Explore the Fundamentals of Human Geography Chapter 9 Development and Wealth study material pdf and utilize it for learning all the covered concepts as it always helps in improving the conceptual knowledge.
Chapter Development and Wealth Introduction in the world can be categorized based on their level of technology , infrastructure , wealth , and development . Development refers to the process that enables a people to have a higher standard of living , as well as greater access to resources and quality social services ( healthcare , and education ) There are three general patterns of development and wealth that can be seen in the world in the century ( in addition to Australia and New Zealand ) tend to have more wealth and A A A Countries in the northern hemisphere ( north of the higher quality Of life Compared to dark in the map tend to be more those in the Southern developed than those in the south ( Source , via Commons )
. Majority of people today have a higher standard of living and live longer than people from previous time periods . The wealth gap between the wealthiest and the poorest is greater than it has ever been in history . The as 100 People over the last two Poverty . um I I Basic Education Vaccination an . I ICU Child II . I is up low Inn I contributors to standard of living have generally up in the last two centuries despite the growth in world population in the same time period . Source Our World in Data ) Measuring Wealth The countries with higher incomes , more advanced technology , better infrastructure ( roads , sewer lines ) and life expectancy are in the more developed country category . Whereas , countries with lower incomes and other indicators are in the less developed country category . To describe and compare different countries income levels , economists use the following measures
Gross national income ( The value of all goods and services only produced by companies that are based in country . This includes the values of things that may be produced outside country as long as the companies producing them are based in country . Gross domestic product ( The value of all goods and services produced within country of where the companies are based . In other words , this includes the value of things produced by domestic and foreign corporations ( headquartered outside of country ) as long as the goods and services are produced within country Powered by Powered by Use the swipe tool to compare the ( left ) and ( right ) of countries in 2020 . A country with a greater than its ( eg ) means there is a net of income through its companies overseas operations . In other words , the country is getting more income from the work that its businesses are doing overseas relative to the income earned from the foreign that are operating in the country . per capita This means per person , and it can be used to normalize any economic measure . For example , per capita can be calculated by dividing the country by its population , so we can know how much income would each person receive if the country income ( is distributed equally among the country population . Purchasing Power Parity ( This tells us how far does a dollar go in a given country taking into account its cost of living . For example , a 100 per day travel budget in ( most parts of ) Mexico will go a lot farther than the same 100 in the United States , since the cost of living in Mexico is lower
than in the US . Thus , since a dollar in one country may be worth more ( go farther ) than the same dollar in another country , economic measures ( often need to be adjusted by to give us an accurate comparison of two countries economies . MAP , A ' million Compare the cartogram on the left , where the size of each country is dependent on its , with the cartogram on the right , where the sue of each country is dependent on its per capita . While countries like China have large ( left ) its per capita ( right ) is small due to its large population . In contrast , while has a small ( left ) its per capita ( right ) is quite large due to its small population and subsidies from Denmark . Economic Development The Global Wealth Gap More people are now connected to the global economy than ever before , and the global economy has grown consistently since the . However , this global wealth has not been distributed equally among all countries or all people . According to the World Inequality Report 2022 by the World Inequality Lab The richest of the world population owns 38 of the world wealth , while the poorest 50 of the population owns of the world wealth .
The richest of the world population emits 17 of the world carbon dioxide , while the poorest 50 of the world population emits 12 of the world carbon dioxide . A lopsided world Some 10 percent of the world population owns 76 percent of the wealth , takes In 52 percent of income , and accounts for 48 percent of global carbon emissions . Top Next Bottom 50 I wealth ' at anti . a ' Income El ' I I Progress In gentler Inequality has been slow , with women accounting for only 35 percent of global labor Incomes 313 32596 335 341 Women slim oi 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Soda World bythe World lab .
As of 2021 , the United Nations included 46 countries in its least developed countries category because of their vulnerability to economic and environmental shocks . In the map below , you will find all 46 countries as well as other developing countries in the southern hemisphere ( or Global South ) while more developed countries are almost entirely found in the northern hemisphere ( or Global North ) In recent decades , many former developing countries that have shifted their economies focus from agriculture to the service and information system industries came to be labeled as newly industrialized countries ( An example of is the Asian Tigers ( Singapore , South Korea , Hong Kong , which were able to move from the developing category into the developed category in a relatively short time thanks to foreign and domestic investments in their economies , educational systems , and infrastructures . mi lei Powered by Map of the developed and developing countries of the world as by the United Nations in May 2022 . Strategies to Close the Wealth Gap
There are different models or strategies that have been proposed to help countries ( and hopefully their citizens ) become more prosperous . International trade model This strategy preaches free trade , open borders , and limited controls ( taxes , price caps ) on the exchange of goods between countries . While some specialized industries ( automakers ) may improve over time in order to compete in the global marketplace without government protection , the lack of government protection may subject local consumers to price shocks in the global market , and local industries that fail to keep up may be forced to close and fire its workers . The protectionist model This philosophy believes that countries should sustain themselves without foreign labor , products , services , or trade . While this allows governments to control their own industries and the price of goods , it tends to lead to corruption , inefficiency , and lack of creativity as local industries are protected from global competition by the government . Learn how an international trade agreement , the Agreement ( protects the three countries against foreign competition . Source Vox ) Beyond Economic Development
By the , the United Nations acknowledged that it is insufficient to gauge a country development and living conditions solely based on economic measures . This led to the development of the Human Development Index ( which takes into account Life expectancy Adult literacy School enrollment Income As shown in the maps below , a comparison of the from the year 2000 ( left ) with the year 2017 ( right ) reveals that nearly every country improved its within the past 17 years . Powered by Powered by Use the swipe tool to compare the Human Development Index for countries between 2000 ( left ) and 201 ( right ) Did more developed countries or least developed countries experience significant increases in over this time period ?
However , neither economic measures ( nor social measures ( covered in this chapter take into account the of the environment nor sustainable development . Sustainable development was defined by the United Nations as development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs . This prompted countries such as to come up with their own index , known as gross national happiness .
Gross National Happiness is used to measure the happiness and of a country , and countries are scored on economic indicators such as their Sustainable and equitable development Environmental conservation Preservation and promotion of culture Good governance Learn more about the background that led to the development of Gross National Happiness index ( Source Tours Travels , Creative license ( reuse allowed ) via ) By Wing Cheung , College Keeping the world interesting one map at a time Fundamentals of Human Geography by Wing Cheung is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International ( BY )