Dress, Appearance, and Diversity in US Part I Dress Theories and Concepts Chapter 6 Subculture and Group Membership

. SUBCULTURE AND GROUP MEMBERSHIP Module Learning Objectives ( In this chapter , you will Identify foundational concepts and theories related to , identity , appearance , and dress . Identify the factors that influence different aspects of subcultural dress . Explain the role of dress and appearance in identity development for different . Examine how marginalized communities in the United States use dress and appearance to negotiate their identities . Deconstruct your own perspective and approach to understanding the dress of . What Is a Subculture ?

are social groups , or groups of individuals who share similar lifestyles , belief systems , or other commonalities . Some subcultural groups have dress codes , whereas others do not . Sub means underneath or below therefore , subculture refers to individuals who are a part of a group that is different from the dominant culture or dominant people in a particular part of society ( Lennon , Johnson , Rudd , 2017 , Why Do Exist ?

exist because the dominant culture does not meet the needs or interests of members of the particular subculture . Therefore , these groups form to engage in lifestyles or activities that meet the needs of their interests or shared experiences related to a particular identity ( Lennon , Johnson , Rudd , 2017 , 292 )

49 SUBCULTURE AND GROUP MEMBERSHIP What are Examples of ?

There are numerous groups of people that could be classified as , for example hippies , groups , high school jocks , environmental activists , people in the furry community , people in the cosplay community , goths , and many more ( Lennon , johnson , Rudd , 2017 , 292 ) Even religious groups could be considered for instance , Mennonites are a group of individuals who follow a particular religion and wear a specific style ( Church of God in Christ 2021 ) All of these groups have shared interests , experiences , or identities , thus classifying them as a . a An interactive element has been excluded from this version of the text . You can view it online here Social Groups Individuals might identify with many types of social groups , which are defined by the connections between their members . These groups fall into two types primary and secondary . Primary groups are small , informal collections of individuals who interact with each other in personal , direct , and intimate ways . Secondary groups are groups to which individuals feel only limited ties . A subculture can be seen as a primary or secondary social group , depending on the type of culture and its members . Members of groups can be further categorized by their closeness and the extent to which they identify with their social group . membership memberships helps people feel Like they belong to the group A sense of togetherness membership In membership , people

SUBCULTURE AND GROUP MEMBERSHIP 50 feel like they do not belong to the group may make conscious decisions to avoid appearing For example , gangs are associations of peers with members who may engage in illegal activities . People may avoid being members ofa particular gang to escape violence death . Subculture membership Some subcultural groups have clear , distinct rules and definitions of members ( among these are some gangs , biker groups , and the Amish ) However , many groups are only loosely defined , and members have liminal membership . For example , members of might relate to some people in the subculture but not fully invest identity in one group have moderate to limited connections with other members of the same group borrow style ideas from several groups .

51 I GROUP MEMBERSHIP are Dependent on Context Distinct Example The Mennonites The Mennonites live in communal groups that stay fairly separate from mainstream society . women in Independence , Iowa . Image Source Rockman on BY SA . Women dress is highly symbolic . Rules for acceptable prints ( they change over time ) are carefully approved by men and women in the community .

GROUP MEMBERSHIP I 52 Liminal Example Burning Man The Burning Man festival began in the on Baker Beach in San Francisco but has become a , expensive event held in the Nevada desert for weeks each summer . Image Source Nevada BY The subculture community that forms each year is highly liminal and diverse . Watch this short film Somewhere in Between on Burning Man , subcultural style , and shifting by Denise Green from Cornell University . One or more interactive elements has been excluded from this version of the text . You can view them online here . To access a transcript for the video above , download this file Somewhere in Between Video

53 I SUBCULTURE AND GROUP MEMBERSHIP Subcultural Style often develop or have distinct styles reflecting their membership . Mainstream culture might respond to this outward expression of a subculture in many ways , but a common process one sees public response to subculture fashion is outlined below Initial response is often fear , Dominant culture can meet the unmet needs , Dominant culture the subcultural style ( Entrepreneurs the style , After , the subculture loses its initial power . Example Goth Subculture In the , British bands set the tone for Goth subculture to emerge . and the Banshees are considered founders of the movement , and the group typified the interest in dark , somber music . Over time , the Goth subculture was and sold to a mainstream audience through stores like Hot Topic , which originally focused on selling music brands before expanding into a wider range of merchandise catering to a more vague Goth aesthetic . This and the Banshees music video for the song Spellbound demonstrates the group dark , somber aesthetic . One or more interactive elements has been excluded from this version of the text . You can view them here To access a transcript for the video above , download this file and the Banshees Spellbound Video Transcript DOC Example Punk subculture Punk is difficult to define , due to its fluidity and complexity . The punk subculture , though , has roots in the in urban areas in the United States and the United Kingdom . Individuals who as punk typically reject aspects of mainstream society , including consumer lifestyles , politics , art , and ideologies . They frequently embody ideologies ( 2013 )

SUBCULTURE AND GROUP MEMBERSHIP 54 , or the creation from multiple and mixed things , is often described as central to punk aesthetics ( 1979 , 1994 , 1996 ) Symbols often associated with punk aesthetics include , for instance , studded leather belts and cuffs , pins , ripped clothing , unnatural hair colors , combat boots , and many other dress and appearance practices ( Bennett , 2006 ) Individuals mix and match multiple and varied items to create particular looks , a look influenced by the concept of . or , and iconography such as band logos and subversive imagery are also patterns used frequently to signify group membership ( 2013 ) The popularization of tartan or plaid in the punk aesthetic dates to designers and Malcolm McLaren ( the designers used the patterns in their early clothing lines in 1976 to signify those fighting battles or at war ( 2013 ) Another key concept in punk aesthetic is , or do it yourself . Individuals may repurpose items or create original look through sewing , crafting , or other means ( 2013 ) Punk aesthetics also include distressed apparel . The notion of dirty or clothing rejects mainstream concepts of acceptable appearances , which aligns with some parts of punk ideologies . It is important to note that there is no consistent look in a punk aesthetic for individuals who might as punk ( 2013 ) The media has perpetuated stereotypical images from early punk bands such as the Dead , the Sex Pistols , and many others where band members wore garments such as leather pants , safety pins , and torn clothing . These early media representations helped define what the dominant culture or the public at large viewed and defined as definitively punk , punk aesthetics , and punk identities ( 2013 ) However , these media representations do not solely represent what embodying and expressing a punk identity means for everyone . Motivations to embrace a punk style , aesthetic or identity are varied . In her book on punk style , interviewed an individual who explained that for him , punk is not expressed through his appearance but through his overall attitude . He said , older . so when I was a punk rocker , a lot of it was attitude . It was so much the clothing . We did have Hot Topic , you know . There was anybody that was catering to a punk aesthetic like there is now . you know , it was a lot more , reflected personality a lot more I think back then ( 2013 , This example highlights how though sometimes we express our identities through our appearance , this is not always the case . The evolution of punk from a subcultural community to a product by high fashion is evident in the Metropolitan Museum of Art 2013 exhibition Punk Chaos to Couture , which was mounted in 2013 ( In the exhibition , you can view individuals from the early punk movement , such as Paul Cook and John , members of the band the Sex Pistols and see how their styles and aesthetics influenced high fashion designers such as Martin , Gianni Versace , and Comme des . The punk subculture and style began in the third quarter ofthe century and continues into the . Punk styles have transformed over time , yet core aspects of punk style include , appropriation , distress , subversive imagery , rejections of mainstream society . These styles reflect the overall attitude that embodies punk identity . Watch this film on .

55 SUBCULTURE AND GROUP MEMBERSHIP One or more interactive elements has been excluded from this version of the text . You can view them online here ?

To access a transcript for the video above , download this file Video Transcript DOC Watch this short film on punk , punk identity , and dress . a One or more interactive elements has been excluded from this version of the text . You can view them online here Watch this short film on how subcultural style and roller derby . One or more interactive elements has been excluded from this version of the text . You can view them online here References Bennett A . 2006 ) Punk not dead The continuing significance of punk rock for an older generation of fans . Sociology , 40 ( 1979 ) Subculture The meaning of style . London . Lennon , Johnson , Rudd , 2017 ) Social psychology of dress . London . 1994 ) From sidewalk to catwalk . New York Thames Hudson . 2013 ) Punk style . London . 1996 ) A time to rack A social history of rock roll . New York Books .

SUBCULTURE AND GROUP MEMBERSHIP I 56 Subculture and Group Membership Case Study Step One Become familiar with the case study . The case study attached below is a Word document and can be downloaded . It includes the task , evaluation , and template for the case study Subculture and Group Membership Case Step Two Submit your complete assignment on Canvas . Format your document . Remember to check the submission against the rubric .