Fundamentals of Human Geography Chapter 3 Migration

Chapter Migration Migration Past and Present Migration is a permanent move to a new place . This process can create two groups of people Immigrants those who are moving into a new region or country Emigrants those who are moving out of their home regions or countries The earliest migrants originated from Eastern Africa , but exactly when migrants reached North America is still debated . There is evidence of early human remains in North America about years ago , but potential cultural artifacts ( stone tools ) from years ago have also been recently discovered . Today , many countries such as the United States , receive many immigrants from other countries . However , these countries may also be countries of emigration , as retirees decide to

leave their birth countries to take advantage of the lower cost of living elsewhere , or as migrants decide to return to their birth countries after retirement . Milan . york . Madrid . tan , tan , 1000 mi Powered by Migration to the by country of origin ( Data source Migration Institute , United Nations ) Migrating for Different Reasons Today migrants made the decision to leave their home countries for a variety of political , economic , or religious reasons , to name a few . This creates the following sample categories of migrants Guest workers migrants who move to a country legally for a specific job specific length of time . These guest workers often send part of their paychecks back to support family members in their home countries , known as . Asylum seekers migrants who move to a country to escape political , religious , ethnic , or gender persecution in their home countries . Refugees asylum seekers who have satisfactorily proved their claims of persecution in court , and received legal

protection against deportation in return . Undocumented migrants migrants who move to a country without proof of residency . Return migrants migrants who return to their home country due to discrimination , lack of opportunities , or other reasons abroad . Highly skilled migrants migrants with skill sets ( computer programming ) who may be given priority when their applications are reviewed by countries with a points system for immigration ( Canada , Australia ) New Zealand Points Indicator for Use this points indicator to estimate if you will qualify as a skilled migrant under New Zealand ( Factors such as natural disasters , famine , persecution , and wars that force people from their home countries are push factors . Pull factors are any factors ranging from favorable climates to economic conditions that attract immigrants to a country . Push factors can create international migrants , but they can also create internally displaced people ( are people who are forced to leave their homes for fear of their safety , but are unable to leave their countries of origin due to economic , cultural , or other reasons .

share parallels Uprooted By Conflict , Stuck In Limbo , Yearning For A Place To Call Home listen By Conflict , Stuck In Limbo , in Georgia Yearn FarA Place To Call Home ( Source ) The phenomenon known as brain drain occurs when qualified and educated workers are poached away from poorer regions to wealthier ones . For example , nearly 85 of the nurses who were trained in the Philippines have left for countries ( mostly in the Middle East and North America ) with better working conditions .

, HERE , 200 mi Powered by Brain drain does not have to take place across international borders . A look at brain drain across parts of the United States from . This map shows the percentage of highly educated workers aged between 31 and 40 that migrated from their birth state in search of new opportunities . Data source US Census ) Regional Migration Patterns Aspects of globalization ( better access to information , transportation , and telecommunication ) accelerated international migration in recent years . This in turn accelerated the diffusion of traits such as ideas , genetic footprints , diseases , cooking styles , and sports across the globe . In Europe , movement within and to the European Union ( EU ) accelerated in recent decades for two reasons . Intergovernmental organizations like the EU require countries to cooperate on matters such as the economy , human rights , and the environment in order to become and remain EU members . some EU members are also signatories of the Agreement , which enables

people , goods , and services to move across international borders without regular security checks . Ukrainian refugees in Poland and return migration to Ukraine ( Source ) Migrants from elsewhere in Europe ( Ukraine ) Africa ( Morocco ) and the Middle East ( Syria ) sought to enter Europe to escape back home or to find better jobs or educational opportunities . However , Migrants Africa and the Middle East to seek jobs , medical services , and safety in Europe ( Source ) these migrants often face the risk of arrest or even death on their dangerous journeys . In North America , about of the United States population is as of 2020 . In comparison , about 21 of Canada population was in 2019 , and only about of Mexico population was in 2020 . Immigration in the United States can be summarized into four phases . Phase ( Migrants immigrated to the US mainly from Northern and Western Europe . Many new and existing residents migrated the western states in search of cheap , Vex good farmlands . The Homestead Act of 1862 Offered 160 acres of land to The racist history of US immigration policy ( Source . and prospective who

will live and farm on the land for at least years . Phase ( Migrants originated mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe , and worked in coal mines , steel mills , construction , and factories . The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was enacted to prevent the immigration and naturalization of anyone of Chinese descent . Phase ( Immigration was severely limited by the establishment of a quota system that favored immigrants from Northern and Western European countries over those from Southern and Eastern Europe . Immigrants from all other countries ( Asian countries ) were virtually eliminated . Phase ( Past immigration quotas and exclusionary policies were replaced by an immigration system that favors skilled and educated migrants , and the migration of immediate relatives of existing citizens ( family ) This led to huge growth in immigration , with most migrants coming from Asia , Latin America , and a greater diversity of countries than ever before . I ' i , 600 mi Powered by . 600 mi Powered by Comparison of percentage of each state population that is ( left ) and each state population that are naturalized US citizens ( right ) Do states with a greater number of residents have higher or lower percentages of their born residents becoming naturalized US citizens ?

Is there a connection ?

Data source US Census ) In Asia , the number of foreign migrants to the region two largest countries ( China , India ) is relatively few compared to countries within Europe and North America . While Asia is one of the main sources of emigrants to other countries in the world , migrants from foreign countries to Asia are often discouraged by local laws that do not allow for permanent immigration . Instead , most migration taking place in countries like China and India involves rural farmers moving from the countryside into cities in search of better employment and educational opportunities . Farmer Protests Highlight Distress in India ( Source ) Demographic Transition and Migration Countries that generate many emigrants are likely to be in stages and of the demographic transition ( see graphic below ) because the large natural increase in population ( blue ) meant an oversupply of laborers in those countries that may need to migrate and seek employment elsewhere . Countries that are seeking immigrants are likely to be in stages and of the demographic transition , as low fertility in

those countries means insufficient workers entering the workforce and a need for foreign laborers . The stages of the demographic transition um , mun . mum . Is a an . Slug I Stage sugu stage Stage Em high , LI ' Lu . Ir . gum . us . Review of the five stages of the demographic transition model ( Source Max , via Commons ) Migration in the Age of Globalization According to the Pew Charitable Trusts , an unprecedented number of people now live outside of their birth country . This is made possible by globalization , or the idea that countries are becoming more alike and interconnected due to ( faster and more reliable transportation options , and ( advances in telecommunication technologies ( internet , social media ) These advances in transportation and telecommunication also mean today migrants are more transnational in nature . They are able to stay connected to friends , family , and news from their birth countries , as well as with others who may have moved to other different countries . In other words , a transnational migrant may have family in different countries ,

speak different languages , own assets in different countries , and may even be a citizen of multiple countries . Take a look at the link below to see which countries in the world allow citizens to hold multiple . Countries That Allow Dual Citizenship 20 Click here to see which countries in the world allow a person to be a citizen of more than one country . By Wing Cheung , College Keeping the world interesting one map at a time Fundamentals of Human Geography by Wing Cheung is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International ( BY )