Earth Science Textbook Resource pages

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What is one main source of energy for Earth natural processes and living things ?

BIG Idea What are the effects of weathering of rock ?

Earth Systems and Processes Chapter Introduction to Earth Science Build Science Vocabulary Academic Words . How to Read Science Preview Text Structure . Standards Investigation Getting on the Map I . I . What is Science ?

Analyzing Data Sequoias and Fire . 10 Studying Earth . I . 13 Skills Lab Speeding Up Evaporation . 20 Exploring Earth Surface . 21 Topographic Maps . 28 skills Lab A Map In a Pan . 32 Safety In the Science Laboratory . 33 Chapter Weathering and Soil 42 Build Science Vocabulary . I . 44 How to Read Science Preview Visuals . 66 Standards Investigation Soils for Seeds . 47 I Minerals and Rock . 48 Rods and Weathering . 56 Analyzing Data Which Weathered Faster ?

62 Skills Lab Rock Shake . 64 How Soil Forms . 66 Consumer Lab Comparing Soils . 73 Soil Conservation . 74 Chapter Erosion and Deposition 82 Build Science Vocabulary Latin Word origins . 84 How to Read Science Sequence . 85 Standards Investigation Changes in the Land . 87 Changing Earth Surface . as Skills Lab Sand Hills . 92 Water Erosion . 94 Analyzing Data Sediment on the Move . 102 Skills Lab Streams in Action . 104 Waves and Wind . 108 Gliders . 115 Unit Review . 124 BIG What are the forces of erosion and deposition that shape our landscape ?

BIG Idea What are plates , and how do their movements change our planet surface ?

How do plate motions Earth crust ?

Plate Tectonics and Earth Structure Chapter Plate Tectonics Build Science Vocabulary Use Greek Word Origins . 128 How to Read Science Identify Supporting Evidence . 130 Standards Investigation Make a Model of Earth . 131 Earth Interior . 132 Analyzing Data Temperature Inside Earth . 138 Convection and the Mantle . 140 Drifting Continents . 144 Spreading . 149 Skills Lab Modeling Spreading . 156 The Theory of Plate Tectonics . 158 Skills Lab Modeling Mantle Convection Currents . 163 Chapter Earthquakes Build Science Vocabulary Academic words . 170 19 How to Read Science Identify Main Ideas , 172 Standards Investigation Design and Build an House . 173 I Forces in Earth crust . 114 Earthquakes and Seismic Waves . Analyzing Data Seismic Wave Speeds . 186 Skills Lab Finding the Epicenter . 188 Monitoring Earthquakes . 190 Earthquake Safety . A . 196 Skills Lab Earthshaking Events . 203

Chapter Volcanoes 210 Build Science Vocabulary . Use Clues to Determine Meaning . 212 How to Read Science Create Outlines . 214 Standards investigation and People . 215 Volcanoes and Plate . 216 Skills Lab Mapping Earthquakes and Volcanoes . 220 Volcanic Eruptions . 121 Analyzing Data Magma Composition . Volcanic Landforms . 229 California Geology . 235 Skills Lab Gelatin Volcanoes . 238 Unit Review . 244 Interdisciplinary Exploration Pompeii . 246 BIG idea What causes volcanoes and how do they change surface ?

( BIG idea How do air pressure and temperature vary in the atmosphere ?

BIG idea which weather factors produce changes in weather ?

Weather and Climate Chapter The Atmosphere 250 Build Science Vocabulary Greek word Origins . 252 How to Read Science Take Notes . 254 Standards Investigation Build Your Own Weather Station . 255 The Air Around Vou . 256 Air Pressure , 262 Layers of the Atmosphere . 261 Analyzing Data Changing Temperatures . 270 Energy In Earth Atmosphere . 272 Skills Lab Heating Earth Surface . 276 Heat in the Atmosphere . 276 Winds . 282 Technology Lab Measuring the Wind . 289 Chapter Weather 294 Build Science Vocabulary Identify Multiple Meanings . 296 ' How to Read Science Compare and Contrast . 298 in Standards Investigation The Weather Tomorrow . 299 I Water In the Atmosphere . 300 Analyzing Data Determining Relative Humidity . 302 Precipitation . 307 Air Masses and Fronts . 310 Storm . 313 Skills Lab Tracking a Hurricane . 326 Predicting the weather . 323 Skills Lab Reading a Weather Map . 333

Chapter Climate and Climate Change 340 Build Science Vocabulary Words . 342 How to Read Science Create Outlines . 344 Standards Investigating Microclimates . 345 What Causes Climate ?

346 A Skills Lab Sunny Rays and Angles . 354 Currents and Climate . 356 Climate Regions . 362 Consumer Lab Cool Climate Graphs . 372 Climate Change . 314 Analyzing Data Carbon Dioxide Levels . 376 Unit Review . BIG Idea What are the major that influence a region climate ?

BIG idea What relationships exist between living things and the environment ?

What defines the ecological roles and adaptations of the organisms found in different ?

Ecology and Resources Chapter 10 Ecosystems 386 Build Science Vocabulary Identify Related Word Forms . 388 Now to Read Science Sequence . I . 390 Standards Investigation What a Crowd ?

391 Living Things and the Environment . 392 , Skills Lab A World in a Bottle . 398 . 399 Energy Flow in Ecosystems . 404 Interactions Among Living Things . I . 410 Analyzing Data Interactions . 413 of Matter . 411 Changes In Communities . A . 422 Skills Lab Change in a Tiny Community . 426 Chapter 11 Living Resources 432 Build Science Vocabulary Academic Words . 434 How to Read Science Identify Main Ideas . 436 Standards Investigation Breaking It Down . I . 437 . 438 Skills Lab in Miniature , 448 Aquatic Ecosystems . 450 Skills Lab Recycling Paper . I . 456 Forests and Fisheries . 451 Biodiversity . 462 Analyzing Data California Peregrine Falcon Recovery .

Chapter 12 Energy and Material Resources 472 Build Science Vocabulary Prefixes . 474 How to Read Compare and Contrast . 476 Standards Investigation Energy Audit . 477 Fossil Fuels . 18 Analyzing Data Fuels and Electricity . 483 i Renewable Sources of Energy . A . 485 Technology lab Design and Build a Solar Cooker 492 ' Nuclear Energy . 494 a ' Energy Conservation . VENOUS Consumer Lab Keeping Comfortable . 503 Eng , Recycling Material Resources . sos Unit Review . Skills Handbook . 518 Appendix A Laboratory Safely . 534 English and Spanish Glossary . 536 index . 554 Acknowledgments .

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How Much Rain ' Energy on the Move . Rock Absorber . Minerals . Rusting Away . Red or Blue ?

Raindrops Falling . Reversing Poles Mud Stress . Mapping Magnitude . Stable or Unstable ?

in a . Gases in Magma . Breathe In . Out . Activity Controlling Variables . Classifying . Making Models . Calculating . I Creating Data Tables . Classifying . I 85 Measuring Friction . I 94 Calculating . What in Pond Water ?

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Weaving a Food Web . 406 Carbon and Oxygen . Survival . Blowing in the Wind . It in the Numbers . at ( menu inquiry Interpreting Data . Inferring . Drawing . Classifying . Graphing . Calculating .

Activity Quick . engaging activities home and The Us . 75 Ice in a Straw . of . Tracing Heal Flow . Modeling Faults . A Quail Saki ) Plan . Modeling . Air . Home . in he Air . Storm . Ted ! Iv Science and Society Protecting Hume in Flood . Technology and Society Buildings . and History The oi Volcanoes . Science and History ' Chang . run mi nu um Math Math Skills Si ' and . i ( Rate . Units . Percentage . i . 332 . 44 ( xviii the Effect . Climate ?

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. Inquiry . Topographic Map . Soil layers . Mass ) A . Seismic ' Composite Volcano Eruption . Measuring Air Pressure . 29 ' 254 Ocean Food Web . Winds . Logging , CY ' A Plant . 97 Fronts . 508 . I . We ) I Link Get ta web the complete dynamic video . In every lesson . book and on ( motivated Practice this to the chapter . Find Web links on learn moment , content . to every semen Videos Explore concern and Field a stoty to the chapter content Assessment Review Ind uke an assessment An with selected visuals from every chapter learn lab skills . Support Hear woken and defined Planet Explore news and natural phenomena through weekly report Use feedback to help you track your progress News Keep up to date the Ines ! discoveries .

CALIFORNIA ' Science Content Standards This textbook is organized to support your understanding of the California Science Content Standards . Understanding this organization can help you master the standards . How do plate motions affect Earth crust ?

NiA Standards Focus Students know that the effects of an earthquake on any region vary . on the size of the earthquake , the distance of the region from the . the local geology , and the type of construction in the region . How do seismographs wont ?

How do geologists monitor ?

000 How are data used ?

Every chapter begins with a Focus on the Big Idea question that is linked to a Science Standard . Focus on the Big Idea poses a question for you to think about as you study the chapter . Vou will discover the answer to the question as you read . Each section begins with a Standards Focus . Vou will learn about these Science Standards as you read the section . the Standards Focus is broken down Into two to tour Key Concept Vou wilt find the answers to these questions as you read the . Standards Key Grade Level Standard Set and Standard Content Area lor Science for Arts Math lor Mathematics

The next several pages will introduce you to the California Science Content Standards for Grade . There are seven sets of standards that cover the material you will be learning this year . Each standard set contains several specific standards that tell you what you need to know . For Grade , these standards focus mainly on earth science . Some of the standards also help you learn about relationships between earth science and other branches of science . STANDARD SET I Plate and Earth Structure . Plate accounts for Important features of surface and major geologic events . As a basis for understanding this concept a . Students know evidence of plate tectonics is derived from the lit ol the continents the location oi earthquakes , volcanoes , and ridges and the distribution ol fossils , rock types , and ancient climatic zones . to . Students know Earth is composed of several layers a cold , brittle lithosphere a hot , mantle and a dense , core . Student know plates the size ol continents and oceans move at rates ol centimeters per year in response to movements in the mantle . What It Means to You You will learn about the structure of Earth and how scientists have identified that structure . You will learn that Earth is divided into layers . The top layer is the crust , which is divided into giant sections called plates . These plates move very slowly around Earth surface . Volcanoes and earthquakes are common where one plate slides past or under another plate . Where You Will Learn It Chapter

STANDARD SET I , continued Students know that earthquakes are sudden motions along breaks in the crust called and that volcanoes and are locations where magma reaches the . Students know maior geologic events , such as , volcanic eruptions , and mountain building , result lrom plate motions . Students know how to explain maior of California geology ( including mountains , faults , volcanoes ) in terms of plate tectonics . know how to determine the epicenter ol an earthquake and know that the effects ol an earthquake on any region vary , depending on the size ol the earthquake , the distance oi the region from the epicenter , the local geology , and the type ol construction in the region . CALIFORNIA What it Means to You Vou will learn how the motion of Earth plates causes earthquakes and volcanoes and builds mountains . Moving plates shaped many of landscape , such as its mountain ranges and . You will also learn how scientists measure and locate earthquakes , and what how much damage an earthquake does . Where You Will Learn it Chapters , and until

Shaping Earth Surface STANDARD ser . Topography is reshaped by the weathering of rock and soil and Is the transportation and deposition of sediment . As a basis or understanding this concept a . Students know water running downhill is the dominant process in shaping the landscape , including California landscape . Students rivers and streams are dynamic systems that erode , transport sediment . change course , and Hood their banks in natural and recurring patterns . know beaches are dynamic systems which the sand is supplied by rivers and moved along the coast by the action of waves . Students know earthquakes , volcanic eruptions , landslides , and floods change human and habitats . What it Means To You You will learn about the that shape Earth surface . Moving water is the most important oi these forces . You will learn how rivers and oceans shape the land by eroding , or wearing away , material and carrying that material to other places . You will also learn how rapid natural events such as earthquakes , volcanoes , landslides , and shape the land . These events can all living things , including humans , and can have effects that last long after the event itself . Where You Will Learn It Chapters , and 10 is UV )

STANDARD SET Heat ( Thermal Energy ) Physical Science ) I I . Heat moves In a predictable from warmer objects to cooler objects all the objects are at the same temperature . As I for understanding this concept . Students know energy can be carried from one place to another by heat or by waves , including water , light and sound waves , or by moving objects . Students know that when fuel is consumed , most of the energy released becomes heat energy . What It Means to You You will learn what energy is and how it is transmitted lrom place to place . Energy can exist in many forms , but in all forms , it is the ability to do work or cause a change . You will learn how waves , heal , and moving objects arry energy . You will also learn how energy can change lrom one to another . One example is the burning of a fuel such as coal in a power plant . The fuels stored energy is changed into other forms . Some of the energy becomes electricity , but most ol it becomes heal . Where You Will Learn It Chapters and 12

STANDARD SET , Students know know heat in solids by conduction ( which involves no ( low of matter ) and in fluids by conduction and by ( which Involves ol matter ) Students know heat energy is also between by radiation ( radiation can travel through space ) What It Means to You You will learn the three ways in which heat can between objects Vou will learn that two ol these ways , conduction and convection , need matter in order to transfer heat . Conversely , radiation can energy through empty space . You will learn how each ! these processes transfers heat , and discover examples of each process . Where You Will Learn It Chapters , and ' or . VI

STAN DA SET Energy in the System . Many phenomena on Earth surface are affected by the transfer of energy through radiation and convection currents . As a basis for understanding this concept a . Students know the sun is the major source of energy or phenomena on Earths surface it powers winds , ocean currents , and the water cycle . Students know solar energy reaches Earth through radiation , mostly in the form of visible light . What It Means to You You will learn that the sun provides most ol the energy that powers events on Earth This energy travels to Earth through radiation . You will also learn that wind , ocean currents , and weather all get their energy directly or indirectly the Sun . You will understand how the sun energy drives air and water movements on Earth . CALIFORNIA Where Yau Will Learn it Chapters , and

STANDARD SET , continued Student know heat from Earth Interior reaches the surface primarily through . Students know convection currents distribute heat in the atmosphere and oceans . Student know in pressure , heat , air movement , and humidity result in oi weather . What it Means to You You will learn how heat is inside Earth and in atmosphere and oceans . You will see that convection currents caused by changing amounts of heat bring energy from deep inside Earth to the surface Similar currents carry heat through the atmosphere and oceans . Vou will learn how these currents , along with changes in pressure and the amount of water in the air , cause changes in the weather . Where You Will Learn It Chapters , and puL a )

I LA . I STANDARD SET Ecology ( Ute Sciences ) ecosystems exchange energy and nutrients among themselves and with the environment . As a for understanding this content a . Students know energy entering ecosystems as sunlight is transferred by producers into chemical energy through photosynthesis and then from organism to organism through food webs . Students know matter is over time from one organism to others in the food web and between organisms and the physical environment . What It Means to You You have seen how energy is transferred through the nonliving parts of Earth . In this standard set , you will learn how energy is transferred among living things and between living things and their environments . Living things depend on energy from the sun . You will learn how some organisms , such as plants , use this energy to store chemical energy in the loan of food . Some organisms gain their energy by eating other organisms . You will learn to trace how energy and matter move between and among living things . Where You Will Learn It Chapters IO and II

STANDARD SET continued . Students populations of organisms can be categorized by the functions they serve In an ecosystem . Students know kinds oi organisms may play similar roles in similar . Students know the number and types of organisms an ecosystem can support depends on the resources available and on , such as of light and water , a range of temperatures , and so composition . Winn it Means to You Vou will about the roles organisms play in the ecosystems in they live . You will also learn to compete ecosystems . Vou will see that organisms can play the same role in ecosystems . types of organisms that can live in an environment depend on both the nonliving parts oi the environment ( such as its soil and light ) and on living parts of the environment ( such as plants and animals ) when You Will Learn it Chapters and II

STANDARD SET Resources . Sources of ene and materials differ In amounts , distribution , use , and the time required for their . As a basis for understanding this concept a Students know the utility ol energy sources is determined by that are involved In converting these sources to and the consequences ol the conversion process . Students know different natural energy and material resources , including air , soll , rocks , minerals , petroleum , fresh water , and forests , and know how to classify them as renewable or nonrenewable . Students know the natural origin oi the materials used to make common objects . What it Means to You Humans depend on their environments lor many useful materials , called natural resources . People use some ol these resources to produce energy Others can be made into objects that people need and want . You will that some resources can be replaced relatively quickly , while others can not be replaced once they are used up . Vou will be able to list and describe some examples of each type . Vou will also learn how to tell the difference between these two types oi resources . I . When You Will Learn it Chapters , and 12

STANDARD SET Investigation and Experimentation . progress is made by asking meaningful questions and conducting careful investigations . As a basis for this concept and the content in the other ree strands , students shou develop their own questions and investigations . Students will a . Develop a hypothesis . Select and use appropriate tools and technology ( including calculators , computers , balances , spring scales , microscopes , and binoculars ) to tests , collect data , and display data . Construct appropriate graphs data and develop qualitative statements about the relationships between variables . Communicate the steps and results an investigation in written reports and oral presentations . Recognize whether evidence is consistent with a proposed explanation . i . Read a topographic map and a geologic map for evidence provided on the maps and construct and interpret a simple scale map . Interpret events by sequence and time from natural phenomena ( the relative ages oi rocks and intrusions ) Identify changes in natural phenomena over time without manipulating the phenomena ( a tree limb , a grove oi trees , a stream , a ) an What It Means to You You will learn how scientists gather , display , and interpret information . You will perform your own experiments and investigations and learn to draw conclusions the data you collect . For instance , you will build a weather station and use it to collect data about the weather in your area . You will also learn to read graphs and maps , and to identify how an object or an area changes over time . Where You Will it This material is covered in the labs and activities you will do and in Chapter .

Standards Focus Your Keys to Success Read for Meaning This textbook has been developed to fully support your understanding of the science concepts in the California Science Standards . Each chapter contains reading support . Before You Read Use the Standards Focus to preview the California Science Standards that are covered , the key concepts and key terms in the section . What 15 Science ?

the California Science Standards that you win learn are listed at the beginning of each section Key Concepts . run um Each science standard is broken down smaller called Key Concepts Key Terms Use the list of key terms to preview the for each . Rowan VIM Out Winn Earth !

UH As You Read . Key Concepts in boldface . sentences allow you to focus on the important ideas of the chapter . Look for the green and keys to find the key concepts in each section . After You Read ' The Section Assessment tests your understanding of the Key Concepts . Each bank of Reviewing Key Concept questions here focuses on one of the Key Concepts . an If you ca answer these items , 90 back . and review the .

Your Keys to Success to Read Science Skill The target reading skills introduced on this page will help you read and understand information in this textbook . Each chapter introduces a reading skill . Developing these reading skills is key to becoming a successful reader in science and other subject areas . Preview Text Structure By understanding how are organized , you can gain information from them more effectively , This textbook is organized with red headings and blue . Before you read . preview the headings . Asli yourself questions to guide you as you read . Chapter ) Preview Visuals The visuals in your science provide important information . Visuals are photographs , graphs , tables . diagrams , and illustrations . Before you read . take the time to in a section . look closely at the title , labels and captions . Then asli yourself questions about the visuals . Chapter ) Sequence Many parts of a science textbook are organized by sequence . Sequence is the order in which a series of events occurs . Some sections may discuss events in a process that has a beginning and an end . Other sections may describe a continuous process that does not have an end . Chapters and 10 ) Compare and Contrast Science texts often make comparisons . When you compare and contrast , you examine the similarities and differences between things . You can compare and contrast by using a table or a Venn diagram . Chapters and 12 ) Identify Main Ideas As you read . you can understand a section or paragraph more clearly by finding the main idea . The main idea is the most important idea . The details in a section or paragraph support the main idea . Headings and can often help you identify the main ideas . Chapters and 11 ) Identify Supporting Evidence Science textbooks often describe the scientific evidence that supports a theory or hypothesis Scientific evidence includes data and facts . information whose accuracy can be confirmed by experiments or observation . A hypothesis is a possible explanation for observations made by scientists or an answer to a question . Chapter ) Create Outlines Vou can create outlines to help you clarify the text . An outline shows the relationship between main ideas and supporting details . Use the text . key concepts . and key to help you figure out information to include in your outline . Chapter and ) Take Note ! Science chapters are packed with information . Taking good notes is one way to help you remember key ideas and to see the big ture When you take notes , include key ideas . a few details , and summaries . Chapter )

Reading Skills Each chapter provides a target reading skill with clear instruction to help you read and understand the text . You apply the skill as you read . Then you will record what you learned in the section and chapter assessments . Before You Read Each chapter ( es a target reading Ski and provides examples and exercises As You Read As you read , you ( an use the target reading skill to you your understanding . After You Read You can the target reading ! in the Section Assessments and in the Chapter Assessments . i mu Im , iu . Irv i ad

Your Keys to Success Build Science Vocabulary Studying science involves learning a new vocabulary . Here are some vocabulary skills to help you learn the meaning of words you do not recognize . Word Analysis You can use your knowledge of word . and to determine the meaning of unfamiliar words . Prefixes A prefix is a word part that is added at the beginning of a root or base word to change its meaning . Knowing the meaning of will help you out new words . You will practice this skill In Chapter 12 . A suffix is a letter or group oi letters added to the end of a word to form a new word with a slightly meanings Adding a suffix to a word changes its part of speech . You will practice this skill in Chapter . Word Origins Many science words come to English from other languages , such as Greek and latin . By learning the meaning of a few common Greek and Latin roots . you can determine the meaning of new science words . You will practice this skill in chapters i , and , Use Clues to Determine Meaning When you come across a word you do recognize in science texts . you can use context clues to out what the word means First look for clues in the word itself . Then look at the surrounding words , sentences , and paragraphs for clues . You will practice this skill in Chapter identify Multiple Meanings To understand concept you must use terms precisely . some familiar words may have different meanings in science . Watch for these meaning words as you read . You will practice this skill in Chapter . Identify Related word Forms You can increase your vocabulary by learning ed forms of words or word families . It you the meaning of a verb form , you may be able to figure out the related noun and adjective . Vou will practice this skill In Chapter atmosphere layer of or 43215785 ' Earth

Vocabulary Skills One of the important steps in reading this science textbook is to be sure that you understand the key terms . Your book shows several strategies to help learn important vocabulary . Before You Read Each chapter introduces a Vocabulary Skill with examples and practice exercises , Key terms come alive through visuals . The beginning of each section lists the key terms at , url As You Read Each key term is highlighted in yellow , appears in boldface type . and is followed by a definition . After You Read You can practice the Vocabulary Skill in the Section Assessments . You can apply your understanding ol the key terms in the Chapter Assessments .

Your Keys to Success Build Science Vocabulary Academic Words academic words are words that are used frequently in classroom reading , writing , and discussions . They are different from key terms because they appear in many subject areas . Learn the Words Each unit contains a chapter that introduces academic words . The introduction describes the words , provides examples , and includes my ma . Ir wees ! mi , IV practice exercises . Practice Using the Words You can practice using the . int i . in me in nu . an A an academic words in the Section Assessments . Focus on Earth Science Academic Words , the in of words will help you improve your If ! all ( at as alter contribute tactor occur remove area convert feature percent resource category feature physical reverse channel function positive series concept detect generate predictable source conduct distinct indicate principle structure diversity process sustain construct enable interpret proces technique consumer environment layer proportion theory contact estimate major range transfer contract expand method region trigger contrast exposure obtain reject release vary

You can explore the concepts in this textbook through inquiry . Like a real scientist , you can develop your own scientific questions and perform labs and activities to find answers . Follow the steps below when doing a lab . Record your data . speeding up Evaporation ( on can present your result orally . Write I purpose . What is the purpose in of this activity ?

Write a hypothesis . What is a possible explanation ?

Hypotheses lead to that can Analyze your results . be tested . Answering the questions will help you draw conclusions , Follow step in the procedure . Pay mention to safety icons . Communicate your results in a written report or oral presentation . Your report should include a hypothesis a purpose the steps of the procedure a record of your results a ( for more Scum and mu . acme VII And

Chapter ' Standards Preview 561 top graph mash the nerd the transportation and deposition of sediment Meet moves in from warmer to until all the objects are at the same temperature . As I basis for understanding this . Students know energy ( an be ( armed from one place to another by heat flow or by waves . water . and sound waves , or by moving . Many phenomena on Earth late in try the transfer of energy through radiation and currents . As a basis to understanding this concept a . Students know the sun as the maior source of energy ior on Earth at powers winds , ocean ( intents , and the water ( i ( progress is nude by ing question ! and investigations . As a basis ior standing this content and addressing the content in the other three strands . should develop their own questions and perform investigations . Students wiii a . Develop a . Select and use appropriate tools and technology ( including calculators . computers . spring scales , microscopes . and ) to perform . data . and display data . graphs from data and develop qualitative statements about the between . Read a man and a map for evident provided on the mam and and a simple stair map From space , the view of planet Earth consists of vast oceans and . Introduction to Ear Science