Fundamentals of Human Geography Chapter 12 Human Settlements

I I I an fa Chapter Human Settlements Introduction According to the United Nations , 57 of the population lives in urban areas ( 2021 ) compared to just 34 in 1961 . Urban population ( of total population ) Percentage of the world population living in urban areas ( Source The World Bank )

In developed countries , in major cities made room for new residential and commercial urban developments . Meanwhile , rapid urban expansion in developing countries is due to population growth and jobs created by the industries that recently relocated to those areas . This rapid expansion may overwhelm the limited housing and infrastructure in those areas , leading to the creation of slums and squatters in the city . In comparing urbanization trends in developed and developing countries , there are some notable differences The percentage of people living in urban areas in developed countries ( in 2020 ) is higher than the percentage in developing countries ( in 2020 ) The number of large cities in the world continues to increase , but an increasing number of these large cities are found in developing countries rather than developed countries . a Due to high birth rates , cities in developing countries are growing much faster than cities in developed countries , with many of them becoming or cities with more than 10 million residents . Learn more about the rise of in the world by watching the video below . and the rise of the A short video on the history of and recent urbanization trends . Rural Settlement Patterns Given that nearly half of the world population still lives in rural areas , we will discuss the general patterns in which

rural settlements are organized around the world . A comparison of dispersed , linear , and isolated rural settlements ( Source Corey Parson , via Commons ) settlements These are rural settlements where a number of families live close to each other , resulting in a collection of buildings and fields being concentrated in a defined area . Below are some examples of clustered settlement patterns . Compact settlement A town center consisting of bank ( school ( and market ( is surrounded by houses an farmlands . The houses are in turn surrounded by small garden plots , large cultivated areas , pastures , and woodlands in successive rings . Linear settlement Buildings are found along road , river , Or , A compact village in , India ( Source and agricultural lands are found , via Commons ) behind the buildings . Circular settlement A central open space is surrounded by structures such as houses , stables , and barns .

( Left ) A linear settlement in , England . Right ) A circular settlement in , Dispersed settlements These rural settlements have much lower density relative to settlements . Examples of dispersed settlements include scattered and isolated settlements , which differ mainly in their degree of separation from other fields or dwellings . Scattered settlement Small fields and dwellings that can be found in a variety of , including hill slopes , forests , foothills , and others . The dwellings in the same settlement may be separated by relatively large distances . Isolated settlement Farmers live on individual farms in their own settlements isolated from other farmers . This type of settlement is only possible in areas where undeveloped land is plentiful , as was the case in the American Midwest .

( Left ) A scattered settlement in , WI , US . Right ) An isolated settlement in Berlin , US . Urbanization Through Time As people in different world regions transitioned from hunting and gathering to farming and raising livestock , the world earliest cities came into existence in these regions , which are referred to as the hearths or of urbanization . The five hearths of urbanization ( in the order of oldest to most recent ) are . founded 3500 . Nile ( founded 3200 . founded 2200 . Yellow River ( Huang Ho ) founded 1500 . founded 200 .

The hearths of urbanization where the world earliest cities can be found . Source and Corey Parson , via Commons ) Ancient Greek cities From the earliest urbanization hearths in Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley , the idea of urbanization spread to the area around the Mediterranean Sea and led to the creation of various Greek cities ( Athens , Sparta ) by 800 . ATHENS Century The city plan of classical Athens including the locations of the agora and acropolis districts . Source Drawing by Ru from )

Some common features found in Greek cities include an ( acropolis , which is usually found on the city highest ground ( hilltop ) and contains religious and military structures and the ( agora , where one can find buildings that serve athletic , artistic , business , spiritual , and social purposes . I . I A Is The Acropolis of classical Athens ( Source Encyclopedia , 1911 , Public domain , via Commons ) Roman cities By around , most of the Greek have been conquered by the Romans . Unlike independent sufficient Greek , Roman cities are interconnected and connected to the capital city of Rome through its extensive network of roads . Within each Roman city , one can find paved streets organized in a grid pattern , water and sewage systems , and the center of the city political and commercial activities in the forum .

The city plan of including the location of the forum What are some of the buildings that are found in the forum ?

Source William Barnard Clarke , Public domain , via Commons ) After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in 476 , the once extensive road network of the empire fell into disrepair , and Europe entered the Dark Ages ( During this period , Roman cities were abandoned and trade declined in Europe , while urban life continued to in other parts of the world .

, i . HERE , 400 Powered by Selected Roman settlements and major roads in 11 . Note how nearly all settlements are connected to Rome by the empire road network . Data source Ancient World Mapping Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ) Medieval and renaissance cities Emerging from the Dark Ages , the medieval ( and the Renaissance periods ( saw the restoration of local and distance trade , and the creation of new cities ( over cities were created in Germany alone during this time ) A city of this time period generally contained Walls that Separated the City from the A statue ose ' de Sucre ( second President of Countryside a marketplace that Often Bolivia ) in the Plaza 25 de Mayo in the city , which was founded by the Spanish in 1538 as Ciudad also housed the town hall and a de la de la Nueva Toledo . Source Dan cathedral was usually the , via Commons ) dominant feature of the city . In addition , many European cities of the Renaissance period also has large , open town squares ( plazas ) where the wealthy inhabitants socialize . This feature was introduced by Spanish and Portuguese settlers to Latin America , and it is still found in many of the region cities today .

. 60 Powered by . Use the swipe tool to compare the aerial photo of modern , England ( left ) with ohn Speed engraved map of medieval from 1610 ( right ) Source ohn Speed , Public domain , via Commons ) Note the dominance of the cathedral in the city center , which still features prominently in the city today Industrial cities The industrial revolution that started in England in the late introduced new transportation technologies such as railroads and the steam engine . These technologies made it easier for people to move from rural areas into cities , primarily because cities promised higher wages and more opportunities . As a result , many towns boomed into major population centers over the span of one century . One example is Chicago , which had residents in 1837 , and million residents in 1930 . Many of these cities continue to grow rapidly and assumed the status of a primate city , which is defined as the culturally , politically , and economically dominant city in a country with at least twice as many residents as the next largest city in the country . Have a look at some examples of primate cities from around the world on the map below .

, 2000 hi Powered by , East Timor ( population ) is the primate city of East Timor , which is times larger than the next biggest city in the country , population ) ( population ) is the primate city of , which is times larger than the next biggest city in the country , population ) San Jose , Costa San Jose ( population ) is the primate city of Costa , which is times larger than the next biggest city in the country , Puerto ( population ) ( population ) is the primate city of , which is times larger than the next biggest city in the country , population ) ( population ) is the primate city of , which is times larger than the next biggest city in the country , Ganta ( population ) Budapest , Hungary

Budapest ( population ) is the primate city of Hungary , which is times larger than the next biggest city in the country , population ) As you can see in the map above , a primate city is not necessarily the most populated or the most significant city in the world , it is just a disproportionately large city in a country . Some primate cities are actually quite small and remote ( with a population of ) Keep in mind that not every country in the world will have these disproportionately large cities or primate cities in them . For example , Australia does not have a primate city , since its largest city , Sydney ( million people ) is only slighter larger than its next largest city , Melbourne ( million people ) A city that plays a key role in the global financial market is referred to as a world city . Some examples of world cities are London , New York , and Tokyo .

Organization of North American Cities Concentric zone model During the first half of the century , a city central business district ( downtown ) is the oldest part of the city and the transportation hub . It offers a diversity of services and has a variety of commercial and industrial buildings . The arrangement of different land use during this time period is idealized in the concentric zone model , where the residents tend to live closer to the in order to be close to their A Business Lowest income housing and Low ( lass residential Middle ( lass residential ( lays residential Ernest Burgess concentric zone model showing the location of a city different types of land use ( Source , Public domain , via Commons workplaces , and the residents live farther away from the since they can use their cars to commute to work in the . Other models In addition to the concentric zone model , other models that have been created to describe land use types within a North American city are the sector model and the model . Sector Model Key I can I I Low class Middle class I . class residential Homer Hoyt sector model showing the location of a city types of land use ( Source , Public domain , via Commons ) The sector model emphasizes that residents of different socioeconomic classes will settle in different shaped sectors ( rather than rings ) that extend from the . For example , the sector will be found in areas with characteristics desired by the wealthy ( high ground , waterfront , easy access to the , lots of open space , and privacy ) with authors )

Maui and Nuclei Model The model argues that the is not the only focal point I in a city . Specifically , a city may grow I from multiple focal points because different land uses have distinct needs . For example , a cluster or agglomeration of furniture stores may Harris and Edward multiple grow around highway to provide nuclei model showing the locations land easy access for customers , but far from use types may not only be related to their positions relative to the ( Source , Public domain , the expensive to minimize rent for Via Commons ) the extensive space needed for storage and showcase . Issues in Urbanization Decentralization and urban sprawl With the increasing availability of cars and highway construction in the second half of the century , urban sprawl became a common problem as residents moved from the into the ) relatively cheaper , purely residential A , suburbs built on lands once used for ' I usl agriculture . These residents were soon , i joined by shops , supermarkets , movie theaters , and other businesses which want to be closer to their customers . This led to the creation of the edge cities , which contain residential districts and commercial districts far from the . Over time , some of these edge cities turn into major urban centers , and combine with neighboring urban centers to form a gigantic urban region with major economic and

political powers known as a Two examples in the world are the Northeast megalopolis ( also known as since it extends from Boston to Washington . and the Belt megalopolis . Note how both cover large continuous stretches of urban and suburban areas and include a number of suburbs or edge cities and work in the the country major cities . Source NASA , Public they face the problems of domain , via Commons ) automobile dependence and traffic megalopolis . For those residents who live in the congestion , increased commute time and gasoline use , air pollution , and related health problems . At the same time , the once vibrant becomes decentralized as residents and businesses move away , leaving behind empty homes and commercial buildings in the , depressing property values , and depriving the city of the property tax that is needed to fund essential services ( schools , police ) Gentrification and displacement Since the , many cities have tried to attract housing developers and residents back to the abandoned with new amenities ( stadiums , roads , bus lines ) tax incentives , and lower rents ( since there are so many abandoned former factory buildings ) As White , wealthier , and more educated people from the cities moved back to the . The newcomers brought with them their wealth and attracted new businesses ( coffee shops , breweries , yoga studios ) that increased property values . This led to not only a revitalized with new housing and businesses , but also higher property values and rent hikes that displaced the poorer longtime , ethnic residents in a process known as gentrification .

Black families in Portland , Oregon have been displaced by since the . Can this program help them return to their longtime residences ?

Source via YouTube . Used with permission . By Wing Cheung , College Keeping the world interesting one map at a time Fundamentals of Human Geography by Wing Cheung is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International ( BY )