lived reality of disabled people who are deprived of sexual and bodily autonomy . It is helpful here to look at the ple of Ashley , an American child who was born with static encephalopathy , which resulted in severe developmental disabilities . Ashley prognosis indicated that her disabilities would prevent her from ing a normal quality of life , and her doctor suggested that removing her sexual and reproductive organs would reduce her pain and discomfort ( 2013 , 47 ) Because of her disabilities , Ashley was seen as having no gender , and the treatment courses suggested by her doctors through the years show the ways that the medical industrial complex sees disabled children as not requiring reproductive organs because not only do they lack sexuality , but also they should not be permitted to reproduce . Through and mastectomy , Ashley body was rendered small in size , and infertile , so that her physical and cognitive age could match and reflect the lack of sexuality a disabled ( 2013 , 57 ) further argues that disabled people become completely disassociated with the of sexual pleasure , indicated by the range of medical procedures that Ashley was made to undergo in order to control her sexuality . Disabled are seldom seen as positive or as something that can be and ( 2013 , 65 )

SE WORLDWIDE 95 Woman speaking against the forced sterilization of disabled individuals at the Orange the World , 2016 Pornography . Sexual Exploitation . and Globalization In the previous sections , we saw how colonialism , imperialism , and globalization have historically affected worldwide . Globalization and capitalism under globalization and histories of imperialist exploitation of countries in the Global South have resulted in normalized hierarchies between cally advanced countries in the Global North and countries in the Global South . Globalization also mines how money and culture between these regions , reinforcing different economic and cultural hierarchies . This section explores the connection between capitalist globalization and sexuality . It looks at the issues of popular culture and pornography to determine how they are shaped in complex ways by economic and cultural globalization , Pornography is a contested site for feminist analysis . While degrading and imagery of women in popular culture like music and mainstream cinema is seen as a violation of their human rights , the of women of color in popular culture is also seen as their way of asserting their and agency . In her work on the imagery of Black women in popular culture , draws attention to the connection between colonially structured gender , race , sex , and class relationships and the ways they continue to exist under patriarchal capitalist structures in the present day . argues that colonialism and globalized patriarchal capitalism , which are both instituted by white patriarchy , are not very different in how they exploit brown and Black women bodies for , and that the sex , ity , and the eroticism of women of color are all commodities that are considered to be always available and exploitable by white supremacist systems . There is also a fundamental difference in the way white women get to and explore their sexuality , whereas Black women are defined by their sexuality and their sexuality ( 2016 , emphasis original ) Although white and Black women share

96 ) oppression , it is not only white patriarchy but also white women who from the continued colonial exploitation of Black bodies , writes . Bernard ( 2016 ) also that pornography is a site where legacies of colonial oppression of Black women is clearly visible in the way their bodies are bound , gagged , or in chains ( and along with Asian women , they are depicted as being docile and sexually submissive . The exploitation of Black women ies in violent pornographic media , even if they are engaging in and , is a type of symbolic and structural violence , which is in conflict with their sexual health , writes . She frames symbolic violence ( 1994 ) as a form of domination that is exercised on social actors with their own involvement and complicity that operates under an illusion of choice ( 2016 , The circulation of the imagery of Black women bodies takes place within a capitalist patriarchal system and is controlled by individuals and systems holding power . Women engaging in sexualization are committing structural violence , as they hold more power than their counterparts who might ultimately become victims of symbolic violence and choose to consume such cultural and mass media ( 2016 ) Challenging readings of women of color as completely lacking agency , Celine ( 2007 ) suggests that the perverse sexuality attributed to Asian American women could be a source of knowledge about their racialization and the subjectivity . She argues that the pleasure and from the sexualization of race must be part of race politics ( challenges western white feminists theorizing on Asian prostitutes , denying them voice , agency , and subjecthood , and argues that like sexual slavery are reductive . Mainstream representations of Asian American women are shaped by the histories of racialization and through immigration and exclusionary US policies . The of Asian American women were used as a weapon in order to render them out agency and keep them subjugated . Observing the representations of women of color in ic cultures helps us see the inseparability of race and sexuality , which are situated in complex histories of colonialism , and immigration law , and patriarchal capitalist presents . hues and the Safe Zone Project by Shannon The Safe Zone Project ( is one of the many educational and social justice resources that has been created by hues . hues is a global justice collective of artists , educators , activists . It was in 2017 as a place for Sam creations collaborations to live . We create art that inspires

97 action , tools that facilitate change , and resources that bolster efforts for global embodied in the spirit of the The Safe Zone Project is a curriculum that can be downloaded and used for free to educate and support safe spaces for lesbian , gay , bisexual , trans , queer , and intersex plus ( people . If you need help communicating or want to learn more , both the hues website and the are excellent places to start . The websites are packed with information , resources , and links to other resources . relies on the support of patrons so that he can live out his desire for social justice . Access to economic resources creates barriers in nearly every part of our culture can afford and who can not afford to With outside support , he removes the economic barriers and is able to offer , as a social activist , his gifts as socially just and available to all . and Radical Coalitional Futures In the previous sections of this chapter , we saw how framing queer liberation and sexual freedoms within dominant institutions and approaches reinforces the power that these institutions already hold and wield . With the centrality of such and approaches , there has been a of queer social movements by dominant conservative political parties , capitalist institutions and organizations , and corporate or political interests . Activists have described this process as This term was coined by Palestinian queer and trans activists while describing how the Israeli government promotes itself as being friendly while erasing and diverting attention away from its ongoing genocidal , projects on the Palestinian lands and peoples ( Israel , Within this narrative , the Israeli also frames Arab and Muslim communities as being , homophobic , and . More examples of include corporate organizations funding Pride marches , framing themselves to be friendly , and claiming to provide inclusive hiring and work while funding war and weapons , for example , indirectly endorsing human rights abuses in other locations around the globe ( Miller 2019 ) The issue of marriage equality and gay and lesbian inclusion in the military are examples of ( Spade 2015 ) More recently , trans politics and the inclusion of trans people in the military is the US military . Allowing trans people to join the military , similar to marriage equality , produces a kind of narrow and highly visible agenda that creates advocacy for trans communities but does not stop police violence and brutality against them nor address the , houselessness , and health care crises they face nor disrupt the of the United States in different parts of the world nor dismantle racist and xenophobic tion and border control regulations ( Spade 2015 )

98 SE The issue of separates queerness from other ties , and sexuality from other intersecting dimensions of life and social inequalities , like gender , race , class , and ( dis ) ability , So , what is the way forward ?

Cathy Cohen work is useful in thinking about strategies to bridge these gaps and to think about radical , our coalitional work for the future . Cohen ( 1997 ) describes coalition politics , which starts with destabilizing categories and politics that isolate only one aspect of a person identity . She asks that we challenge the binary between heterosexual and queer in a way that centers the intersectional workings of gender , race , class , and sexuality , which help make sense of the oppressions experienced by marginalized . No sign on bus ' shelter in San Francisco The author thanks editor Tracy Butts for her thoughtful and enriching reviews . Thanks are also due to committee chairs and for their feedback , support , and encouragement . The author also thanks dear intellectual sibling for their love , friendship , and generous feedback on this chapter .

SE WORLDWIDE 99 Learning Activities . When engaging in intersectional feminist analysis , western feminists sometimes focus on the of gender , race , class , and sexuality without considering other axes of analysis . In this chapter , adds axes of analysis such as caste histories of colonialism , chattel slavery , or genocide geographic location ( Global North Global South ) and ( dis ) ability to her discussion of ties worldwide . How do additions allow feminists to engage in more effective analyses of transnational feminist issues ?

describes cultural examples of gender and sexuality that were outside of European , binary norms and understandings and were framed as deviant or perverse , such as and fa in North America and in the South Asian subcontinent . What do you know about communities , fa , and ?

Working alone , with a partner , or in a small group , choose one of these topics and take a few minutes to conduct some online research . What do you learn ?

How were people who identify as such framed as deviant or perverse ?

How might the existence of such peoples challenge European norms for gender and sexuality ?

discusses the relationship between female genital cutting ( and medical on intersex children . She argues , The violent , practice of needs critical analysis that can challenge approaches in how popular discourses around it get framed . It is important to also understand that female genital cutting and medical interventions done on sex children are not similar or equivalent procedures , but that looking at them closely allows us to see how the dominant discourses about these procedures are embedded in unequal power relations between the Global North and the South , where the North holds power to produce narratives and discourses about the Global South from its own Take a look at discussions of and medical interventions of intersex children online . How are such conversations framed ?

Are the two ever considered in relation to each other ?

How might argument transform the discussion about these practices , both separately and in relationship to each other ?

How does ?

What examples does use to support her ?

What additional examples of can you provide ?

Working in a small group , add these key terms to your glossary , Global North Global South , First World Second World Third World , white supremacy , genocide , binary , transgender , compulsory 100 , prison industrial complex , industrial complex , welfare state , transformational coalition politics . References , Yvette . 1998 . Images of Sara Sexuality , Race , and Gender in Century In Nation , Empire , Colony Gender and Race , edited by Ruth Roach , and Beth , Indiana University Press . Eve Tuck , and Angie . 2013 . Feminism Challenging Connections between Settler Colonialism and Feminist Formations 25 , no . 2016 . Colonizing Black Female Bodies within Patriarchal Capitalism Feminist and Human Rights , and Society , no . Pierre . 1994 . Structures , Habitus , Power Basis For a Theory of Symbolic In A Reader in Contemporary Social Theory , edited by Nicholas , Geoff , and Sherry , Princeton , Princeton University Press . Chandra , 2011 . Whiteness on the Margins of Native Patriarchy Race , Caste , Sexuality , and the Agenda of Transnational Feminist Studies 37 , no . 1993 . In Her I Am . Vancouver , Press Gang . Cohen , Cathy . 1997 . Punks , and Welfare Queens The Radical Potential of Queer ?

A journal of Lesbian and Guy Studies , no . Collins , Patricia Hill , and Bilge . 2016 . Key Concepts ) Cambridge , MA Polity , 2016 . 2004 . Stolen from Our Bodies First Nations Queers and the Journey to a Sovereign Studies in American Indian 16 , no .

SE ) I 101 . 2016 . Stories Queer and Memory . Tucson University of Arizona Press . Susan Stanford . 2015 . Planetary on Time . New York Columbia University Press . and Kaplan . 2001 . Global Identities Theorizing Transnational Studies of A journal and Gay Studies , no . 2008 . Venus in Two Small Axe A journal 12 , no . Jessica . 2019 . Governing Gender and Sexuality in Colonial India The , bridge Cambridge University Press . 2018 . and Inequalities in South Asian Queer Transgender Studies Quarterly , no . 2019 . The Thin Line between Surgery and New York Times . May , Amber . 2018 . Sensual Excess Queer Femininity and Brown . New York New York University Press , 2018 . Alison . 2013 . Feminist , Queer , Indiana University Press . Miller , Phil . 2019 . Outrage as Pride Accused of Bomb Star , August , Miranda , Deborah A . 2010 . Extermination of the in Spanish A journal and Gay Studies 16 , no . Chandra . 1997 . Women Workers and Capitalist Scripts Ideologies of Domination , Common Interests , and the Politics of In Feminist , Colonial Legacies , Futures , New York . and Gloria , 1983 . This Bridge Called My Writings by Radical of Color , ed . NY Kitchen Table Women of Color Press .

102 SE ) Nash , Jennifer 2019 . Black Feminism After . Next Wave . Duke University Press . 2017 . Compulsory A Collective Case 10 , no . Pereira , Charmaine , and Priya . 2010 . In on , New York Hill . Manuela 2020 . Indigenous In The of and Sexual Politics . New York Oxford University Press . Israel . Israel website . Accessed February 26 , Ross , Loretta . 2017 . Reproductive Justice as Intersectional Feminist Soul 19 , no . Sharpe , Christina . 2010 . Subjects . Perverse . Duke University Press . Celine . 2007 . The Women Toward a Politically Productive Perversity on Screen and In of Race Performing can on Screen and Scene , Duke University Press . Shoemaker , Nancy . 2015 . A Typology of Perspectives on History . October , Smith , Andrea . 2016 . and the Three Pillars of White Supremacy Rethinking Women of Color In Color of Violence Anthology , edited by INCITE ! Women of Color against Violence . Duke University Press . Riley . 2017 . on Both A of . University of Minnesota Press . Spade , Dean . 2015 . Normal Violence , Critical , Limit . Duke University Press .

SE ) I 103 , Hortense . 1987 . Mama Baby , Papa Maybe An American Grammar ' 17 , no . 2014 . Sexuality and Modern In A Global History of Sexuality The Modern Em , MA Wiley . 2020 . Hindu Nation and Its Queers Caste , and in International journal 22 , no . and . 2020 . Translating Queer Reading Caste , In The Handbook of Translation , and Gender , London ledge . Warner , Michael . 1993 . Fear ofa Queer Planet Queer Politics and Social Theory . University of Minnesota Press . Wolfe , Patrick . 2006 . Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the journal of Genocide , no . World Health Organization . 2020 . Female Genital Accessed December , Sylvia . 2003 . Unsettling the of Freedom Towards the Human , after Man , Its The New Centennial Review , no . Image in hula by is licensed under Two of Denver by is licensed under Campaign to stor ) Female Genital Mutilation by Photo is licensed under . Intersex Society of North is licensed under BY Orange The World 2016 by UN Women Gallery is licensed under No Bus Shelter by is licensed under

104 SE WORLDWIDE Notes The term Third World has been reclaimed by feminists from formerly colonized places . The term is considered problematic and outdated , and it does not adequately address the social , political , economic , racial , cultural within the regions that are a part ofit . argues that despite its shortcomings , Third World carries a heuristic value and explanatory in relation to the inheritance of colonialism and contemporary colonial economic and geopolitical processes that the other formulations lack ( 1997 , The other is referring to here are the Global North and South , as well as developed nations , developing nations , and underdeveloped nations . he terms Global North and Global South emerged from the Brandt Line during the , which delineated the globe into the North and the South based on their economic status . The Global North was relatively richer , and the Global South consisted of poorer nations . These terms initially replaced developed and developing nations but have been for the way they erase local and do not acknowledge histories of colonialism and how it operated to create inequal distribution of resources and power between imperial les and colonies . Susan writes in Planetary , Although rhetorically spatial , these terms are as geographically imprecise and ideologically weighted as . Akin to the West , the Global North modern global hegemony the Global South ( which includes many countries north of the equator ) indicates the subaltern , that is , the unmodern or still modernizing binary construction that continues to place the West at the controlling center of the plot ( 2015 , 123 ) are a publicly institutionalized subculture ( 2018 , ofpeople in South Asia assigned male at birth and are , and live in structured communities of acquired kin . is the practice of religious missionary work , and in this context , it refers to the work of Christian missionaries who played important and sometimes central roles in projects of colonialism around the world . Through , colonized peoples religious , cultural , and practices were rendered age and destroyed as Christianity was imposed . In addition to churches , missionary schools were also key that furthered projects of , which also went hand in hand with the implementation of English language . Polygyny is the practice where a man has multiple romantic or sexual partners , whereas polyandry is the tice where a woman has multiple romantic sexual partners . Female genital cutting is the collective name for a number and operations performed to partially or totally remove the external genitalia or injuries to the genital organs . These operations are not medically necessary .