Contemporary Families An Equity Lens Textbook Chapter 4 Housing

4444444444 09 . HOUSING ) I 111 HOUSING QUESTIONS As you read this chapter , consider the following questions What are houselessness and housing insecurity ?

Where do most families in the live ?

What are some institutional barriers to home ownership and who are those barriers most likely to affect ?

What are and ?

What is the purpose of the Fair Housing Act and how successful has it been ?

How do economics and power relate to home ownership ?

How does where you live relate to other aspects of family life , such as health ?

What are some solutions to the housing challenges that families in the face ?

112 I HOUSING HOUSING ! Elizabeth Pearce Katherine Hemlock and Carla I just feel like I influence people because I like I was practically homeless . Housing is another word for the place that families go each night to find shelter not only from the physical , but also to enough emotional safety that they can become centered , rejuvenated , and sleep securely . In the best scenarios it provides not only security , but a place for families to love and nurture the self and one another . a famous rapper ( born as ) describes being able to move out of her abusive boyfriend home with money earned from her work stripping in a club . There were two pit bulls in that house , and I had asthma . There were bed bugs , too , she told . On top of that , I felt like my was Figure . rose from poverty to fame .

NOW ! I 113 cheating on me , but it was like even if he was cheating on me , I still can leave was I gon na go ?

In case , she had safety from the outside physical world . But she was not safe inside her home . This is just one example of the complexities of housing , and the ways that inequities play out in the United States . Income is the primary determining factor in housing access . Price , availability , location , and all play a role , but a family annual income is the main determinant in housing Therefore , inequities in income distribution directly affect housing access , and the capability of families to be safe , secure , and able to function to their maximum potential . grew up living between two different Bronx neighborhoods in New York City . When she describes her parents , she says , I have real good parents , they poor . They have regular , poor jobs and what not , she said in an interview with Global Grind . They real good people and what not , I was just raised in a bad society . It is common in the for families to have multiple , with multiple jobs , and still be unable to afford adequate housing . and temporary jobs frequently come with lower pay and fewer benefits such as health care , sick leave , and other paid and unpaid leaves . This makes it harder to budget for regular expenses such as food and housing . These jobs are unequally distributed by sex , immigration status , and ethnic groups . Affordable housing is as housing that can be accessed and maintained while ing for and meeting other basic needs such as food , it is Common in the for families to , access to work and school , clothing , and health have with care . Diverse income levels , reinforced by governmental Still be afford adequate and lending practices that discriminate based on ethnic groups , immigration status , and socioeconomic status , widen the gap between those who are housing secure , housing insecure , and homeless . A . 2017 , September 27 ) Haw to become rapper in 19 to tap the . Tilly , 2006 ) The economic environment of housing Income inequality and insecurity . In , Stone , and , A right ta new agenda ( Temple University Press . Singh , 2019 , October 10 ) How went from a ta rapper . Business Insider .

114 Houselessness In 2019 , over a half million Americans were considered houseless . Many of these are children and youth . In early 2018 , just over people in families with children experienced houselessness . More than young people ( under the age of 25 ) were unaccompanied youth who were houseless on their own most of those ( 89 ) were between the ages of 18 and 24 These recent statistics were collected for Oregon ( 2019 ) Total Houseless Population ' Total Family Households Experiencing Houselessness ' Veterans Experiencing Houselessness ' Persons Experiencing Chronic Houselessness ' Unaccompanied Young Adults ( Aged ) Experiencing Houselessness ' Total Number of Houseless Students ' Total Number of Unaccompanied Houseless Students ' Nighttime Residence , Unsheltered ' Nighttime Residence Shelters . Department of Housing and Urban Development . 2018 , December ) 2018 annual armament report to Congress . United States Council on Homelessness . 2019 , January ) Oregon homelessness statistics .

A recent national survey that included ton Community College ( in Albany , gon found that students at the institution had higher levels of houselessness than do their counterparts nationally . With a response rate of , 558 of surveyed students in the 2019 Survey Report by Temple University in 2019 . 19 of students reported experiencing houselessness in the past year , compared with 17 nationally . In tion , 53 of students reported experiencing housing insecurity ( described below ) in the past year , compared with 50 nationally . This report indicates that more than half of munity college students are struggling with some kind of stress related to having a safe , stable place to HOUSING ! 115 . of I College I Percentage ) Food Insecurity Homelessness 2019 sum , Figure . A recent national survey that included Community College ( in Albany , Oregon found that students at the institution had higher levels of houselessness than do their counterparts nationally . care for themselves and their families . Demographic factors that indicate a higher rate of houselessness and housing insecurity include being female , transgender , Native American , Black , and 21 or older . Although men , Whites , young students ( and athletes were less likely to experience houselessness or housing insecurity , they still did so in . Coca , Looker , Williams , 2019 , April ) College and university basic needs Insecurity A national survey report . The Hope Center .

116 Living in tents , couch and car sleeping all are forms of houselessness . In an effort to provide stability and safety to the houseless population , formal called Tent Cities have popped up across America in response to the cost of living and other societal . Dignity Village in Portland Oregon provides a munity that is and offers a bit of security . Because the majority of Tent Cities are not officially legal , people living in them lack stability and live under the Figure 94 , The Wayne Morse Federal threat of being swept or evicted . In 2017 , there were 255 Courthouse is within sight of a temporary location of the Homeless Camp in Eugene , Oregon . tent cities reported across the US , ranging in size from 10 to over 100 people living in them . Of those tent cities where legality was reported , 75 percent were illegal , 20 percent silently sanctioned , and percent Tent cities are a response to the fact that most shelter beds are maxed out and affordable housing has not become available in response to the growing Houseless shelters provide needed temporary immediate service to over million Americans each Primarily federally funded , many organizations also provide support and temporary shelter for and individuals . Some are so full that they sleep people in shifts , especially in the cold of winter . Many houseless people have nowhere to go during the day however , day shelters such as Rose Haven in Portland , Oregon , offer dignity and services to those in need . The shelter serves about individuals , including women , children , and gender people who experience trauma , poverty , and health challenges . Tensions exist amongst tent dwellers , staff , and users of shelters , and the business and . This is in , Oregon , where the community has struggled for years to a manent location for the men overnight shelter . Advocates for people who are houseless argue for a location close to needed city services accessibility is important when walking , bicycling , and public are the primary modes of getting around . These needs bump up against business owners desires for welcoming environments . Most recently , churches outside of the downtown area have allowed people to erect tents on the church property ?

With the outbreak of the pandemic , more people who are houseless . Invisible People . How many people live in tent encampments ?

I . 2017 , February ) Shelter funding for houseless individuals and families brings tradeoff . Center for Poverty Research , University of California , Davis . Hall , 2019 , April 10 ) Benton County homeless council reboot moves ahead . Albany Democrat Herald .

117 are moving into tents , and the city has intentionally stopped removing illegal campsites . In addition , is providing hygiene centers that include showers , laundry , and food The socially constructed ideas of normal or acceptable identities are barriers to many people in ing shelter , housing and other services . In houseless shelters , transgender women may be refused admittance by the women shelter and at risk of violence at the men shelter . More progress must be made to provide for all , regardless of Another barrier some women with children face in seeking shelter from domestic violence is the shelter rules themselves . Early curfews and overly strict rules can compromise the empowerment of residents . Many women domestic violence themselves facing punitive and environments that mimic the patterns of control they are trying to escape . The Washington State coalition against domestic violence , called Building Dignity , explores design strategies for domestic violence emergency housing . Thoughtful design by meeting their needs for , security and connection . The idea here is to reflect a to creating welcoming accessible environments that help to empower survivors and their 12 Housing Insecurity Housing insecurity is less transparent than houselessness . People who are houseless are somewhat visible , but we may be less likely to know whether or not someone is housing insecure . That because it is an umbrella term that encompasses many characteristics and conditions . Signs of housing insecurity include missing a rent or utility payment , having a place to live but not having certainty about meeting basic needs , experiencing mal or informal evictions , foreclosures , couch , and frequent It can also include being exposed to health and safety risks such as mold , vermin , and lead , overcrowding , and personal safety fears such as living situation , which she describes as practically homeless , illustrates housing insecurity . 10 . Day , 2020 , May ) to aid shelter hygiene center . Albany Democrat Herald . 11 . National Center for Transgender Equality . 2019 , June ) The Equality Act What transgender people need to know . 12 . Washington State Coalition Against Domestic Violence . Building dignity Design strategies for domestic violence shelter . 13 . Office Development and Research . US Department and Urban Development . Measuring housing insecurity in the American housing survey . Edge Magazine . 14 . Health People 2020 . Prevention and Health Promotion . Housing instability .

118 I HOUSING ) Housing insecurity can be as a social problem the current estimates are that of all are housing insecure . The increase in the number of households , households that pay 30 or more of monthly income toward housing , is dramatic amongst families who rent homes . Since 2008 , these households increased by billion to include billion by 2014 . And households with the most severe cost burden ( paying 50 or more for housing ) increased to a record By , a household is one that also faces housing instability and insecurity . Somewhere Between A housing system that is often left out of the standard talks regarding housing is immigrant housing . There are many immigrants who come to the United States as part of a program , which dates back to 1942 with the Bracero Program and continues through the hiring today of workers . Although these folks are called guest workers , they are not treated in the way that we imagine treating guests when it comes to living spaces . The Bracero Program was an agreement between the United States and Mexico which was signed into law by Congress in 1942 . This program was initially designed to bring in a few Mexican laborers to harvest sugar beets in California . What was thought to be a small gram eventually drew at its peak more than workers a year . When it was abolished in 1964 , a total million jobs had been filled by Mexican citizens . After the Bracero gram , foreign workers could still be imported for agricultural work under the program , which was created in 1943 when the Florida sugar cane industry obtained permission to hire Caribbean workers to cut sugar cane on temporary visas . The program was revised in 1986 and was divided into the agricultural program and the program which are still up and running today . These programs provide temporary jobs and income for workers but do not offer any advantage in terms of establishing residency or citizenship in the United States . The protections provided to these guest workers vary depending on the program they are under , so the quality of living varies widely but is often low quality . The housing lack basic necessities and are often in areas considered to be dangerous . Many guest workers themselves living in containers that later may . oint Center for Housing Studies . Harvard University . 2016 , une 22 ) The state ofthe nation housing 16

16 . HOUSING NOW ! I 119 be split up between many workers . Other guest workers themselves living in what are called Tent Cities , placed right next to the where they are picking crops . One tent is provided to multiple guest workers or an entire family . These living spaces are often in very rural locations , which isolate these workers and make them totally reliant on their employers . Many employers forbid them from bringing visitors , which reinforces the guest workers dependence on the employer and limits the likelihood of reports about the poor living conditions or . other The Influence of Institutions Governments and Lending Institutions Federal , state , and local governments all housing access via laws , zoning rules , permitting processes , and regulations . In addition , the government has the power to regulate the way that most Americans access home ownership , which is a loan agreement between an individual or couple and a lending institution such as a bank or credit union . In fact , it is the lending institution who owns any home , until the individual or ple completely pays the mortgage , which is a combination of the home original price and the interest that is charged , typically over a , or loan . Together , government and lending institutions control who can borrow money , where they can access housing , the down payment required , and the interest rate that each family pays . These regulations do not treat all lies equally socioeconomic status , identity , marriage and sexuality , and immigrant and tion status have all played a role in lending policies over time in the United States . Immigrants and individuals with Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals ( status have securing loans due to , II In Figure 95 Government and institutions ambiguous federal legislation affecting their status . People control who can borrow money , where they can access housing , the down payment required , and the interest rate that each family pays . who do not have a social security number are eligible for loans , but these typically require a higher down payment and higher interest rates . Home foreclosures added to the economic disparity following the housing market crash of 2008 . Over half Southern Poverty Law Center . Guest worker rights . Retrieved February 20 , 2020 , from

120 i HOUSING NOW of US States were affected by prior predatory lending practices and lack of oversight of the banking system . Uninsured , private market subprime loans were made available with looser requirements , quickly driving up the price of homes so that some people owed more on their house than it was worth . Many were considered underwater in their loans or in their home value and defaulted on payments . Banks took back homes and many families were forced into shelters , into living in their cars , or into the homes of family members increasing the numbers of , housing insecure , and houseless families . where Families Live Considering the location of families in the United States , we will briefly look at three factors geography hold size and types of locations , which commonly include urban , suburban , and rural communities . a relatively new term , describes areas just outside of suburban communities which typically feature low density housing and large homes . These may overlap into farm or forested areas , but are not considered rural . Geography , Population distribution is divided into four main regions by Regions and DIVISIONS lhe United States . the Census Bureau in order to register the population the Northeast , Midwest , South , and West see the map below for divisions within regions . Population is spread unevenly across the United States with density focused in the Northeast and Southern regions , and two smaller divisions the East North Central in the Midwest , and the division of the West , which includes Oregon . mum . Figure . The Census Bureau divides the ' United States into four regions the Northeast , Midwest , South , and West . Although the population of the United States is ing , the rate of growth is slowing as exemplified by the most populous states listed in descending order nia , Texas , Florida , and New York and for the states that are increasing in population . The four states that have the largest numeric growth in the past ten years are Texas , Florida , Arizona and North Carolina . The states with the Figure . Population is spread unevenly across most growth , percentage wise , are Idaho , Nevada , the United States .

! i 121 , and Utah , experiencing between and growth in the past year ( For comparison , Oregon grew in the same time Communities Where families live can also be examined related to living in urban , suburban , rural , and areas . Over the second half of the century and the first part of the century , families generally moved away from urban centers and into the suburbs . But the recession of reversed that trend and urban areas made some growth , while suburbs and declined . Since 2016 , the overall trend has again shifted , increasing family growth in suburbs and metropolitan areas ( as opposed to urban cores ) with Midwestern metro areas seeing the most growth ?

To understand the demographics of who lives in which kind of community , read this article from the Pew Research Center What Unites and Divides Urban Suburban and Rural Communities . Values , groups , and education are all factors in family location . Environments and locations have differing health advantages and risks . Air quality , access to green spaces , clean water , and places to recreate are often described as quality of life factors . But a greater emphasis is ical as these are considered to be as important to overall health as are genetics and Air and water will be discussed more in depth in the Food , Water , and Air chapter of this text . With the advent of restrictions related to the pandemic of , home environments have become even greater a factor in our overall health . For more on how to assess your environment and its importance to health , watch this TALK with Bill . Household Size Household size had been declining from 1790 through 2010 , going from an average size of people to people . Since then it has increased to people in 2018 . This increase is likely due to several factors . The 17 . United States Census Bureau . 2019 , December 30 ) 2019 US population estimates continue to show the nation growth is slowing . 18 . Portland State University . 2019 , November 15 ) Population Research Center releases preliminary Oregon tion estimates . 80 19 . 2018 , March 26 ) US population disperses to suburbs , rural areas , and middle of the country . The Institution . 20 . Office of the Surgeon General . Department of Health and Human Services . 2019 , May 14 ) Healthy homes reports and publications . Retrieved May 14 , 2020 , from

122 NOW recession affected Families across the United States and many families doubled up in their housing . In tion , the trend of young adults living with their parents for longer periods of time decreases the number of independent And there is an increase in households . This reflects the growing diversity in the United States Asian , Hispanic , and Black families are more likely to live in generational households than are The trend of increasing household size is important to note because it will likely impact the economy in the United States if it continues , as it will that amount of new housing construction . Licenses and Open Content , Shared Previously . live auf dem 2019 by Frank License . home sweet home by . License . Homeless Camp Eugene Oregon ) by . License . Photo by . License terms of use . 96 . Census Regions and Division ofthe United States by US Census Bureau . Public domain . Population Distribution in the United States and Puerto Rico by US Census . Public domain . All Rights Reserved Content . Comparison of Basic Needs Insecurity Rates ( The Hope Center . Used with mission . 21 . Fry , 2019 , October ) The number ofpeople in the average household is going up for the first time in over 160 years . Pew Research Center . 22 . Brown , Cox , 2019 , April ) Views on race in America 2019 . Pew Research Center . 2019 04 09

INEQUITIES 123 FINDING A HOME INEQUITIES Elizabeth Pearce Carla Katherine Hemlock and Dempsey Finding a place to call home is important . Living in a place that supports access to outdoor spaces , a feeling of security , effective schools , transportation , food and other resources and the potential for community are quality factors that affect a family abilities to function effectively and efficiently . We might call these livable Home ownership has been and is still the most basic and viable way to accrue wealth in the United States . Access to home ownership is important to families for both livability and investment purposes . Uncovering the inequities in access to home ownership is critical to understanding the of families in the United States . Power and the American Dream Home Ownership The government and organizations both hold substantial power in the United States . Together , they affect how homes are purchased and who can purchase them . Although we know that race is a social tion , it is still used as an identifying feature for families , and has been used by these systems to control home purchases and to segregate living areas . We will discuss housing from the perspective of groups affected by these regulations and practices . As noted above , households that rent homes rather than buy are on the increase more people are renting now than at any time in the last years . This is not due to lack of desire to own a home in a 2016 Pew Research Center Survey , 72 of renters said that they desire to own a Denial rates for mortgages continue to be higher for Black and Hispanic applicants . When they are approved , they tend to have higher monthly payments , which increases the cost burden on families . This is typically due to having fewer resources with which to make a down While it may be obvious that home ownership increases stability and enables individuals and families to accrue wealth , it is also true that home ownership has a effect on the life satisfaction of . Geiger , AW , Fry , 2017 , July 19 ) More US households are renting than at any point in 50 years . Pew Research Center . Desilver , 2017 , 10 ) Blacks , Hispanics face mortgage challenges . Pew Research Center . 20

124 INEQUITIES people . Home buyers have been found to have higher levels of life satisfaction and may also have increased esteem and a sense of control compared to It is impossible to talk about lower rates of home ownership amongst groups without discussing the practices of intentional segregation and gouging enacted by the federal government , lending institutions , local governments and housing covenants enacted following the legal end of slavery in the United States . Figure . Segregated neighborhoods did not come about organically , but through deliberate planning of policies and practices . is the discriminatory practice of refusing loans to applicants in neighborhoods that banks deem undesirable or racially occupied . Although became an emblem of the American and the American dream during the century , Blacks and other nationalities were specifically limited in their abilities to purchase homes . Both the federal ment , which created the Home Owners Loan Corporation in 1933 and the Federal Housing Association ( in 1934 , along with the real estate industry , worked to gate Whites from other groups in order to preserve property values . Lending institutions and the federal government did this by creating maps in which the places where people of color or individuals lived were colored red . Then those areas were designated to be dangerous or risky in terms of loaning practices . Because families in these same groups were often denied access to the neighborhoods designated to be good or the best they were forced to take loans that required higher down payments or higher interest rates . A . 1994 ) The effects of On the , perceived control and life people . Journal ofthe American Planning Association , 60 ( 01944369408 975

HOME 125 The Home Owners Loan Corporation , which lated home loans , created residential security maps divided into four different categories Green The best for businessmen Blue Good for families Yellow Declining for families Red Detrimental or Dangerous for born people , Whites , and negroes . i These ratings indicated to lending institutions how Figure . Lending institutions and the federal risky it was to provide loans by area . It was then less government Created maps in which the places where people of color lived were colored red . likely that loans could be secured in the red and yellow neighborhoods interest and payments would be higher . Unscrupulous private lenders used this opportunity to create unfair practices such as unreasonably high with devastating consequences if one payment or partial payment was missed , such as the Black owner losing their home and all equity that had been In 1968 , these practices were outlawed by the Fair Housing Act , which was part of the Civil Rights Act . The Fair Housing Act is an attempt at providing equitable housing to all . It makes discriminating against one based on skin color , sex , religion , and disability illegal , Also banned is the practice of real estate lowballing , where banks underestimate the value of a home , in effect forcing a borrower to come up with a larger down payment to compensate for the lower loan value . The offering of higher interest rates , insurance , and terms and conditions to minority loan applicants is illegal . Denying loans and services on the basis of an applicant class is also illegal . Still , much damage was done prior to its passage . For decades , the federal government poured tax monies into home loans that almost exclusively favored White families . Home ownership is the most accessible way to build equity and wealth and it was denied to many minority families for decades . Once the Fair Housing Act passed , local governments , residential covenants , and deed continued to discriminate well into the , and families in groups still had less success in achieving home loans . The result of these institutionalized efforts resulted in residential segregation , the physical separation of two or more groups into different neighborhoods . Many times this is associated with race , but it can also be with income . Segregated neighborhoods did not come about organically , but through deliberate planning of policies and practices that have systematically denied equal opportunity to minority populations . Coates , 2014 , June ) The case for reparations . The Atlantic .

126 HOME tion has been present in the United States for many years , and while now it is illegal to do so , it has been in neighborhood patterns . From information collected in the 2010 census , we see that a typical White person lives in a neighborhood that is 75 White and African American , while a typical African American person lives in a neighborhood that is 35 White and 45 African One or more interactive elements has been excluded from this version of the text You can View them online ?

Play this video for a summary of housing segregation in the United States . As a recipient of federal funding , the city of Portland is required to abide by the rules of the Fair Housing Act , but like many cities in the United States , Portland has a history of and other discriminatory . In order to better understand Portland practices , learning about Oregon history is useful . The Oregon Encyclopedia contains a summary of Black exclusion laws in Oregon these laws were put in place when the state was founded in order to discourage people of color from settling in Oregon . Between 1900 and 1930 , Portland began zoning practices , the act of separating land based on what it will be used for , such as residential , industrial , and commercial . In 1924 , Portland approved its first zoning code , Zone , Zone , Zone , and Zone . Most residential areas were designated Zone , except for 15 neighborhoods considered the highest quality that were designated Zone , 2020 , March 30 ) Even as metropolitan areas diversify , White Americans still live in mostly White hoods . The Institution . Hughes , et al . 2019 , September ) Historical context planning A history ofhow planning segregated Portland . Bureau of Planning and Sustainability . City of Portland , Oregon .

127 Table . Some of the neighborhoods that were designated Zone One Data from Mapping in New Deal Neighborhood Environment Occupants Building Zone Convenience to schools , churches , shopping centers and transportation . Fully Foreign born Few to none rooms Alameda . improved streets and Black Few to none mansions of utilities and conveniences . Schools , churches , transportation , recreational Foreign born Few to none rooms and trading areas Black Few to none mansions reasonably available . Convenience to grade schools , churches , transportation , recreational Foreign born Few to none rooms . and trading centers . Black Few to none houses Presence of all utilities and conveniences . A sheltered and secluded neighborhood of great . born Few to none . natural appeal . Schools , Mansions and Farm houses Black Few to none churches and trading centers reasonably available . Between the and , Portland City Council rezoned large areas zoning to zoning . This was done to protect real estate Values of homes and make it easier for homeowners to obtain Federal Housing Administration loans in those areas . During this time , roughly square miles was rezoned from to housing . This Figure 910 . Portland City Council rezoning in was used as a tool to further reinforce racial segregation by the was used as a tool to further , I restricting federal and private lending . It made it difficult , reinforce racial segregation . sometimes even impossible , for residents living in lined neighborhoods to receive residential and commercial loans . Neighborhood planning from 1960 to 1970 included the ideas of residents instead of only the real estate industry . In 1973 , a Senate bill was passed which eventually led to the creation of the state land use planning . Nelson , et al . Mapping inequality in New Deal America . University of Richmond . Retrieved March , 2020 , from panorama

128 program . This program required cities to have a plan to accommodate growth . There was a strong interest from Portland residents in housing policies which would distribute housing throughout the entire Portland area , Although many strong neighborhood associations formed , power continued to reside with the more affluent , mostly White neighborhoods , and the 1980 Comprehensive Plan favored expanding and protecting zones . In 1994 , the Community and Neighborhood Planning Program was adopted to address issues that sprouted after the Comprehensive Plan . With this they did the opposite of what had been done for many years in the past by expanding the zones , Central City , Outer Southeast , Southwest , Inner Southeast , Peninsula area , Northwest Portland , and Northeast Portland were as focus neighborhoods . The gram involved staggering the plans and completing them periodically and systematically . The program sought to expand and intermix housing , but it was met with resistance and controversy that led to uneven results . came forward in 2005 as an effort to engage community members , especially those from represented communities , in developing a shared vision of Portland , They wanted to focus on providing a space for other folks who previously had no say in the future of Portland to now have the opportunity for input . This new way of thinking about equity in planning led to the development of new goals and policies in the most updated version of the Comprehensive Plan in 2016 . Today , zoning accounts for approximately 74 of the total land area for housing in Portland . Since the , very little change has occurred with the original 15 zones . These neighborhoods have remained stable and demographically homogeneous with low levels of vulnerability to displacement and tend to be the zones for White households . Similarly , the zones designated as less desirable are homes for many from marginalized groups , and contain fewer Figure . Portland has failed to create more resources and amenities desired by families . mixed So what can we learn from this ?

Portland land use planning history , intentional or not , has resulted in crimination and segregation . These planning practices and the decisions made have predominantly and privileged White homeowners while communities of color have been burdened , excluded , and displaced . for collective improvement is often complicated when it affects individual outcomes . The same people who may believe in equity may also resist change when they perceive that it affects them ally . This is called the Not in my Backyard ( phenomenon and likely affected Portland failure to move toward creating more mixed neighborhoods . Portland and all cities can do better . Fair housing can be achieved by understanding the history and then creating policy change which will lead to more equitable outcomes .

A HOME 129 Blue Lining is a current banking and lending issue as a result of climate change . Real estate that is considered high risk due to low elevation may not qualify for loans . With the current rate of ocean warming , sea levels are expected to rise and warm water will generate storms that displace millions of people in the United States and worldwide . Flooding could displace 126 million people , or 40 of the population , by 2021 . tion is the act of people relocating to areas less devastated by , storms , drought , lack of clean water or economic disaster due to the forces of climate change . Figure . Flooding could displace 126 million people , or 40 of the US . population , by 2021 . Many American families relocate as jobs disappear or land becomes or arid . In response to immediate disaster , many families move to live with relatives or friends . Some families have nowhere to turn . In January 2018 , people were staying in sheltered locations specifically for people displaced by presidentially

130 A HOME declared national disasters . People in these locations were displaced from areas struck by Hurricanes Harvey , Irma , Maria , and Nate western and other storms and Climate change has also changed the economic desirability of entire regions , creating a new divide between the poor and the privileged . In the Southern California region of Los Angeles , shade has become an precious commodity , giving respite from the searing heat that bakes the community during longer , hotter warm . In the , the lure of the California sunshine attracted settlers from across the US to propel LA into a major metropolis , Now , shade provided by large neighborhoods and areas of upscale urban design are enjoyed by the but absent for those who need it the most . There is a public health benefit from trees , with studies showing benefits like lower asthma and improved mental health for those exposed to . People who live in less desirable neighborhoods and use public transportation also wait at the more than 750 bus Figure . People who live in less desirable neighborhoods and use public transportation suffer the highest heat index in an earlier They spend more time outdoors traveling to jobs and stops where police ordered the removal or minimization needed resources and suffer the highest heat . Henry , Robinson , Watt , 2018 , December ) The 2018 Annual less Assessment Report ( to Congress . US . Department of Housing and Urban Development . Arango , 2019 , December ) Why shade Is a mark of privilege in Los Angeles . The New York Times .

FINDING A HOME I 131 The accessibility of is proving to have a direct impact on health . This will be discussed more in the Food , Water , and Air chapter . Reservation Land and Home Ownership There is another group of families unable to build capital via home ownership Native American Indians who reside on reservations . When the United States government Figure . The accessibility of is proving to have a direct impact on health . sequestered Native Americans to reservation lands , it also retained ownership of that land , creating a ward guardian relationship between the government and the Indian Nations , as characterized by Supreme Court Marshall in The government holds reservation lands in trust for the tribe nations . While there is much public debate about other aspects of tribal rights such as casinos , and the effects of using Native or Indian images and names for sport teams , there is little discussion about the ways the has limited the abilities of Native Americans to own property within the communities where they This most basic way of building equity in a country that values individualism and capitalism has been restricted for the people who have inhabited it the longest . Native Americans have the highest poverty rate of any group ( 28 in 2015 ) and it is likely that the control the government has exerted over their ing conditions contributes to this Fair Housing Act What legally constitutes as a family has influenced a multitude of the availability of resources and within that bubble of needs , housing is one of them . Housing distribution appears to have always been a necessity that was historically discriminatory towards groups regarding social identities such as race , sexual , gender and sex , country of origin , and disability . The Fair Housing Act passed in 1968 originally banned the sale and rental of housing ( and other housing practices ) indicating preference or discrimination 10 . Cherokee Nations Georgia , 30 ( Pet . 1831 ) 11 . Riley , 2016 , July 30 ) One way to help Native Americans property rights . The Atlantic . 12 . Census Bureau . 2015 , November ) Facts for Features American Indian and Alaska Native Heritage Month November

132 I based on race , color , religion or national origin . In 1974 , it was amended to include sex , and in 1988 , people with disabilities and people with children . To date , it does not include gender identity or sexual orientation . Only a handful of states have made it illegal to discriminate based on sexual orientation and gender identity , and that creates a challenge for couples . Socially constructed ideas of normal or acceptable identities are barriers to many people in accessing shelter , housing , and many other services . in the case of houseless shelters , transgender women may be refused admittance by the women shelter and at risk of violence at the men More progress must be made to provide security for all , regardless of identity . Another barrier some women with children face in seeking shelter from domestic violence is the shelter rules themselves . Early curfews and overly strict rules can compromise the empowerment of residents . Many women domestic violence themselves facing punitive and environments that mimic the patterns of control they are trying to escape . The Washington State Coalition Against Domestic Violence a resource called Building Dignity , which explores design strategies for domestic violence emergency housing . Thoughtful design survivors by meeting their needs for , security and . The idea here is to a commitment to creating welcoming and accessible environments that help . to empower survivors and their Stigma It is important to note the critical nature of stigma . When a characteristic or behavior is devalued in society , whether it be by legal status or by social construction of difference , individuals and families have a more difficult time accessing needs of survival , including housing . When negative labels are placed on people , the consequences that the labels create can have lasting effects . Being called homeless , able , can in fact cause the persons being called these things to the negative labels that society has placed on them . Because people of color , kinship groups , immigrant families , and others have been stigmatized , they are more likely to then be given other negative labels . When someone feels as though they are seen as nothing , they can in turn feel as though they have nothing to offer . The Labeling ory is a good example of how society can perpetuate things such as houselessness and criminality even though they might not necessarily realize that they are doing so . The Labeling Theory is a sociological hypothesis that 13 . National Center for Transgender Equality . 2019 , June ) The Equality Act What transgender people need to know . 14 . Washington State Coalition Against Domestic Violence . Building dignity Design strategies for domestic violence shelter . Retrieved March , 2020 , from

FINDING A HOME I 133 claims that by describing an individual in terms of particular behavioral characteristics may have a effect on his or her behavior , as a form of Families who Rent Inherent with the owner role comes power . about rental rates , whom to rent to , and upkeep of the home resides with the owner , People who rent , while receiving variable rights and responsibilities dent on the municipality in which they reside , have less control over their living space than do owners . While many relationships are mutually , renters who live at or below the poverty line have fewer choices and are more likely to encounter landlords who are inattentive or worse , According to Wikipedia , a slumlord is a slang term for a landlord , generally an absentee landlord with more than one property , who attempts to maximize by minimizing spending on property maintenance , often in deteriorating Typically , these homes are found in areas . People and families who can not rent anywhere else utilize this type of housing , usually because the rent is cheap and there are no background checks . Families who have had previous rental issues ( evictions , late rent , etc . frequently get sucked into this housing option . Also , persons who have criminal records and have no other options may rent from these types of owners . Figure . Homes owned by slum lords are typically in areas . 15 . American Psychological Association . Labeling theory . In The APA Dictionary of Psychology . Retrieved March , 2020 , from 16 . Wikipedia . Slumlord . Retrieved February 21 , 2020 , from

134 HOME Section Housing The housing choice voucher program , more commonly known as Section housing , is the federal ment program for assisting families , the elderly , and the disabled to afford housing . An important thing to notice is how since housing assistance is provided on behalf of the family or individual , participants themselves are able to their own housing . Housing choice vouchers are administered locally by public housing agencies ( The receive federal funds from the Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) to administer the voucher program . A housing subsidy is paid to the landlord directly by the on behalf of the participating family . The family then pays the difference between the actual rent charged by the landlord and the amount subsidized by the program . Sometimes , a family could even use its voucher to purchase a home with a authorization Qualifying for Section housing is not a guarantee of moving into affordable housing . In 2020 , the median wait time for people who have applied for a housing voucher in the United States is years , with some waits as long as seven years . Currently in Oregon there are thirteen open waiting lists and at least seven . 18 counties where families can not even get on a waiting list . Licenses and Open Content , Shared Previously Figure 98 . Sign We Want White Tenants in our White by Arthur of War Information . Public domain . Figure . Home Owners Loan Corporation Philadelphia map . Public domain . Figure . Food carts Portland Oregon USA by . Universal Public Domain Dedication . Figure 911 . Portland Oregon skyline from the Ross Island Bridge by . License SA 30 . Figure 913 . LA Metro 200 bus stop on Street by . License 17 . Department and Urban Development . Housing Choice Voucher Program ( Section ) Retrieved February 21 , 2020 , from 18 . Affordable Housing Online . Search low income apartments and wait lists . Retrieved February 21 , 2020 , from

135 . Figure 914 . Green spaces by Anthony . License . Figure . Slum Lord by Bart . License BY 20 . Open Content , Original Figure 912 Economic Environmental Irony by Kate Hemlock . Licensed under BY . All Rights Reserved Content Why Cities Are Still So Segregated ( License terms Standard Youtube License .

i 137 MOVEMENT EQUITY Elizabeth Pearce Katherine Hemlock and Wesley Sharp Understanding and acknowledging past injustices is the step toward making homes equitably available to all families . Efforts to make changes come from multiple directions . There are legislative changes ( some which have passed and some that are proposed ) and agencies and advocacy groups that work both and with direct action . In addition , there are grassroots efforts to change neighborhood dynamics and to add resources . Updating the Fair Housing Act Housing distribution was historically discriminatory towards minority groups regarding social identities such as people of color , sexual orientation , gender and sex , country of origin , and disability . The Fair ing Act passed in 1968 and banned sale , rental and other housing practices that indicated preference or crimination based on race , color , religion , or national origin . In 1974 , it was amended to include sex , and in 1988 to include people with disabilities and people with children . While in 2016 , a rule by the Housing and Urban Development Department ( HUD ) insured equal access to Community Planning and Development programs regardless of sexual orientation , gender identity or marriage status , gender may it to access services as this rule applies to one program ( and not to other public or private programs ) To date , the Fair Housing Act does not include gender identity or sexual orientation . Only a handful of states have made it illegal to discriminate based on sexual orientation and gender identity and that creates a challenge for families and . Department and Urban Development . Housing discrimination and persons identifying as . Retrieved March , 2020 , from

138 I MOVEMENT TOWARD Figure Many years of social activism , including protests , contributed to the creation and passage of the Fair Housing Act . The 2019 Equality Act is an attempt to make all Americans equal . The Equality Act is a 2019 bill passed by the US House of Representatives that would amend the Civil Rights Act to prohibit discrimination on the basis of the sex , sexual orientation , gender identity , or pregnancy , childbirth , or a related medical condition of an individual , as well as because of stereotypes , This Act was sent to the Senate in May 2019 , but has not been taken up for consideration at this time ( August 2020 ) Equality Act , Cong . Session ( 2019 )

139 Addressing Houselessness Housing irst People who are houseless ( aka housing bereaved ) can experience an overlap of social problems , such as poverty , untreated mental illness , unemployment , or addictions . Traditionally , programs attempt to help people become ready for housing via support and criteria that may require multiple moves . For example , the person must become sober or employed first . A relatively new and innovative approach , Housing First sprung from grassroots efforts as early as 1988 in California and 1992 in New York . Simply put , the idea is that if eo le have stable , other becomes more . Havin a secure home , consistent access to schooling , transportation and support services means that people can be more successful in ing overlapping issues such as mental health , addiction , and seeking employment . Housing First National Alliance to End Homelessness is a organization that the approach to end houselessness . The United States Interagency Council on Homelessness has endorsed the Housing First approach . HUD estimates that houselessness costs the government between and per person annually , due to emergency room visits and jail time . A less expensive solution is to actually provide people with housing . Various communities have adopted the Housing First approach and it looks different depending on the resources and principles of each location . Utah Housing First approach is a model for how these services can be made available . Through the collaboration of many local organizations and donations from local churches , real permanent housing is provided , along with services such as counseling . A true success story , Grace Mary Manor in Salt Lake City is a permanent affordable housing facility for 84 chronically homeless individuals with a disabling ( Clifford , 2015 ) Through programs like this , Utah was able to decrease their houseless population by 91 . At the time of this writing ( July 2020 ) the state of Oregon hosts a web page dedicated to Permanent Supportive Supported Housing Resources which contains some of the federal government resources about Housing First . It is unclear how the pandemic will affect the future of this program . In addition , OIN was founded in Portland in 1992 and reports that they supported people leaving the street for manent and stable housing in 2018 . One year later , 83 of those families remain stable Creating Standards The United States Interagency Council on Homelessness has determined criteria and benchmarks for . 2015 , December 10 ) Utah reduced chronic homelessness By 91 Percent . Here how . 201 45910075 oin . About . Retrieved May 15 , 2020 , from

140 i MOVEMENT TOWARD to achieve the goal of ending chronic houselessness . Standards are important because they help us identify what we are working toward . These criteria are summarized as follows . The community has and provided outreach to all individuals experiencing or at risk for chronic houselessness and prevents chronic houselessness whenever possible . The community provides access to shelter or other temporary accommodations immediately to any son experiencing unsheltered chronic houselessness who wants it . The community has implemented a Housing First orientation and response that also considers the preferences of the individuals being served . The community assists individuals experiencing chronic houselessness to move swiftly into permanent housing with the appropriate level of supportive services and effectively prioritizes people for permanent supportive housing . The community has resources , plans , and system capacity in place to prevent chronic houselessness from occurring and to ensure that individuals who experienced chronic houselessness do not fall into lessness again or , if they do , are quickly reconnected to permanent housing . These goals are considered met when the benchmark of maintaining these criteria has been met for 90 days . Though likely not achievable , the goal of zero houseless individuals in a community is Changing Opportunities We ve discussed at length and the continuing effects on people of color . How can the effects of so many years of institutionalized discrimination be undone ?

Analysis and action can contribute to change . Communities across the United States have been analyzed by The Opportunity Atlas , which from which children are most likely to rise out of poverty . Click on the link to assess your own munity from a variety of social characteristics , including race , sex , and income ) The Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) Sloan School of Management partnered with the Seattle Public Housing Authority and King County ( WA ) Public Housing Authority and used The Opportunity Atlas to create a pilot program that offered families using housing vouchers to move into high opportunity . Interagency Council on Homelessness . 2016 , une ) Criteria and benchmark for achieving the goal chronic homelessness . Census and Opportunity Insights . The opportunity atlas interactive map . Retrieved May 14 , 2020 , from

MOVEMENT TOWARD EQUITY I 141 neighborhoods as by the Atlas . Research shows that each year spent in a high opportunity hood increases the likelihood of children going to college and total lifetime earnings by at least In this study , the Creating Moves to Opportunity ( project , families received additional basic vices , such as education on the location of opportunity neighborhoods , personalized rental application ing , housing search assistance , and assistance . 54 of the families receiving this assistance chose to move to opportunity neighborhoods compared to approximately 14 of families who received standard vices . This demonstrates that families using housing vouchers are not choosing lower opportunity hoods because of preference when given education , means , and the choice to move to higher opportunity neighborhoods , they are more likely to do so . This still in progress project offers hope that there are ways that federal housing voucher programs can change the course of poverty via investments in who use In 2019 the Housing and Urban Development Department ( HUD ) funded a larger version of this Community Efforts Individuals and communities are taking initiative to improve their neighborhoods aesthetically and with increasing resources that families , such as informal libraries , and art houses . Chetty , 2016 ) The effects to better neighborhoods on children New from the moving to opportunity experiment . American Economic Review , 106 ( 2019 , February 20 ) The new mobility demonstration puts opportunity within reach for children across the country . Opportunity Insights . 10 . Bell , A . 2019 , February 15 ) HUD funding bill will launch housing voucher mobility demonstration .

142 Crossing neighborhood in grassroots efforts that have used culture to , website . transform the Greater Grand Crossing For exam le , Gates , a of Chica professor who is also a potter and social activist , started by drawing attention to one home that he , and gradually organized multiple grassroots efforts that have used culture to transform the Greater Grand Gates founded the Rebuild Foundation in 2010 , which is a organization that encompasses multiple neighborhood improvement projects . To read more about Gates organized his community work , visit the Projects section of his neighborhood In Chicago . One or more interactive elements has been excluded from this version of the text . You can View them online here ?

Another example combines an international organization , Foundation based in the Netherlands , which works with local neighborhoods to create community artwork . Artists and Dre ( aka Haas and and Hahn ) work on the designs with community members , then hire and train local residents to complete the painting . Dre describes the impact of the attention and love that community members pour into their neighborhoods , as well as the resulting beauty , as transformational aspects of the Two well known projects are the favela paintings in Rio de , Brazil and Northern Philadelphia in the United States . To learn more about how their work is funded and organized , listen to their TED TALK here . a One or more interactive elements has been excluded from this version of the text . You can View them online here ?

11 . TED Talks . 2015 , March 18 ) Gates . Retrieved May 15 , 2020 , from 12 . 2017 , November 10 ) How can public art projects transform rough neighborhoods ( Raz , Interviewer ) Retrieved May 15 , 2020 , from 562877158 MOVEMENT TOWARD EQUITY I 143 Conclusion An Existence of Human Dignity In prior chapters , we have discussed models related to what human beings need . We shared this graphic that shows two versions of how needs are met . Transcendence Self ?

actualization Cultural Aesthetic Knowl Understand Esteem safety Self actualization Physiological Western Perspective First Nations Perspective Figure . hierarchy of needs compared to the First Nations perspective . scope of analysis is individual in one lifetime . The First Nations have an expansive Concept of time and multiple dimensions of reality . The models differ in perspective , but they both emphasize the importance of basic needs , of which shelter is one . model on the left places shelter as the foundation of the hierarchy of needs , meaning that it must be met first in order for other needs to be achieved . In the First Nations Perspective on the right , the of the community is prioritized includes basic needs for all being met . The United Nations , a 193 nation member group founded in 1945 , summarizes its mission as Peace . Dig and Equality on a Healthy Planet created a Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 , which includes Everyone who works has the right to just and favorable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity , and supplemented , if necessary , by other means of social protection .

144 I MOVEMENT TOWARD Declaration of Human Rights , United Nations . 1948 . Article 2313 There is broad agreement that secure housing is a critical need for families to survive and thrive . While institutional biases that contribute to inequity and lack of secure housing for many families in the have decreased , they have not been completely eradicated . Nor have the effects of the prior centuries of tion been undone . We must continue to work to understand the past and the present in order to impact the future . Licenses and Open Content , Shared Previously Figure . Fair housing protest Seattle Washington 1964 by Seattle Municipal Archives . License BY 20 . Figure . Gates by Locust . Public domain . How to revive a neighborhood with imagination , beauty , and art by Talks . License . How painting can transform communities and Dre Talks . License . Open Content , Original Figure . hierarchy of needs compared to the First Nations perspective . License BY . Based on research from Rethinking Learning by Barbara Bray . 13 . Sustainable living wages and income . CREA . Retrieved March , 2020 , from