Focus on California 8th Grade Physical Science Textbook Chapter 13 Exploring Space

Chapter 13 Exploring Space Preview Unbalanced forces cause changes in velocity . As a basis for understanding this tempt Students know that when the forces on an are . the will change its that is , it will speed up . slow down . or change direction ) The structure and i tion of the universe can be learned from studying stars and galaxies and their evolution . As a basis for understanding this ( erupt Students know that stars are the source oi light for all bright objects in outer spam and that the Moon and planets shine by reflected , not by their own light . Framework Various types of exploratory missions have yielded much information about the . structure . and composition of the Moon and the , Those missions have included by and orbiting those bodies . the soft landing of spacecraft fitted with instruments . and . of ( ourse . the visits 01 to the Mann . An a ( Station in orbit around 496

' I ION Exploring Space How do scientists learn more about the solar system ?

Check What You Know Look at the photo of an astronaut below . The astronaut and other objects seem to be floating . Why do you think astronauts appear to float when in orbit ?

Input 13 497 The images shown here represent some of the key in thus chapter . You can use vocabulary skill to help you understand the meaning of some key terms in this chapter . Academic Words Knowing these words will help you read and write in many different . Look for these words in context as you read the chapter . Example Sentence , That from Mulch Gasoline us the source of power comes into lor most cars existence consumer A person who buys People who buy lood . kun url goods and For and are consumers 522 personal needs benefit To bring help Dally benefits nearly ( BEN uh ) everyone 523 technology A A way 01 changing the The technology of personal ( tek uh lee ) natural world to meet computers has changed the way 523 human needs people Apply It ! From the list above . choose the word that best completes the sentence . when you buy new clothes . you are a . players are an example of a new . Medicines people who are sick .

Chapter 13 Vocabulary Section racket velocity ( escape velocity Section , Section Wu space shuttle space probe raver Section more . Build On In IL Visit web Code Chapter 13 499 i ' Relate Cause and Effect Many passages in science textbooks describe relationships , A cause makes something happen . An effect is what happens As you read a passage . look for words that signal cause and . Signal words and phrases include , due to for reason , result of . so that , and therefore Read the following paragraph , noting the words that signal cause and effect . The moon orbit is the and gravity , The moon keeps moving ahead ( ause of inertia . At the same time , keeps pulling the moon toward Earth . For this reason , the moon does not travel in a straight line The combined effects of inertia and gravity cause the moon to revolve around Earth . The relationships in this passage ( an be illustrated with a graphic organizer like the one below . Causes Inertia causes the moon to keep moving forward . The moon revolves around Earth Apply ! Complete the organizer above Then complete the following sentence in your own words The moon revolves around Earth because Create graphic organizers for Sections and

, Design and Build a Space Exploration Vehicle How do scientists study the other planets In our solar system ?

One way is to send a remotely operated vehicle to explore the surface . as was done recently by two Mars rovers Such a vehicle must be designed to meet requirements , such as ( with scientists on Earth and being able to operate in a variety ol environments . Your Goal To design , build , and test a vehicle for exploring the surface of a planet You will identify the geological features that are found on the planets and moons of the solar system select a planet or moon , and brainstorm ways to build a vehicle that can move around its surface and sketch a model of the vehicle build and test I model vehicle , and present your vehicle to the follow the safety guidelines in Appendix A Plan It ! 89910 by identifying the different types ol planetary surfaces found in the solar system Next , brainstorm how a vehicle could move over some of these surfaces . You may want to think about how vehicles on Earth are designed . Consider how you would build a model of the vehicle , and what materials you will need Then build and test your vehicle Chapter 13

000 Section Min Standards Students that when the forces on an obiect are . the object will change its velocity is , it will up . slow down , or change direction ) How were rockets developed ?

How does a work ?

What is the main advantage of a multistage ( Key Terms I rocket I thrust I velocity I orbital velocity I escape velocity Jules Verne Spacecraft Jules Verne imagined that a spacecraft and crew were shot to the moon by a cannon . 5010 Integrating Physics The Science of Rockets , Stand What Force Moves a Balloon ?

Put on your goggles . Blow up a balloon and hold its neck closed with your fingers . Point the far end of the balloon in a direction where there are no people . Put your free hand behind the balloon neck , so you will be able to feel the force of the air from the balloon on your hand . Let go of the balloon . Observe what happens . Repeat Steps I and without your free hand behind the neck of the balloon . Think It Over Inferring What happened when you let go of the balloon ?

which direction did the balloon move in comparison to the direction the air moved out of the balloon ?

What do you think caused the balloon to move in that direction ?

Did the position of your free hand affect the movement ?

People have dreamed of traveling through space for centuries . the moons and are much closer than the stars . they are still very far away . How could travel such great distances through In the . the science writer Jules Verne envisioned in shot to the moon out iii a huge . When ) did travel to the moon . though . they rather than . Although was wrong about how humans would reach the moon . he did anticipate many aspects of the space program . By the late ( spacecraft were able to travel to the moon and to many other places in thi solar system .

A History of Rockets ou probably seen rockets at . displays . the , you tiny ti git . is at ' that expels gas in one direction In move in the opposite . Rocket technology originated in China hundreds of years ago and gradually spread to other parts of the world . lot we for . Origins of Rockets The first rockets were in ( in . I ' wry ' mated with that ' and shot with ) about the ( using inside their . greatly ro ( in the only ) Ie . troops in the . he zi contains the words the rockets glans . the hunting in air . words I ( un Furl . in . Development of Modern Rockets rockets ! in the ( much ut their development to a few scientists . One was the Russian phi ist ' In curly ( in terms haw ' arid designs or . The ( also . Beginning 1915 . Goddard went step further and built to test his designs . ir . usual to Arty ' used the to destroy both civilian . The was large that about 301 ) The ut ' mu . to the Status the inn was . Van his to direct this of med in the United States space pi . Name three scientists who contributed to the of modern rockets . mun Chinese Rockets to a Chinese legend . around 1500 an official named tried to fly to tho moon by a number of rockets to his chair . The rockets exploded with a tremendous roar . the smoke ( them was no tram of or his ( hair . Chapter 503

. Activity Be a Rocket Scientist You can build a rocket . Use a plastic or paper cup as the rocket body . out a paper nose cone . Tape it to the bottom of the cup . Obtain an empty canister with a lid that snaps on inside the canister . Go outside to do Steps . Fill the canister about quarter full with water . Put on your goggles . Now add half of a antacid tablet to the film canister and quickly snap on the lid . Place the canister on the ground with the lid down . Place your rocket over the canister and stand back . Observing What action happened inside the film canister ?

What was the reaction of the rocket ?

noun Rocket Anion and Reaction The force of gas propelled out of the back of a rocket ( action ) produces an opposing force ( reaction ) that propels the rocket forward . Interpreting How can a rocket rise from the ground into space ?

How Do Work ?

A rocket can be as small as your linger or as large as at scraper . An essential feature of any rocket , though . is that it expels gas in one direction . A rocket moves forward when gases shooting out the hack of the rocket push it in the opposite direction . A rocket works in much the same way as a balloon that is through the air by releasing gas . In most rockets , fuel is burned to make hot gas . The gas pushes outward in every tion . but it can leave the rocket only through openings at the back . The movement oi gas out of these openings moves the rocket forward . Figure shows how rockets move . Action and Reaction Forces The movement of a rocket demonstrates Newton third law of motion For every force . or action , there is an equal and opposite force , or reaction . The force of the air moving out of a balloon is an action force . An equal reaction the balloon forward . The reaction force that propels a rocket forward is called thrust . The amount of thrust depends on several factors . including the mass and speed of the gases propelled out of the rocket . The greater the thrust . the greater at velocity . Recall that velocity is speed in a given direction . Orbital and Escape Velocity in order to lift oi ?

the ground , ii . rocket must have more upward thrust than the downward force of gravity . Once rocket is off the ground . it must reach a certain velocity in order to go into orbit . Orbital velocity is the velocity a rocket must achieve to establish an orbit around Earth . lithe rocket moves slower than orbital velocity , Earth gravity will cause it to fall back to the surface . Action Form The rocket pushes hot gas out of the engines . Indian Force The hot gases push the upward .

Analyzing Data Rocket Altitude A rocket altitude is how high it is above the ground . Use the graph at the right . to answer the ' in following questions about how a model rocket we altitude changes over time . Reading Graphs What two variables are being 80 graphed ?

In what unit is each measured ?

50 . Reading Graphs What was the to altitude after seconds ?

After seconds ?

Reading Graphs At what time did the 10 ( El reach its greatest altitude ?

Inferring Why do you think the rocket ( to rise after it ran out of fuel ?

Rocket Flight Fto ket fuel used up Time ( seconds ) It has an velocity , it um I ull into space . Escape velocity is the velocity a racket must reach to beyond a gravitational pull . The a ' In ( Earth ) nion than I kilometers every second ! Rocket Fuels Rockets thrust by gas . til fuel are In i ( solid fuel . liquid fuel . and charged particles ut lions ) and rockets curry that allows the fuel to burn . In fuel rocket . oxygen is mixed with the fuel . which is dry . rocket is it . For such it , till he used ignite the . Large rockets an that um truth ! Unu at rocket is ignited . it burns until all the fuel is gone . In a ' both the and the arc in liquid form . They are in . and arc chamber and ignited . An advantage ol rockets 15 that hunting of can he by regulating how liquid ' and are . Ion do not burn . gas ions out of engines at very high speeds . Inn rockets create less thrust than fuel lint they are wry . i What an the thin typos of rocket fuel ?

Reviewing Math Algebra and Rocket This artist View shows a NASA ( rising into space FIGURE A Multistage Rocket A typical multistage rocket has three stages . Each of the first two stages burns all its fuel and then drops off . The next stage then takes over . Interpreting Diagrams . pan of the second ' readies the rocket ?

am Second stage ignites and continues with third stage . Multistage Rockets a rim . A rocket can carry only so much fuel . the separates and in burns . its begin 53 ' to empty , Even though much of the rocket is empty . the whole rocket must still be pushed upward hy the . But what empty part of the rocket could be oft ?

Then the remaining fuel have In push ) empty is the idea . the of in . The main advantage of a multistage rocket is that the total weight of the rocket is greatly reduced as the rocket rises . In at multistage . smaller rockets . or stages . are placed on top of other and then tired in . Figure shows a works As each uses up its fuel . the empty furl falls ' next stage than ignites and continues powering the rocket toward its . the end . truly the very top tut is . Heavy first stage provides thrust .

Third stage is discarded . Go Online active For Multistage Visit Web Code in the . the of powerful multistage rockets such as the made it possible to send craft to the moon and the solar system . The mighty Saturn ' stood III ' than the length of at football held . it was by far the most powerful ever built . Today . rockets are used to launch a wide variety of satellites and space probes . What is a multistage rocket ?

Section Assessment Target Reading Skill Relate Cause and Hen . Comparing and Contrasting What is HINT on page 503 . if it a ' graphic that shows in ( kel ?

the of modern . Relating Cause and can the the of the Chinese . third ul i go Goddard . and Wu . than the rim stage at the rocket . even Reviewing Key What is a ?

Reviewing Where and when were In Science first ' Summarizing fur initially ?

a . Explaining is thrust ?

Huw do ruckus thrust ?

Interpreting Diagrams to ill explain how move . a . Describing ) 507 Suppose you were able to interview one of the scientists who helped to develop modern rockets . choose one of the in the section and write a series of questions that you would like to ask this person . Then use what you learned to likely answers to these questions .

Technology Lab Tech It Design and Build a Water Rocket . Repeat Step twice , varying the amount 01 water each time . Record your observations in Can you design and build a rocket propelled by he gaga water and compressed air ?

Design Skills observing . evaluating the design , redesigning Design and Build . You and a partner will design and build a water rocket using the materials provided or approved by your teacher . Your rocket must be made from an empty liter soda bottle ' 70 ba ' have fins and a removable ' Ed fY ' carry a load of 50 paper clips 50 ( 539 use air only or a mixture of air and water empty soda bottle poster board as system ' 54550 ' 01 ' be launched on the class rocket launcher bucket . 93 ' remain in the air for at least rocket launcher and tire pump ( one per class ) by about how your will work and how you would like it to look . Procedure A Sketch your design and make a list of and Investigate ' Will . Rockets often have a set of fins to stabilize them in flight . Consider the best shape for fins , and decide how many tins your rocket needs . Use poster board to make your fins . TIN I . Decide how to and securely carry a Volume of Water ( Motion of Balloon load of 50 paper clips in your rocket . No water . Based on what you learned in Part I , decide how much , if any , water to pour into your rocket . Copy the data table onto a separate sheet of paper . 10 . After you obtain your teacher approval , In an outdoor area approved by your I you teacher , blow up a large round balloon . Hold the balloon so the opening is pointing down . Release the balloon and observe what occurs . CAUTION If you are allergic to latex . do not handle the balloon . launcher . Measure 50 or water with a graduated cylinder . Pour the water into the balloon . Blow it up to about the same size as the in Step . Hold the opening down and release the balloon . Observe what happens .

Evaluate and Redesign 11 . Test your rocket by launching it on the rocket launcher provided by your teacher . Make sure that the rocket is launched vertically in a safe , open area that is at least 30 across . All observers should wear goggles and stay at least away from the rocket launcher . The rocket should be pumped to a pressure ofno more than 50 pounds per square inch . 12 . Use a stopwatch to determine your rockets flight time ( how long it stays in the air . 13 . Record in a data table the results of your own launch and your classmates launches . 14 . Compare your design and results with those of your classmates . Analyze and Conclude . Observing What did you observe about the motion oi the balloon as more and more water was added ?

Drawing Conclusions What purpose did adding water to the balloon serve ?

Designing a Solution How did your results in Part affect your decision about how much water , if any , to add to your rocket ?

Evaluating the Design Did your rocket meet all the criteria listed in Step ?

Explain . Evaluating the Design How did your rocket design compare to the rockets built by your classmates ?

Which rocket had the greatest flight time ?

What design features resulted in the most successful launches ?

Redesigning Based on your launch results and your response to Question explain how you could improve your rocket . How do you think these changes would help your rockets . Evaluating the Impact on Society Explain how an understanding of rocket propulsion has made space travel possible . Communicate Write a paragraph that describes how you designed and built your rocket . Explain how it worked . Include a labeled sketch of your design . I ' xii for . Data sharing Visit web ( ode

00 Framework Various types of exploratory missions have yielded much ahout the . structure . and position of the Moon and the ets . Those missions have included living by and orbiting these bodies , the soft landing of spacecraft titted with instruments . and . of course , the visits of astro to the Moon . What was the space race ?

what were the major events in human exploration of the moon ?

Key Term ' satellite 510 The Space Program Standards Where on the Moon Did Astronauts Land ?

Use a large map of the moon to find these locations Sea of Tranquility , ocean of Storms , Fra Mauro . Mountains , Descartes Highlands , and Valley at . American astronauts landed on and explored each of the locations you found . what you know about the moon and what you can see on the map , describe what you think astronauts saw at each place . Think It Over Inferring Did the names of the moon locations seem to fit with what you could see ?

Do you think the astronauts had to use boats to explore the Sea of Tranquility and the Ocean of Storms ?

result in grail . you been to try in a foot race when passed you by . eI watching friend accomplish a feat made you In do it . too . resulted in in ) in the lirst human set Foul on the moon . This competition , though . not . but between the two most powerful nations in the world . the United States and the Soviet Union . Their rivalry in the ration . called the i . The Race for Space The ) race in the 19505 . At that time . the ( Union was the greatest rival to the United States in politics and military power . The tensions between the two were so high Lhat were said to be in cold war . what the Soviets satellite into space . The space race began in when the Soviets launched the satellite Sputnik I into orbit . The United States responded by speeding up its own space program . The tirst living creature sent into space was a clog named . She orbited Earth aboard the Soviet spacecraft Sputnik in November .

noun John Glenn Friendship lifted off from Cape , Florida . in February it carried astronaut John Glenn . the first American to orbit Earth . The closeup photo shows Glenn climbing into the Friendship space ( Observing Where on the rocket was the space capsule located ?

The First Artificial Satellites A satellite is an object that revolves another in space . The moon is a natural satellite ul Earth . A orbiting I is an satellite . was the first satellite . This success hy the Soviets caused great alarm in the United States . The States in early by launching its own satellite . Explorer into ( Over the next lew years . both the United States and the Soviet Union placed many more satellite into around Earth . Later in . the I . States established at government in charge of its space program . called the National and Space Administration ( NASA ) NASA brought together the talents of many scientists and engineers who worked together to solve the many technical problems of space flight . Humans In Space In 196 the space race heated up even more when the Soviets launched the lust human into space . Yuri ( one orbit around Earth aboard less than at month later . astronaut Alan Shepard ( ante the American in space . His tiny spacecraft . called was part of the US . Mercury space program . Other Soviet and American astronauts soon followed into space . The fir to orbit Earth was John Glenn , who was launched into space in 1962 aboard . The he in was called space capsule it was like small cap on the end of the rocket . The tiny capsule url Earth three times before returning to the surface . Who was the lirst in space ?

chapter I ! Calculating If you went to the moon , your weight would be about one sixth of your weight on Earth . Re ( that in SI . weight is measured in newton ( To lind the approximate weight of an on the moon , divide its weight on Earth by six . An astronaut weighs 667 on Earth . She wears a and equipment that weigh 636 on Earth . What is the astronaut total weight on the moon ?

Apollo 11 On July 20 , 1969 , Apollo 11 astronaut Neil Armstrong the lust . person to walk on the moon . He took this photograph of Buzz Aldrin The inset photo shows Armstrong footprint on the lunar soil 512 Missions to the Moon that this nation commit the goal . before the decade is out . landing at man on the moon and safely to With thew words ( a speech . President . Kennedy launched an ( and ' The American effort to land the moon was named the Apollo program . the Moon and . the States and the Soviet to explore the US ' landed an the moon , it did sink into the ' This ' that the moon had I surface , Next . scientists a ' the moon . The Moon Landings In ' intro the . Once in orbit . and Bun . tiny . In , the toward a flat arm ( cu . When radioed that the , cheer rang out at the Space Center in . hours later , and left the the . tirst un the surface . he said . for nun , one giant leap fur ' meant to say . our small step fut , hut in his he a ,

On the Moon Surface ' I , found um new and . I um . Iu ' Eu . aim , I ) In . In un tut dun uf . in Figure ' town . 01 . tu ' I of . Moon Rocks and I ' lunar . tucks . they ( the make up me the min that are round . to form kinds of that not UH Eat aim In age ( VI ith iI Ni ( mule MI ) On way that ) HI the noun um , Iy umu ( Ian that resulted . data from then I ' mAt ( that mat 21 cure of ( What did scientists learn from analyzing moon rocks ?

Lunar Buggy Astronauts on the later had lunar buggy Haw would buggy the as to explore the moan surface ?

For on ' Web ( ode 5022 , Chapter 13 513 Lunar Base A future base on the moon is shown this Predicting How might a Irma has be useful the future human of Mars ?

Section Assessment New Missions to the Moon The , I A ( lion and . was high , and then were ( the gained about the . NASA moved on to . decades . the moon ignored . in the has ' In , Space launched an orbit moan . main pur ' to detail ( have lar ( Soon , walk un the . In 2004 . plan In of people on the . tram such base inn could he to carry In . Ad . arget ea I Relate Effect ! that lit . race . organizer I , Reviewing Key Concepts Summarizing the ?

the space Relating Cause and Effect did ! space race ! Who were the ' was the , Sequencing Wat ' orI . Mi , Earth . Landmarks In Space Flight Interview who remembers the early ( programs . Prepare your questions In advance , as What dud you thunk when you heard that Sputnik was In How you feel when the first went into space ?

Did you any at the space flights on You may want to record your and then write it out later . thu in ' ( What are the roles of spa ( What features do space probes Exploring Space Today Framework Various types of exploratory missions have yielded much about the reflectivity , structure . and composition of the Moon and the planets Those missions have included spacecraft flying by and orbiting those bodies . the soft landing of spacecraft fitted with instruments , and , of course . the its ol astronauts to the Moon What Do You Need to Survive in Space ?

Make a list of everything that would be essential to your being it you were placed in a spacecraft in orbit around Earth . Cross out everything on the list that you would be able to while in orbit . For each of the items you crossed out , suggest a way you could provide yourself with that essential item while in spate . Think it Over Drawing Conclusions Is there anything necessary to your being that you would have to take with you into space ?

How hard would it be to provide everything you need for a Journey into space shuttles and space stations ?

have in ?

Key Terms spate shuttle space station I space ' Ian you imagine living in space ?

you in orbit . is no up or down . lane ! it . blic Russian space station Mir . As she inside the central cabin . she could look into modules that in ( very amusing to ( and six people on this mill . working on . In the ' module . might be on treadmill on the ceiling . we ( mail . you the of ! you . and ' aside let him pass . Janet aboard the spare shuttle

, Working in Space The shuttle IS After the great success of the moon landings . the ' 593 ?

for space exploration was , What comes ?

reusable next ?

and public that , one ( one goal should be to build space shuttles and Spar ?

space stations where astronauts can live and work . Space Shuttles Before . spacecraft could he only once . In contrast . space shuttle is like an cam lly . land . and then again . A space shuttle is a spacecraft that can carry a crew into orbit . return to Earth . and then be for the same purpose . A space shuttle includes large rockets that launch it into orbit and then fall away . At the and of ti mission . a shuttle returns to by landing like an airplane . NASA has used space shuttles to perform many important tasks . These taking satellites into orbit , repairing satellites . and carrying astronauts and equipment to and from space stations . During shuttle mission . astronauts live in a crew cabin at the front of . shuttle . li . they can wear . clothes and without an oxygen tank . Behind the crew cabin is a large . called the payload bay . The payload hay is like . large truck that carries supplies to stores and factories . A payload bay might carry satellite to be released into orbit in which can perform . NASA has built six . Tragically , and destroyed during . After disaster in 2003 , there was much debate about whether to the program . One reason to ( flying space shuttles is to deliver astronauts and supplies to Spam Station . NASA currently plans to the shuttle hy 2010 and replace it with a new .

FIGURE 11 Space Station The International Space Station is a cooperative project involving 16 countries , including the United States , Russia , Japan , and Canada . This is an artist ! View of how the station will look when . Space Stations A space station is large satellite on which people can live and work for long periods , GA space station provides it place where observations and experiments can be carried out in space . In the 19705 and 1980 . both the State and the Soviet Union placed space stations in orbit . The Soviet space station Mir stayed in orbit for IS years before it tell to Earth in . from many countries . including and other . spent time Mir . In the . the United States and other countries began planning the of the Space Station . The first module , or auction . was placed into in . Since then , modules have been . On board . astronauts and scientists from countries are already out experiments in of science . They are also learning more about how adapt to ' Figure ' how the station will look when . it will be longer than a , and the living space will about as large as the inside . The lra ' to that it has power . lu main source in power . though . is its eight large arrays of solar panels . the panels contain more than 25 ( solar cells . each of converting sunlight into electricity . A ! full power , the produce electricity to power about Video Held 55 on Earth . Exploring Space What is a space station ?

Output 13 517 Galileo . 1995 Ga provided images and data about Jupiter and its moons . 11 Space Probes These are views the Gav Lunar , Mars ( and 0111111 spate probes . What does a rower have ro probe 1110112117 For , 11111111111 ' Lunar , 1598 Luna ! Prospector found evidence of water ice and Identified other minerals on the moon surface . Space Probes 11111 111 1111 ' 19501 . 111111 11 111111111 ' 11 11111111 1111111111 1111111 113111111 . by ' 11111111 space probe 13111 I 1111111 , How Do Probes Work ?

11115511111 . 5111111 ' 1111 1111111111 011 . I 111111111 110111 ' 11111 col 1111 41111111 ' I . 15 . 111111 1111111 . Each space probe has a power system to produce electricity , a system to send and receive signals , and ( In data and . 1111 1111 ' 5111111 quip 11 In ! 11111111 the 111 11 ! ih . 1114 ! 1111111 ' 1111 111111111 .

, is exploring Saturn means It launched a smaller probe , Huygens to explore man . largest Mars Exploration Rams , Two rovers . Opportunity and Spirit , explored Marx surface and found evidence of water . Exploring With Space Probes now visited or In all of the . They haw also explored many ) The gathered by has ) insights about the on the dill planets . These have helped In ' Reading , What is a rover ?

Assessment Academic words in ( of . in Science As a newspaper Key Concepts , you are covering the a . Describing What is th shuttle ?

What is it main new 593 ' Write a brief news story , including MINT . Defining ' a station ?

how the probe works . What planet Comparing and Contrasting arc will it explore ?

What question will shuttle and . in the pa ( to answer ?

HINT Summarizing What is it spur EL . Listing that arr ' i ) NE . Making Judgments What you think arc and dis i of prob Iu ' 13 519 Section Tech 61 Design Using Space Science on Earth ca OW Standards Focus Standards Students know substances can be classified by their properties . including their melting tempera ture , density , hardness . and thermal and electrical conductivity . How are the conditions in space different lrom those on Earth ! How has space technology modern society ?

what are some uses of satellites orbiting Earth ?

Key I vacuum I microgravity I space remote sensing geostationary orbit 5100 which Tool Would Be More Useful in Space ?

Observe your teacher using two types of . Pick up each drill and examine how it works . Repeat Step for a space pen and a regular Think it Over Drawing Conclusions What is the main difference between the two drills ?

The pens ?

which drill would be more useful to have while constructing the International Space Station ?

Why ?

How would a space pen be useful in space ?

joystick in play it grime . A ) is a rly ' on a , lI to use bec iu ' it is designed lo lit the iust right . have many uses . They so with um usc them In atc a . The was for controlling . was later by NASA for the Space program . Apollo used a stick to a lunar ( From the surface of the In games on not such a stretch . Many mat and devices have ( similar transition from use in space to use hy . Joystick Controls The ) used lor some wheelchairs were improved for the space program .

The Challenges of Space imu than am quite those on . Conditions in space that from those on include near vacuum , extreme microgravity . types engineers and scientists li In In the li of paw . Vacuum Spam is ' A vacuum i place that i all matter . fur a stray alums and , spank ix . Sinus no in , there in nu lui Lu ) Tu protect . CLI ' must be airtight . there is no in ! the . sunlight . tho In high ' flu ! in , lo wry . mu ! he will In naut thi . outside . Microgravity in orbit experi feeling at , or microgravity . muss ix the as it was on on il , ri ' us . Although arc in lIll ( they arc still under the ul ' In fact . is holding in orbit . IlI lU in ' i they are , with then . dun ! lu ( inL ' hum . ire must and that are capable working in . I . drink ' must he an that their do not ' lung in can cause health . are trying to discover hair to reduce the of iti ' on . What is microgravity ?

FIGURE 14 This astronaut appears to be floating in spare , but he is falling through spate at the same rate as the nearby . Inferring Why does the astronaut fall down toward Earth Space The and engineers who worked on the space ( gram have developed thousands of new materials and devices you um on , for use in space . Many of these items have proved useful on as well , An item that has uses on Earth but was originally ( for in space is called a space . Often auch are modified for use Earth . The space program has developed thousands of product affect many aspects of modern society , including consumer products , new materials , medical devices . and satellites . Figure shows it few . Go Online . Consumer Products Space include many devices that are used in consumer products . The joystick controller is one example . The liar codes on every product you buy at grocery store are another space Similar bar codes were by NASA to keep an inventory of the parts used in spacecraft . Cordless power tools were also originally developed for . There no place to plug in at tool when repairing Fawn 15 a satellite in space . rechargeable tools met the need From the for work in space . Now they very popular hen on Earth . Space Program Other of consumer product front the space Many technologies that were program include len . foods . the ! helmets . and detectors . have proved us on Earth as well A few of these ( are shown here , Applying Concepts What advantage is there to vision in On Earth ?

A metal allay of nickel and titanium used In dental braces was originally developed for space equipment such as antennas . A Miniature parts developed or space have been adapted for use on Earth . limbs have been made with controls as small as ruins . 5120

New Materials A ut were first by chemists and engineers for use in spacecraft . These als physical as . high strength . or low them useful fur in space or on Earth . For example . metal arc with that their former when bent . The used in modern developed to spacecraft yet strung . Sum contain a ( lIl ?

for moon bouts . Highly efficient insulating materials were developed to against and the extreme ut space . Then insulating arr lacing used in houses . cuts . and trucks . for is in and ' suits . Medical Devices Medical has greatly from . that use to clean clogged arteries and for hearts . use originally developed for space power systems . Most hospitals use imaging technique developed for use on the munn during . Why did NASA develop cordless power tools ?

Many bicyclists use a lightweight . helmet with ( vents that was developed NASA help . developed tor spacesuits is used in Nothing as suits worn by ar drivers and firefighters , the design of the Apollo helmet , gave the astronauts sight . has been adapted for use in ski goggles . Gupta 13 523

Remote Sensing This satellite image shows patterns of vegetation in Africa . It is a color image , meaning that the colors have been adjusted to make certain features more obvious What do you think the yellow areas in the image represent ?

Section Vocabulary Skill in a complete sentence . identify two new was for use in space . Reviewing Key Concepts i non a . Listing ways that conditions in space are from conditions on Earth . Assessment Satellites When a World Cup soccer is played , almost everyone around the world can watch ! Today . hundreds of satellites are in orbit around Earth . relaying television signals from one part of the planet to another , Satellites also relay telephone signals and computer data . Satellites are used for communications and for collecting weather data and other data . Observation satellites are used for many purposes . ing tracking weather systems . mapping surface . and observing , changes in Earth . Observation . data using remote sensing which is the collection of about Earth and other objects in space without being in direct contact . Modern computers take the data by satellites and produce images for various purposes . For example , Figure to shows vegetation patterns in Africa . Satellite data might also he used to amount of fall over a wide area . or they might be used to discover where oil deposits lie underground . Satellites are placed in different orbits depending on their purpose . Most communications satellites are placed in a stationary orbit . in a geostationary orbit . a satellite Earth above the equator at the same rate as Earth rotates and thus stays over the same place on Earth all the time . Read the ' i and Society feature on pages to learn more about communications satellites . Whatis remote sensing ?

am a . Listing Name three uses of satellites that everyday life . It . Inferring What advantage would there he to placing a satellite in geostationary orbit ?

Designing Experiments How could a scientist use satellites to whether a rain forest was becoming smaller over time ?

mic Words ways that . Relating Cause and Effect How have designed spacecraft to operate in the special conditions of space ?

space and on . What is a space ?

Summarizing How has science from the space ?

Comparing and Contrasting Choose one space and how it is used in 71 at Home Look back at the various spare discussed in the chapter . Then , with a family member . make a list of space in your home . El Consumer Lab Space Problem Which blanket protects better against heat loss ?

Skills Focus graphing , drawing conclusions Materials I foil blanket piece cloth blanket piece thermometers I beaker , 600 ice I identical small test tubes hot water identical large test tubes cotton balls cellophane tape or rubber bands tap water Procedure I . On a separate sheet of paper , copy the data table below to record your observations . Wrap the outside of one small test tube with the toil blanket piece . Wrap a second small test tube with the cloth blanket piece . Use tape or rubber bands to secure the blankets . Leave the third small test tube unwrapped . Fill each of the three small test tubes halt tull with hot water . Be sure to use the same ume of water in each test tube . Insert a into each small test tube . Use cotton to seal the top at the small test tube and to hold the thermometer in place . Then . insert each small test tube into a large test ' Thermometer . Put ice in the beaker and fill the beaker of the way with water . Put the large test tubes into the ice water . Do not let water enter the test tubes . Record the starting temperatures of all three thermometers . Allow the test tubes to sit in the ice water bath for about 10 minutes . Every minute note the temperature of each thermometer and record the results in your data table . Analyze and conclude I . Graphing Graph the temperature over time for each of the thermometers . Calculating Calculate the difference between the starting and ending oi each thermometer . which was best protected against heat loss ?

Controlling Variables What was the purpose of the third , unwrapped small test tube ?

Drawing Conclusions Which type of blanket protects better against heat loss ?

Explain . Communicating Write an advertisement for the blanket that proved to be the best . In the ad , describe the test procedures you used to your claim . Also explain why this blanket would benefit consumers . Design an Experiment The activity you just completed tested how well different materials protected against the loss of heat . Design an experiment that would test how well the same blankets would protect against an increase in heat . Obtain your teacher approval before conducting your experiment . Gupta ! 515

and Tech Design Yhe bus is the satellite framework It holds Framework and prom ! the . computer . the engine . and other equipment . Batteries in the bus store Communications Satellites power the satellite What do watching , talking on it cellular phone . and sending have in common ?

Satellites orbiting Earth make these types of communication Kid Motor possible . Using . mun The mom , satellites receive and transmit radio . telephone , maintains the , computer data , and other signals . This ' technology has changed the way people around the globe communicate . Orbiting Satellites Earth at ' and . One especially tor ) il at the mine rate As ' A at mull . remain over points on . satellites at altitude of about , there are more than geostationary satellites located in at hand around the . Receiving Antenna This antenna re signals sent from Earth and converts them to messages that the computer understands Ground Station These stations receive and transmit signals .

The Cost of Going Global Solar Panels Solar ( en in me , sat um relay . omen allowing the of into electricity . Batteries inl ' all , 19 ) though , there are . to using satellites . med ' can ' with . meme such as static and time . cost hundreds of millions of dollars to build and won more tu launch into they ire no longer useful . up in space in become space . Transmitting Antenna This antenna changes data into signals that ( an be sent to Earth . Cellular phone signals are sent by satellites . Weigh the Impact . Identify the Need How have changed people ?

Thermal Blanket This thin toil protects the satellite trom extreme temperatures . Research Research over the last 20 years . List their on society . write in . trays in which you and tutu um technology in your daily lives . Go . nu For . More on satellites Visit . oni Web Code Onboard Computer A computer controls and monitors all parts of the satellite . Ground Station

Chapter 13 The Science of Rockets Key ( go and to pans out back ul push it in the . The rocket Ii that mus . Key Terms ! I ( The Space Program Key Contents Eran Thu mu ' I into , Slates speeding up Program . The In land on he was . Key Term 5186 Study Guide have learned much about the solar system . through various types ol spare missions . Exploring Space Today ( Key Concepts a , NAS . has med ' Ink ) ill ( imn . damaged ( and carrying and lo and from A ( term and can he mu in . has power lo ' In sand . and lu data and . Key Terms space , probe rover Using Space Science on Earth Key Concepts , imu in differ from those on . and . The , ha , ul ( society , consumer . new ' I ( are used for and for and dun . Key Terms ' an bi !

Review and Assessment ) Target Reading Skill Relate Cause and am ' HINT HINT The work of the scientists who participated in the has reunited in many to Go , For Visit . urn Welt Code Communications satellites are used in television , telephone . and computer networks on Earth . society . a effect that new materials gnu shows at least three to meet the ant the . challenges 01 Reviewing Key Terms Choose the letter of the best answer . A device that expel gas in one to move in the direction is a rocket . space . station . Tu ' Al pull , a spacecraft must reach . velocity . escape velocity . geostationary . Any object that revolves around object in space is called a ' space station . A that an Larry a crew tum spate . tu Earth . and be reused fur the ' rover . space shuttle . span . probe . about Mill other in space without lining in dIl . I contact with world is called ( spinoff . thrust . remote sensing . Complete the following sentences so that your answers clearly explain the key terms . in order to move . rocket must HINT . Space probes , which are . are used to gather data about distant planets . til min ! Mir it an example nta space is my 10 . culled data using my remote sensing . which is . Writing in Science Descriptive Imagine that you are a scientist planning the first human expedition to Mars . In a detailed paragraph , list some of the major challenges that sud a mission would face and provide possible solutions . Think about the physical stresses of space travel and how the crew basic needs will be met . II ' Exploring Space 13 529

Review and Assessment Checking Concepts 11 . are three racket ?

12 . What did . he lint tint on the ?

13 . nut by the crew ( the spate shuttle 14 . is the ot a spam station ?

15 . Name in each ol the categories medical res . materials . and consumer . Thinking ally 16 . Applying Concepts The below allows a . What does Ul the arrows represent ?

17 . Classifying A airplane uses liquid fuel that is burned with from the it ' A hut the rear . and the airplane . is it let a type of rocket ?

18 . Relating Cause and Effert When the I into in 1952 . in the States decided and in US . schools , think that ?

19 . Du you think that the ) Apollo program outweighed the mats Explain . 5306 20 . Comparing and Contrasting How is trom escape velocity ?

11 . Making Generalizations I the Spam help with further til the ?

Applying Skills Use the graph below to answer Questions . the of ( for Ill ( Io our . Satellite Orbits Altitude ( thousand ) 10 20 30 an Time to Complete Orbit ( hours ) 12 . Interpreting Diagrams How long will a satellite at an altitude of , ti take to one ?

23 . Applying Concepts , satellite orbits every 24 . what altitude does such a satellite orbit ?

14 . Making Generalizations What is the lli ( satellite altitude and the time needed to complete one orbit ?

Standards Investigation Performance Assessment letting your vehicle . list your design goals criteria . ol the you ( What could you your model ?

Standards Practice Choose the letter of the best answer . Which following developments was most directly for the creation of rockets that were capable to going to the moon ! A gunpowder I explosives rockets multistage Framework . What force mint overcome to he launched into space ?

A thrust gravity orbital velocity escape velocity . The diagram below shows a rocket and the direction of four forces . Use the diagram and your knowledge of rockets to answer Question . A Earth which of the lettered forces shown in the diagram represents an equal and opposite force to the thrust of the rocket ?

A Force A I Force Farce Success it Tracker Orin at . Space shuttles have been used to perform all of the following tasks except A placing satellites in orbit . landing on the moon . carrying astronauts and equipment to and tom space stations . repairing damaged satellites . A satellite in geostationary revolves around Earth once each A hour . week month . day . Framework . Spacecraft with instruments but lacking . a human crew are called A space probes . space shuttles . space stations . space . During the space race . the former Soviet Union was the first to accomplish all of the following except A launching the first satellite into orbit . sending the first living creature into space . sending the first human into space . landing the first human on the moon . Framework . In order to collect soil and rock samples on Mars , scientists would probably use a A space station . rover . vacuum . satellite in geostationary orbit . A . Space probes have been used to explore all the planets . but not yet Pluto . Describe three types of information that a probe orbiting Pluto could gather about it . Framework . Output 13 531