Explore the Data Analysis in the Psychological Sciences A Practical, Applied, Multimedia Approach Glossary study material pdf and utilize it for learning all the covered concepts as it always helps in improving the conceptual knowledge.
ry CASTRO central tendency Value , normally located around the center of a data distribution , that is most representative of the entire set of scores . condensed scores Also named composite or scale scores These scores are created from multiple observation of different variables . confidence interval ( CI ) A confidence interval ( CI ) is as a range of plausible values for the population mean ( or another population parameter such as a correlation ) calculated from our sample data . A with a 95 percent confidence level has a 95 percent chance of capturing the population parameter . continuous variable A variable for which there are an infinite number of possible values between two . correlational analysis Statistical technique that allows you to determine to what extent two variables are associated so that , when one changes the other one changes as well . correlational study A research study in which the researcher measures two or Glossary
more variables . The researcher does not set the values of any of the variables . data Set of observations representing the values of the variables under study ( singular datum plural data ) dependent variable A variable whose properties , characteristics , or qualities are observed , measured , and recorded , as they occur . descriptive statistics Type of statistics used to organize and summarize the properties of a . discrete variable A variable that consists of separate , indivisible categories No values can exist between two neighboring categories . experimental study A research study in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables ( independent variables ) and then measures one or more other variables ( dependent variables ) In an experiment , there is at least one independent variable and at least one dependent variable . external validity Evaluation of how well the results of a study generalize to individuals , tasks , or situations beyond those in the study itself . hypothesis Tentative statement about how variables are related or 128 Glossary
how one may cause another hypothesis plural hypotheses . independent variable A variable whose properties , characteristics , or qualities are entirely determined or set by the experimenter inferential statistics Statistical analyses and techniques that are used to make inferences beyond what is observed in a given sample , and make decisions about what the data mean . linear regression Statistical technique that tries to capture a linear relationship between two ( simple linear regression ) or more ( multiple linear regression ) variables . ordinal variable A variable whose values specify a position in a sequence or list . It uses a number to do this , such as , but these numbers do not refer to an amount of something outcome variable The variable that we are trying to predict or understand in a regression analysis . Also called response or criterion variable . outliers An individual value in a that is substantially different ( larger or smaller ) than the other values in the . Glossary
parameter A value ( normally , a numerical value ) that describes a population . population The entire set of individuals of interest for a given research question . predictor variable The variable that may be responsible for the values of the outcome variable in a regression analysis . Also called explanatory variable . qualitative variable A variable whose values do not represent an amount of something rather , they represent a quality . Also called categorical variable . quantitative variable A variable whose values are indicated by numbers . sample A set of individuals selected from a population , typically intended to represent the population in a research study . statistic A value ( normally , a numerical value ) that describes a sample . subject variable A variable whose properties , characteristics , or qualities vary across research subjects , but are relatively stable Glossa ry
within subjects ( across time ) are extremely difficult or impossible to manipulate by the experimenter . summary Scores created from multiple observations of the same variable under the same set of conditions tail The end sections of a data distribution where the scores taper off . theory A statement or set of statements that describes general principles about how variables relate to one another . variability A quantitative measure of the differences among scores in a distribution . It describes to what extent the scores are clustered together or spread out . variable Each of the concepts , notions , dimensions , or elements that can be manipulated , measured , analyzed in a research study . Glossary