Earth Science Textbook Chapter 9 Climate and Climate Change

Standards Preview 51 Man phenomena on face are hy the transfer ! energy through radiation and . As a basis for understanding this Students know that currents distribute heat in the atmosphere and oceans . Students know dI In pressure . hem , air , and humidity result in ( in weather progress is mad Ing questions and artful Investigations . As a basis for this concept In addressing the content in the other strands . students should their own questions and perform investigation . Students will appropriate graphs from data and develop about the relationships between variables . live in AH ?

I ( iY network of pins to protect them mid and . Climate and Climate Change on the Idea What are the major factors that influence a region climate ?

Check What You Know Think about how the weather changes with the seasons where you live . Is there a dry season and a rainy season ?

Are certain months usually hotter than others ?

Write a paragraph describing how the weather changes over the course of a year where you live and in one other location with very different seasonal changes . Explain why you think these seasonal changes occur .

The images shown here represent some of the key terms in this chapter . You can use this vocabulary to you understand the meaning of some key terms in this chapter . Academic Words academic words are words that are used frequently in academic reading , writing , and discussions I Definition I Example Sentence . Great in . Hurricanes often cause amount . number , or or damage in Florida . importance positive ad Having a good or She received ( mu uh ) useful effect , comments on her 377 science project . To extend or reach in a The temperature in our given direction nation capital can range about to 32 ' Part of the surface 01 The southern ot Earth an area the United States has the warmest weather . Apply It ! Choose the word from the table that best completes the sentence . The age of the students at the science conference from to 17 . What states are included in the Pacific of the United States ?

The rain is a sign that the dry period Chapter Vocabulary zone polar zone temperate zone climate continental ( Inmate ( ean current leeward monsoon Section El La Nina upwelling rain forest savanna desert steppe chaparral humid subtropical tundra permafrost , i ( age global warming greenhouse gas ozone hole Build Chapter 343

Create Outlines You have learned to use headings and to identify main ideas and details to guide you as you read . An outline uses these skills to show the relationship between main ideas and supporting details . An outline usually is set up like the one below . Roman numerals show the main topics or headings . Capital letters show the . Numbers show supporting details and key terms . Look at the sample outline of the first part of Section . I . Factors Temperature What Causes Climate ?

A . Latitude . Tropical zone is near equator . Polar zones are near North or South poles Main . Temperate zones dew , id , rays hit zone more directly hit zone at lower angle . Altitude . Distance From Large Bodies of Water ! Ocean Currents ' II . Factors Affecting Precipitation , fer , Apply It ! Use the outline above to answer the following questions . What are the main topics in this outline ?

What details describe how latitude affects temperature ?

Copy the outline above into your notebook . Use the headings , and key terms to help you select information to complete the outline for Section . Then create outlines for Section and Section .

Standards Investigation , 617 . Investigating A microclimate is a small area with its own climate . As you work through this chapter . you will investigate microclimates in your community . Your Goal To compare weather conditions from at least three microclimates To complete your investigation , you must hypothesize how the microclimates in three areas differ from each other collect data from your locations at the same time each day relate each microclimate to the plants and animals found there Plan It ! Begin by brainstorming a list of nearby places that may have different microclimates . How are the places different ?

Keep in mind weather factors such as temperature , precipitation , humidity , wind direction , and wind speed . Consider areas that are grassy , sandy , sunny . or shaded . You will need to measure daily weather conditions and record them in a logbook . Collect the instruments you need before you begin your investigation . Once you have collected all the data . construct your graphs and look for patterns . Then plan your presentation .

Standards Focus Section What Causes Climate ?

Students know the sun is the major source ol energy for phenomena on Earth surface it powers winds , ocean currents , and the water ( yd ! Students know in pressure , heat , air . and humidity result in changes in weather what influence temperature ?

What ?

What causes the seasons ?

Key Terms climate I tropical zone polar zone I temperate zone I marine I continental climate I ocean current windward I leeward I monsoon An oasis In the Molave Desert How Does Latitude Affect Climate ?

on a globe . tape a strip of paper from the equator to the North Pole . Divide the tape into three equal parts . Label the top section poles . the bottom section equator . and the middle section . Tape the end of an empty toilet paper roll to the end of a . Hold the flashlight about 30 from the equator . Turn on the flashlight to represent the sun . On the paper strip , have a partner draw the area the light shines on . Move the up slightly to aim at the . Keep the flashlight horizontal and at the same distance from the globe . Again . draw the lighted area . Repeat Step but this time aim the light at the Think It Over Observing How does the size of the illuminated area change ?

Do you think the sun rays heat Earth surface evenly ?

The in an area changes every day . At a given tion , the weather he cloudy and rainy one day and clear and sunny the next . Climate . on the other hand . refers to the . average conditions of . precipitation . winds . and clouds in an area . For example , Desert . shown below . has hot , dry climate . Scientists use two main and describe the climate of region . A climate region is a large area that has similar climate conditions throughout . For . the climate in the United States is dry . with hot summers . factors that affect large climate regions also . I smaller areas . Have you ever noticed that it is cooler and more humid in a grove of trees than in an open Field ?

A small area with climate conditions that from around it may have its own microclimate .

Factors Affecting Temperature Why are some places warm and others factors that are latitude . altitude . climates of locations near the equator are warmer than climates far from the equator . The main son is that the sun rays hit Earth surface most directly at the equator . At the poles . the same amount of solar radiation is spread over a larger area . and therefore brings less warmth . Recall that latitude is the distance from the equator , in degrees . Based on latitude . surface can be divided into the three temperature tones shown in Figure . The is the area near the equator , between about north latitude and south latitude . The tropical receives direct or nearly direct sunlight all year round . making climates there warm . In contrast , the sun rays always strike at a lower angle near the North and South poles . As a result . the areas near both poles have cold climates . These polar from about to 90 north and to south latitudes . Between the tropical woes and the polar zones are the . In summer . the sun ray strike the ate zones more directly . In winter , the sun rays strike at a lower angle . As a result . the weather in the temperate zones ranges from warm or hot in summer to cool or cold in winter . The zone its the warmest climates . Cold climates occur inthe polar tone . In between Has the temperate zone . where dilutes vary from want to cool . Inns in which temperature zone Ir most of the United States located ?

347 noun Effect of Altitude Mount Kilimanjaro . in Tanzania , is near the equator . Relating cause and Effect What factor is responsible for the difference between the climate at the mountaintop and the at the Altitude The peak of Mount towers high above the plains of East Africa . is covered in snow all year round . as shown in Figure . Yet it is located near the equator . at south latitude . Why is Mount ( so cold ?

In the ' of high mountains , altitude is a more important climate factor than latitude . In the troposphere . decreases about Celsius degrees for every I increase in altitude . As a result . highland areas everywhere have cool climates , no matter what their latitude . At nearly kilometers . the air at the top of is about 39 Celsius degrees colder than the air at sea level at the same latitude . Distance From Large Bodies of Water Oceans or large lakes can also temperatures . greatly . or make less extreme . the temperatures of nearby land , Water up more slowly than land . it also cools down more slowly . winds oil the ' of hot and cold in coastal regions . Much of the west coasts of North ica . South America . and Europe have mild marine climates . with relatively mild winters and cool . The Ocean moderates the of coastal California . The centers of North America and Asia are too far inland lobe warmed or by the ocean . Most of Canada and of Russia , an well as the central United States , have continental . Continental climates have more extreme tempera lures than marine climates . Winters are cold . summers are warm or hot .

Ocean Currents . arc by ocean currents . of water the oceans that in regular . As you will learn in the next , I or il . warm heal . This ' as warm , Th air lien over nearby land . way , cold currents bring cold the , toward the ' brings cool air . The current is ?

Gulf . in . Gull in ( and along cam wan of the . il the North , it North Drill . his warm current brings mild . humid air to Iceland , Ireland . and southern England . As A . arms have mild . high . The cool Current and warm Current of . You will about these currents in the next section Reading What effect do oceans have on the temperatures of nearby land areas ?

Go For Links an ocean currents Visit Web Code ( Flaunt Surface Currents and Climate This satellite image of the Atlantic has been ed with ( that show water temperature . Red and orange indicate warmer water , while green and blue ( older water Interpreting Maps The Gulf Stream around Florida in the rower left of the map . I the Gull Stream a warm ora cold ?

Chapter 349 Rain Shadow A mountain range can form a barrier to the movement of humid air . Humid air cools as it is blown up the side of a mountain range . Applying Concepts Where does the heaviest rainfall occur ?

Warm . moist air blows in from the ocular and I pinned up by tho mountains . Factors Affecting Precipitation The air mamas that pass over an area may bring rain or snow . The amount of precipitation varies from year to year . But over time . total precipitation tends toward a yearly average . What determines the amount of precipitation an area receives ?

The main factors that affect precipitation are prevailing winds . the presence of mountains , and seasonal winds . Prevailing Winds As you know . weather patterns depend on the movement of huge air masses . Air masses are moved from place to place by prevailing winds , the directional winds that usually blow in a region . Air masses can be warm or cool . dry or humid . The amount of water vapor in the air mass how much rain or snow will fall . The amount of water vapor in prevailing winds also depends on where the winds come from . Winds that blow inland from oceans or large lakes carry more water vapor than winds that blow from overland . Mountain Range A mountain range in the path of winds can also where precipitation falls . When humid winds blow the ocean toward coastal mountains . they are forced to rise , as shown in Figure . The rising air cools and its water vapor condenses , forming clouds Rain or snow falls on the windward side of the mountains . the side the wind hits first . By the time the air has moved over the mountains . it has lost much of its water vapor . so it is cool and dry . The land on the side of the in a min shadow . Little precipitation falls there . The Sierra Nevada mountains have a major effect on climate . As shown in Figure it great deal of tion falls on the western . windward side of the mountain range . Extremely dry areas such as the Mojave Desert are located on the leeward side of the mountains . I . released as precipitation ,

Summer Monsoon Winter Monsoon Seasonal Winds A seasonal change in wind patterns can affect precipitation . These seasonal winds are similar to land and sea breezes . but occur over a wider area . Sea and land ' over a large region that change direction with the sons are called monsoons . What produces a monsoon ?

In the summer in South and Southeast Asia , the land gradually gets , a summer monsoon . wind blows warmer than the ocean . A sea breeze blows steadily inland lam from the ocean all summer , even at night . The air blowing winter . the monsoon reverses and from the ocean during this eason is very warm and humid . NOW ! ON lam ?

the humid air rises over the land . the air cools . This causes ' am water vapor to condense into clouds . producing heavy rains . a we ) Thailand and parts of India receive much of their rain from the summer monsoons . Monsoon winds also bring rain to coastal areas in West Africa and northeastern South America . Regions affected by monsoon . receive very little rain in winter . In the winter . the land cools and becomes colder than the ocean . A land breeze blows steadily front the land to the ocean . These winds carry little moisture . The Santa Ana winds are hot . dry winds that often blow in Southern California during fall and early winter . Cool air from the desert blows toward the coast . As air down the . it is compressed and warms up . The humidity of the air drops and vegetation dries out . creating it potential fire . luring Why does precipitation tall mainly on the ) windward sides at mountains ?

The arms little moisture . the dry upu 351 Percentage from the sun strikes Earth surface at different angles . An angle is made up of two lines that meet at a point . Angles are measured in degrees . A full circle has 360 degrees . When the sun is directly overhead near the equator it is at an angle of 90 to Earth surface . A 90 ' angle is called a right angle . What percentage at a circle is it ?

90 degrees 360 degrees 100 90 I . 100 360 90 100 360 25 A 90 angle is 25 percent of a full circle . Practice Problem Earth axis is tilted at an angle of . About what percentage of a right angle is this ?

Summer and Winter There can be a striking difference between summer and winter in the same location . Inferring During which season does the area shown receive more solar energy ?

The Seasons Although you can describe the average weather conditions of a climate region . art not constant all year long . Instead . most outside the tropics have Four winter , spring , summer , and fall . When it is in the it is winter in the Southern . So the are not at result of changes in the distance between Earth and sun . in tact . limb is from the sun during the in the Northern lIt ' The sun transfers nearly of to Earth throughout the year . Tilted Axis The seasons are caused by the tilt of axis as Earth travels around the sun . The axis is an line through Earth center that passes through both poles . Earth rotates , or turns . around this axis mice each day . axis is not straight up and down . but is tilted at an angle of . Ax around the sun . its axis always points in the same direction . the north end of the axis is pointed from the sun for one part of the year and toward the sun tor another part of the year . Effect of the Tilted Axis Look at Figure ' way is the end of Earth axis in lune ?

Notice that the Northern receives radiation from the sun at a more direct angle . Also . in lune the days in the arc longer than the nights . The of more direct solar radiation and longer days surface warmer in the Northern than at any other time of the year . It is summer in the Northern . At the same time , the is experiencing . In , on the other mod , the north of axis is tilted from the WI . It is winter in the Northern and summer in the ' In June , what season is it in the Southern ' Hemisphere !

. Go online The Seasons The seasons are a result of Earth tilted axis . The seasons as , the amount of energy eath 555 sphere receives from the sun 50 , Web ( nde ( June time The mirth end at Earth ' axis is tilted toward the sun . saw . any 95 , 15 ' axis is tilted toward the sun . Hemisphere and in ' sung , in snug I ! Mag . and winter in Neither end of Earth lids the Northern . is tilted toward the sun . Both hemispheres receive the same amount of energy . section Assessment Vocabulary Skill Words ( Relating Cause and Ellen nu the ( iii the tit . the the . of the ?

Kev ' Identifying Nam ' Mam ! I ) LI . Developing Hypotheses HINT don ?

In ' he different if It Il ! rune ?

on ( Comparing and Contrasting ( HINT . at the suite latitude in the . thi ' hi is ( III a by i tu . at ( Him will their dill ?

A 00 a a , INT i a . Listing List ' sun makes an angie of i ' with Earth surface . What percentage of Summarizing iii I fun ( the in iii alt ?

Chapters 9353 Inquiry , Sunny Rays and Angles ' Problem How does the angle of a light source affect the rate at which the temperature of a surface changes ?

Skills Focus controlling variables . graphing , interpreting data . making models black construction procedure paper . Cut a strip of black construction paper by 10 an . Fold the paper in half and tape two sides to form a pocket . Repeat Step to make two more pockets . Place the bulb of a thermometer inside each pocket . if youre a temperature probe . see your teacher for instructions . Place the pockets with thermometers close together . as shown in the photo . Place one thermometer in a vertical ( 1899 and 34533075 position ( angle ) one at a angle , and the third one in a horizontal position ( angle ) Use a protractor to measure the angles . Support the thermometers with ' Position the lamp so that it is 30 an from each of the thermometer bulbs . Make sure the lamp will not move during the activity . thermometers or temperature probes books and protractor incandescent lamp graph paper clock or watch

Data Table ) Angle 45 ' Anglo Start i . Copy a data table like the one above into your notebook . In your data table . record the temperature on all three thermometers . All three temperatures should be the same . Switch on the lamp . in your data table , record the temperature on each thermometer every minute for 15 minutes . Be careful notto touch the hot lampshade . After 15 minutes . switch oh the lamp . Analyze and conclude . Controlling Variables In this experiment , what was the manipulated variable ?

What was the responding variable ?

Graphing Graph your data . Label the horizontal axis and vertical axis of your graph as shown on the sample graph . Use solid , dashed , and dotted lines to show the results from each thermometer . as shown in the key . Interpreting Data Based on your data . at which angle did the temperature increase the most ?

Data At which angle did the temperature increase the least ?

Making Models What part of surface does each thermometer represent ?

Drawing Conclusions Why is air at the North Pole still very cold in the summer even though the Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the sun ?

Communicating Write a paragraph explaining what variables were held constant in this experiment . Design an Experiment Design an experiment to out how the results of the investigation would change it the lamp were placed farther from the thermometers . Then , design another experiment to find out what would happen it the lamp were placed closer to the thermometers . humor 355

Section Currents and Climate Standard , Focus Which Is More Dense ?

Fill a plastic container full with warm water . Wait for the water to stop moving . Add several drops of coloring to a cup of ice water and stir . Gently dribble colored water down the inside of the container . Observe . Think It Over Describe what happened to the cold water . which is more dense , warm water or cold water ?

Explain . students know that tron currents distribute heat in the atmosphere and oceans students know in pressure , hut . air . and humidity result in changes in weather . what causes surface currents and deep currents , and whet do they have ! what are El Nina and La Nina ! How does upwelling affect the distribution of nutrients in the One spring day , people strolling along a beach in ocean ?

Washington State saw an amazing sight . Hundreds of of all colors and sizes were ashore from the Key Ocean ! This sneaker spill was traced to a cargo ship accident . Containers of sneakers had fallen overboard ' and now the sneakers were washing ashore . I salinity But the most amazing part of the story is could predict where the sneakers would wash up next . And just as the scientists had predicted . sneakers washed up in Oregon . and thousands away in How did the know that the sneakers would all the way to Hawaii ?

The answer is that the sneakers were by a ocean current . Recall from Section I that a current is a large stream of moving water that through the oceans . Unlike waves . currents carry water from one place to another . Some currents move water at the surface of the ocean . while other currents move water deep in the ocean . I upwelling

Surface Currents shows the major surface currents in Earth oceans . Notice that surface currents move in circular patterns in the major oceans . Most of the currents east or west , and then double back to complete the circle . For example . in the of the Northern Hemisphere , the prevailing blow from the southwest and push water at the ocean surface eastward . Recall from Chapter that winds are caused by differences in air are in turn the result of the unequal ing of the atmosphere by the sun . Thus . the sun radiation is the ultimate source of energy that powers global winds and surface currents in the ocean . Effect Global winds are not the only factors that surface currents . Continents block and redirect the flow of currents . In addition . the effect . which you learned about in Chapter also surface currents . Recall that the effect causes global winds to curve as a result of Earth rotation . In the same way as effect changes global winds . it causes surface currents to curve to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere . For example . the Gulf Stream curves eastward across the Atlantic as a result of the . I Large surface currents generally move In circular patterns In Earth oceans . Map Name currents that flow along the coasts of North America . State whether each current I or cold . Inferring look at the currents in Figure In the South Pacific , South Atlantic . and Indian oceans . what pattern can you observe ?

Now compare currents In the South Atlantic to those in the North Atlantic What might be responsible for differences in the current patterns ?

I 357 FIGURE California Mild temperatures clue tothe surface currents off the coast of California allow surfers to surf year round . Drawing Conclusions Locate the Current in Figure on the previous page . Near the southern tip ol Africa , the winds blow from west to east . Using what you have learned about currents and climate . what can you conclude about the impact of this current on the climate of the southwestern coast of Africa ?

Effects on Climate Currents affect climate by moving cold and warm water around the globe . in general . surface currents carry warm water from the tropics toward the poles and bring cold water back the equator . A surface current warms or cools the air above it , the climate of the land near the mast . Winds pick up moisture as they blow across rents . In contrast , currents cool the air above them . Since cold air less than warm ' these currents tend to bring cool . dry weather to the areas in their path . The California Current and , in winter . the Davidson rent arc very important to people who live near coastal nia . These currents help to moderate the temperatures of coastal California throughout the year . The cool Current mately ) from southern Canada to near Baja The California Current carries cool water toward the equator . making summer climates along the West Coast cooler than you would expect at those latitudes , the California Current flows all year long . the direction of the prevailing winds changes in winter . The weak Davidson Current carries warmer water northward during the winter months . closer to the coast than the California Current . This helps to keep coastal climates in mild in winter .

Flaunt 10 Viewing El Nina and La Nina From Space In these ( satellite images , warmer water is red and white . Cooler water is blue and purple . El and La Changes in currents and winds can greatly . dung inthe Ocean causal by changes in ocean surface currents and prevailing winds El Nina and both influence weather patterns all over the world . El The event known as begins when an unusual pattern of winds forms over the . This causes a vast sheet of warm water to move eastward toward the South American coast . as shown in Figure . El Nino causes the face of the ocean in the eastern to be ally warm . El typically occurs every two to seven years . arrival of El wann surface the cold ocean currents along the western coast of South America and . El Nino also weather patterns around the world , often bringing conditions such as rains or . For , in . major El caused an especially warm winter in United States . However , it was also responsible for heavy rains . and in California . El conditions can last for one to two before normal winds and currents return . LI When surface waters in the eastern arc colder than normal . it climate known as occurs . A Nina event is the opposite of an El Nino event , La Nina typically bring colder than normal winters and greater precipitation to the Northwest and the north central states . La Nina also causes greater hurricane activity in the western Atlantic . How aim ! does El occur ?

In normal years . water in the eastern is kept relatively cool by currents along the coast of North and South America . when El Nina occurs . warm surface water from the western Pacific moves east toward the coast of South America . La Nina occurs when surface waters in the eastern Pacific Ocean are colder than normal . 0359

Surface currents carry Pole As the water cools . lee forms . The colder . water is denser and sinks . Deep currents carry cold . dense water toward the equator . and rises . I I Deep Deep currents are caused by differences in the density of ocean water . Relating Cause and Effect Why does ocean water sink near the poles and rise near the equator ?

3600 wann water toward the poles . As the water warm becomes less dense Deep Currents Deep below the ocean surface . another type of current causes chilly waters to creep slowly across the ocean . Deep currents are caused by differences in the density of ocean water . Ocean Water Density The density water depends on its temperature and its salinity . Salinity is the total amount of solved salts in a water sample . When a warm surface current moves from the equator toward one of the poles . it cools . As ice forms near the poles . the salinity of the water increases from the salt left behind during freezing . As its temperature decreases and its salinity increases . the water denser and sinks . Then . the cold water flows back along the ocean toward the equator as a deep current . Like surface currents . deep currents are affected by the effect , which causes them to curve . A Global Conveyor Belt Deep currents move and mix water around the world . They carry cold water front the poles toward the equator . Deep currents slowly . They may take as long as years to flow from the pole to the equator and back again ! The ) belt at a supermarket checkout counter moves objects from one place to another as it turns in a path . Similarly . surface currents and deep currents together form a global conveyer belt in which water circulates through the oceans . As Figure 11 shows . this conveyor belt is actually a series currents that move warm water from the toward the poles and cold water toward the equator . As these currents . heat is transferred through the ocean . This process global climates by altering ocean water temperatures and by releasing heat into the atmosphere . As dense writer sinks near the poles . it slowly spreads out and mixes with surrounding waters in the deep ocean . This process brings dissolved oxygen down into the ocean depths . where it helps to sustain life . win ! What is salinity ?

In most parts of the ocean , surface waters do not usually wan mix with deep ocean waters . However , mixing some surface times occurs when winds cause upwelling . Upwelling is the movement of cold water upward from the deep ocean . As winds blow away the warm surface water , cold water to replace it . brings up tiny ocean organisms . minerals , and other nutrients from the deeper layers of the Inter . Without this motion , the surface of the open ocean would be very scarce in nutrients Because nutrients are plentiful miles of upwelling are ( old win upwelling usually home to huge schools of fish . Upwelling occurs in the Ocean off the west coasts uf North America and South America . Matty people depend on UW . As culd water rises from the deep this rich area for food and gobs . Along the California em wings a new supply of coast . upwelling generally takes place from March through nutrients to the surface . September as prevailing winds push surface waters offshore . The arrival of El Nina prevents upwelling from ( recurring . Without the nutrients brought by upwelling . fish die or go where to find food . reducing fishing catch that season and hurting livelihoods . section target Reading Skill Create Outlines . Reviewing What causes upwelling ?

ii ?

Complete your outline for this section . What . Explaining Why are huge schools of fish details did you include about El Nina and La Nina ?

found in mug of upwelling ?

Kay concepts Applying Concepts Why would the MIDI ?

to predict the occurrence of El Nino be important fur the fishing industry on the coast of South America ?

a . Describing How do surface currents affect the climate areas ?

Predicting What type might a coastal area have if nearby currents are cold ?

I . Explaining Explain how deep currents and move in the ocean . um Comparing and Contrasting the EL ' Modeling the With the help or , a family member . use chalk and a globe to man . Describe the changes that occur model the comm men Ha you , in the Pacific Ocean and the atmosphere , member slowly rotate the globe in an easterly El ' direction . As the globe rotates , draw a line ' Em from the North Pole to the equator . Use your docs El have on weather and climate ?

of the ' why the line is curved . om Section Climate Regions ( Standards Focus Students differences in pressure , heat , air movement , and humidity remit in changes in weather . what latter are used to classify climates ?

what are the six main climate regions ?

Key Terms I rain forest ' I desert ' 39999 I chaparral I humid subtropical I subarctic I tundra I ' How Do Climates Differ ?

Collect pictures lrom magazines and newspapers of a variety of land areas around the world . Sort the pictures into categories according to common weather characteristics . Think it Over Forming operational Choose words that describe the typical weather for each category . What words would you use to describe the typical weather where you live ?

Suppose you lived for an entire year near the equator . It would be very different from where you live now . The daily weather . the amount . and the pattern would all be new to you . You would be in . Scientists classify climates according to two major factors temperature and precipitation . They also consider the distinct veg in areas . This , oped around 1900 by . broad regions . catch oi . which has subdivisions . are six main climate regions rainy . dry , temperate marine . temperate continental . polar . and highlands . California has a wide of climate regions , including dry . marine . and highlands . Maps show boundaries between the climate regions . In the real world . of course , no clear boundaries mark where one cli main region ends and another begins . Each region blends the next .

Tropical Rainy Climates tropics have two types of rainy climates tropical wet and tropical . wet are found in lands near the . Tropical wet in areas that have a tropical climate . many days are rainy , often with . arc trigger by ) heating . source ul is winds . In many areas with a tropical . the ' tiring from . With year heat and heavy . lush and . Dense rain grow in these rainy tropical climates . Rain forests are forests in which large amounts of rain fall . Tropical rain arc ' it is thought that at least hull of the land plants and animals are found there . In the United States . only the sides of the i tropical wut . is very 10 meters per year on the windward side til the island ul . rain of haw variety til plants . including . and many and tron . Tropical that haw tropical climates ' slightly than tropical and have distinct dry and ' of rain thrusts , arc tropical grassland called savannas . lumps of trees that can the dry season dot the coarse grasses . nly a small part of the United southern tip at tropical . graphs in Figure show and precipitation vary in . in East rum . what parts of the United Stem have rainy ' climates ?

Monthly Average Monthly a at Average Imm ) I ) Month Month Average ) From 13 Tropical lain Forests Lush tropical rain forests grow In the tropical wet climate . haunt Climate Graphs A graph of average temperature ( left ) an be combined with a graph of average precipitation ( to form a climate graph , These graphs show data for a tropical region . Combined Monthly Temperature and a A Average ( 88

more Climate Regions changes . Temperature always or above wet Always hot and humid , with heavy rainfall ( at least per month ) all year round Always hot alternating wet and dry seasons heavy rainfall in the wet Climate regions are according to a combination of temperature and precipitation , Climates in highland regions change rapidly as altitude mun ' Occurs wherever potential evaporation is greater than may be hot or ( old semiarid Dry but about 25 to 50 centimeters of precipitation per year Arid Desert , with little El precipitation . usually less than 25 centimeters per year Marine Averages 10 or above in warmest month , between ( and 18 in the ( oldest month Mediterranean Warm . dry summers and rainy winters Humid subtropical Hat summers and cool winters Marine west ( out Mild winters and cool summers . with moderate all year

Average temperature or above in the warmest month , or below in the coldest month continental Hat . humid summers and cold winters . with moderate year round subarctic Short . cool summers and long , cold winters light . mainly in summer Polar Average temperature below in the warmest month Always cold with a sham cool Generally cooler and temperature about ' wetter than nearby Ice up Always cold , average lowlands temperature temperature at or below with altitude

Add Climate California deserts are home to a variety at animals , including the kit fox interpreting Graphs Which month has the highest average temperature ?

Death Valley , California Stir too I tor A an ism . my loo . 341 poo in Month 3660 Dry Climates A climate is dry ifthe amount of precipitation that falls is less than the amount of water that could potentially evaporate . more slowly in cool weather , a cool place with low rainfall may not he as dry as a warmer place that receives the same amount of rain . Dry climates include arid and semiarid climates . Look at the map of world climate regions in Figure 15 What part of the United Si . is dry ?

Why is in this region so low ?

As you can see , dry regions often inland , far from oceans that are the source of humid air masses . In addition . much of the region lies in the rain shadow cast of the Sierra Nevada and Rocky . Humid air from the Ocean lose much of their water as they cross the mountains . rain or snow is carried to dry regions . Arid When you think about deserts , or arid regions . you may picture and drifting sand dunes . Sonic ( arc hot and sandy . but others are cold or rocky . On average 11 regions . or deserts . get less than 25 of rain a year . Some years may bring no rain at all , Only specialized plants such as cactus and yucca can survive the desert dryness and of hot and cold . Much of California . including Death Valley and the rest of the Mojave Desert , has an arid . Semiarid St mi i ( in Figure . As you can see . large semiarid arms are usually located on the edges of . These semiarid areas are called . A steppe is dry but gets enough rainfall for short grasses and low hush to grow . For this reason . a steppe may also he called a prairie or grassland . The Great Plains arc the major steppe region of the United States . Portions of ) are considered semiarid . what is a desert ?

Temperate Marine Climates look al Figure IS . El ) til ' in zones . you will find the third main climatic . There are three kinds of temperate marine climates marine west coast , nean . and humid subtropical . of il ' i , all three are humid and have mild winters . Marine West Coast The are found on ' itl north of ) north latitude and south at mull . Humid occult brings mild , Summer can ) In North ' the west coast from ( to southern ' In the . humid air from the ' hits the ' of the ( The I up the ships of the . and it cools . Aa cools , of or lull on ' wa ' slopes lie in the rain shadow of the mountains and receive little . grow in , including . ur ( such Sitka spruce . Douglas fir , redwood , ced ti i iii , region is and fur . and . Eugene , Oregon ! Ave ix Modeling a Climate Here how you can create humidity . Put the same amount ol water In each of two small plastic bowls . Place a sheet ot transparent plastic wrap over each bowl . each sheet with a rubber band . Place one bowl on a warm . sunny windowsill or near a radiator . Put the other bowl in a cool . Wait a day and then look at the two bowls . What do you see on the plastic wrap over each bowl ?

would you expect to find more water vapor in the air in a warm climate or in a cool one ?

Why ?

Explain your results in terms of solar energy . 17 Marine West Coast Climate Redwoods . Douglas , and ( dominate the lush forests found in marine west toast climates Chapter 367 Santa . Average ) I ) as a 24 Month HOME IS Mediterranean Climate Santa Barbara , on the coast of southern California , has a Mediterranean climate . Mild temperatures throughout the year make the area ideal for growing olives and citrus fruits . Interpreting Graphs How much precipitation does Santa Barbara receive in July ?

In ?

i Classifying The table shows some climate data for three cities . Skills Activity Average Temp . Average July Temp . Ci Annual ( 33 109 20 Describe the climate you would expect each city to have . identity the cities of Miami , Florida Las Angeles , California and Portland , Maine . Use Figure help identify each city climate . Mediterranean A coastal climate that is drier and warmer than west coast marine is known as . Most areas with this climate are found around the Mediterranean Sea . In the United States . much of coastal California has a nean climate . This is mild . with two seasons . in winter . marine air masses bring cool . rainy weather . Summers are somewhat warmer , with little rain . Mediterranean climates have two main vegetation types . One is made up of dense shrubs and small trees . called chaparral ( uh ) The other vegetation type includes grasses with a few large trees . Agriculture is important to the economy of climate region . Using irrigation . farmers grow many different crops . including , many , fruits , and nuts . Humid Subtropical The temperate marine climates are along the edges of the tropics . Humid subtropical climates are wet and wann , but not as constantly hot as the tropics . Locate the humid subtropical climates in Figure IS . The United States has a subtropical mate . Summers are hot . with much more rainfall than in winter . tropical air masses move inland . bringing tropical weather conditions . including and occasional hurricanes . to southern cities such as Houston . New Orleans . and Atlanta . Winters are cool to mild , with more rain than snow , However . polar air masses moving in from the north can bring freezing temperatures and frosts . Mixed forests of oak . ash , hickory . and pines grow in the humid subtropical region of the United States . Important crops in this region include oranges . peaches , peanuts . sugar cane . and rice . what region of the United states has a humid ) subtropical

Temperate Continental Climates Temperate continental climates are not very much by oceans . so they have extremes of ture . continental climates are only found on continents in the Northern Hemisphere , and include humid continental and subarctic . The parts of continents in the south of mull ! latitude are not far enough from ocean for dry continental air masses to form . Humid Continental Shifting tropical and polar air bring constantly changing weather to humid continental mates . In winter . continental polar air masses move south . bringing bitterly cold weather . summer , tropical air ' north , bringing heat and high . Humid climates moderate amounts of rain iii the summer . Smaller amounts of rain or snow fall in winter . What part of the United States have a humid continental The part of the a types , mixed in the south forests in the north . Much of the western part once tall grasslands , but is now . subarctic The subarctic climates north of the humid continental climates . Summers in the subarctic are short and cool . Winters are long and bitterly . In North America . coniferous trees such as spruce and lit make up a huge northern form that stretches from to eastern Canada . Wood products from this forest are an tant part of the economy . Many large mammals . including bears and , live in the forest . Birds of many species breed in subarctic . area of the United States has a subarctic , i ' 19 Climate Subarctic climates have cool summers and ( old winters . The world largest subarctic regions are in Russia , Canada , and Alaska . this emperor game is breeding in the subarctic climate region in Alaska . 15 is 10 2007 ' 10 . i 10 OND Month chum us

Go Online est ! CI , For links on ( of the world , Web ( ode 20 Tundra The people are reindeer harder on the tundra of northern Russia . These reindeer are grazing on some short shrubs typical of tundra plants . Russia 53 Am . I ) a Month ( Polar Climates polar climate is the coldest climate region , and includes the ice cap and tundra climates . cap and tundra climates are found only in the far north and south , the North and South poles . polar climates are relatively dry . the cold air holds little moisture . Ice Cap As Figure 15 shows . ice cap climates are mainly on and in . lures at or freezing . the land in ice cap climate regions is covered with ice and mow . cold the air dry . Lichen and et few plants grow on the rocks . Tundra The tundra climate region stretches across northern Alaska . Canada . and Russia . Short . cool summers follow cold winters . of the cold , some layers of the dra soil are always . This permanently tundra soil is called . Because of the permafrost . water can not drain away , so the soil is wet and boggy in summer . It is too cold on the tundra for trees to grow , Despite the harsh climate . during the hon summers the tundra is with life . Mosquitoes and other hatch in the ponds and above the frozen Masses , grasses . lichens . and shrubs grow quickly during the short mer . North . herds of caribou cal the vegetation and are in turn upon by . Some birds . such as the on the tundra . Others , such as the arctic tern and many waterfowl . spend only their sum mer breeding seasons there . ah , I What type ol is found on the tundra ?

Highlands Why are highlands climate region ?

Temperature falls as altitude increases . so highland regions are colder than the regions that surround them . Increasing altitude produces similar to the you would expect with latitude . i ' also as air ( pass over highland areas . The climate on the slopes of it mountain is like that of the . The Rocky , for ' the climate of the Great Plains . But as you go high up into the mountains , and ( Climbing , iti . up in is like mama mum the pairs . The higher in tho Highland ( mam , is like that of the cool with surrounding regions . The Mount . The high mountains of ( a , es the Above a , op , tire too low for to grow . above that . low plants . and lichens can ' I . Section Assessment Target Reading Skill Create Outlines ( place would HINT your tor this ' important id severe or the writ did you shout ( nut iii ?

uf ?

Reviewing Key concepts Sequencing Place , in I . trom ( oldest to tundra , i INT . I . Listing What two ( arc ' to ( Reviewing ' it other did use in i . Identifying are the six main regions ! and Contrasting How is wet climate to i tropical ?

How are ' In you plains with short and ?

Relating Cause and Why do west coast climates have much ?

humid . it up . Cause and INT tor grow on a mountain that is ) by a Activity What Your Climate ?

Describe to your family the ( of the climate region which you live . What plants and animals live your climate region ?

What characteristic do these plants and animals have that make them well adapted to the region ?

Chapter 371 Guided Inquiry Cool Climate Graphs Problem Based on climate data . what is the but time of year to visit various cities to enioy particular recreational activities ?

Skills Focus graphing . interpreting data pieces of graph paper . Work in groups at three . Each person should graph the I data for a different city . A . or on graph paper . use a pencil to label the axes as on , blue , yea , and the below . Title your climate graph City green pencils WY ' WY Ci . Use your green pencil to make a bar graph oi the monthly average amount of precipitation . Place a star below the name of each month that has more than a trace oi snow . Use a red pencil to plot the average monthly maximum temperature . Make a dot lor the temperature in the middle of each space for the month . When you have plotted data for all 12 months , connect the points into a smooth curved line . Use a blue pencil to plot the average monthly minimum temperature for your city . Use the same procedure as in Step . Calculate the total average annual precipitation for this city calculator and include it in your observations . Do this by adding the average precipitation for each month . Wa , Climate Avon . precipitation ( on ) In . low ( I ( 55 . Precipitation ( 371

Washington . Mar . Average High Temp . 14 Average Low Temp . Average Months Snow City A Man ' i . 15 16 we Average Low Temp ( Average ) 75 Witch Snow mace Mar . Average High Temp , 10 Average Low Temp ( 25 Month ! WI ' I Snow City Jan . Fat Mar . High Temp . Average Law Temp . Average ) 25 Month with me ad . Graphing What factors do you need to A a a con consider when setting up and numbering 99 ' 79 ' the left and right of a climate graph ' so that your data will fit on the graph ?

Dill ! Communicating Imagine that you are ill ! 9399 writing a travel brochure for one of the ' four cities . Write a description of the , Cum , climate of the city and discuss the best time on pages to help find the climate ' in which each city is located . Applying Concepts which of the cities More to below matches each climate graph ?

What type of climate does the area where Colorado Springs , Colorado latitude 39 you live have ?

Find out what outdoor San Francisco , California latitude recreational opportunities your community Reno , Nevada latitude 40 ' has . How is each activity particularly suited mum . Th mes an to the climate of your area ?

approximately the same latitude . Why are their climate graphs so different ?

373 Section Climate Change Students know What Is the Greenhouse Effect ?

in pressure , heat , air movement , mu mo in many . Cut two pieces of black in wean , construction paper to fit the bottoms of two shoe boxes How might human activities be . Place a thermometer in each ' a box . Record the temperatures on the thermometers Cover one How hive ! box with plastic wrap . affected the ozone layer ?

Place the boxes together where sunlight or a light bulb can shine on them equally . Make sure the thermometers ' are shaded by the sides of the boxes ' A . Wait 15 minutes and read the thermometers again . Record ' the ' man it Over I ozone hole . uo , Inferring How can you explain any temperature difference between the two boxes ?

The amount of energy transferred from tho sun to Earth remains nearly constant over time . As a result . Earth cli mates tend to be fairly stable for thousands of years . However . climates have gradually changed throughout Earth history . Over millions of years . warm have alternated with cold periods known . During an ice age . huge sheets of ice called glaciers cover large parts of Earth surface . In the past two million years there have been many major ages . Each one lasted ) years or longer . Long . warmer periods occurred between the ice Some scientists think that we are now in a warm period between ice ages . The last age ended only about ( years ago . sheets covered much of northern Europe and North , reaching as for south as Iowa and Nebraska . In some places . the ice was more than kilometers thick . So much TH water was frozen in the ice sheets that the average sea level was ' much than it is today . When the ice sheets melted . the a ' rising oceans coastal areas . inland . the Great lakes and many smaller bodies of water formed . 3740

Global Warming Most past changes in world climates were caused hy natural factors , such as volcanic activity and the motion of the . But recently scientists have observed climate changes that may be the result of human . For example , over the last , the av the has ' by about ( Celsius degree . This gradual in the temperature of Earth atmosphere is called global warming . The Greenhouse Hypothesis that in Earth hold in from the sun . keeping the at at comfortable living things . Recall that the process by which gases in trap this energy is called the Look at the house in 22 . Notice that sunlight dues not heat the stir in the ' directly Instead , sunlight ! heats the mail , benches . and pots . Then from these surfaces heats the in ) The in is similar in some ways . in that trap arc greenhouse gases . Carbon dioxide . water , and methane are some of the greenhouse gases . scientists have hypothesized that human activities that add greenhouse gases to the atmosphere are warming Earth atmosphere . haunt 22 Greenhouse Effect Sunlight enters a greenhouse and is absorbed . The interior ! the greenhouse radiates back energy in the form of infrared radiation , or heat . Much ol the heat is trapped and held inside the greenhouse , warming it . Applying What gases in Earth atmosphere can map heat like a ?

Infrared pass through the greenhouse roof . chum 315 23 ion am samples These scientists are taking an ice core from the glacier that covers Antarctica . Data from ice cores enable scientists to measure ( hanging levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere . Math Analyzing Data Carbon Dioxide Levels of the graph ?

On the ?

these data ?

How would you explain 2000 ?

your prediction is correct , what mig result ?

376 The graph shows estimated carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere over the last years . Reading Graphs What variable is shown on the . Interpreting Data What pattern do you see in . Interpreting Data How much did carbon dioxide levels increase between 1800 and 1900 ?

Between . Predicting Given the trend in carbon dioxide levels between 1900 and 2000 , predict the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in 2100 . If Changing Levels of Carbon Dioxide Scientists think that an increase in carbon dioxide is major factor in global . Until the late . the of carbon dioxide in the about the same . How did scientists determine this ?

They the amount of carbon ide in air bubbles trapped in Antarctic ice . They these samples of ancient air from ice cores . as shown in Figure 13 . The glacier that covers Antarctic fanned over millions of years . Gas bubbles in the ice cores provide of air from the time the ice formed . Is global warming caused by human activities . or does it have a natural cause ?

Scientists have done a great dual of research to try to this , Sina the late , the level of carbon dioxide in the has ( steadily . Most scientists think that this change is a result of increased human activities . For example . the burning of wood , coal . oil . and natural gas adds carbon dioxide to the air . During the last 100 years , these activities have increased in many Sonic predict that level of carbon dioxide could double by the year . If that happens . then global temperature could rise by to Celsius degrees . Math Algebra and Functions I Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide , this pattern ?

Carbon Dioxide Concentration ( parts per million ) 260 1000 Vear be the Climate Variation Hypothesis Not all scientists agree about the causes of global . Some scientists think that the Celsius degree rise in global temperatures over the past ) be due in part to natural in climate . Satellite measurements have shown that the amount of energy the sun increases and decreases slightly from year to year . Evert such minor changes in energy could be causing periods of warmer and cooler climates . Climate change could he at result of changes in both carbon dioxide levels and the amount of solar energy . Possible Effects Global warming could have some positive effects . Farmers in some areas that are now cool could plant two crops year instead of one . Places that are too cold for farming today could farmland . However , many effects of global warming are likely to be less positive . Higher would cause water to evaporate from exposed soil . such as plowed farmland . Dry soil blows away easily . Thus . fertile might become dust bowls . A rise in temperatures of even a few degrees will warm up water in the . Sonic think warmer ocean would increase the strength of hurricanes . As the water , it would expand . raising sea level the world . The melting glaciers and polar ice caps could also increase sea level . Sea level has already risen by It ) to 20 centimeters over the last 100 years . and could rise another 25 80 centimeters by the year . Evert such a small rise in sea level would coastal areas . What an three possible effects at global warming ?

Flaunt 24 Melting Glaciers The photos show the Burroughs glacier in Alaska . The photo on the left was taken in 1960 . The photo on the right . taken . shows the large amount of melting that has taken place . Developing Hypotheses What do you think was responsible for the melting shown in the photos ?

Online For More on the greenhouse Writ Welt ( Chapter 317 in This Activity It Your Skin ! Compare how well sunscreens block out ultraviolet rays . Close the blinds or curtains in the room . Place one square of paper inside each of three plastic sandwich bags . Place three drops of one sunscreen on the outside of one bag . Spread the sunscreen as evenly as possible . Label this bag with the number of the sunscreen . on another bag , repeat Step using a sunscreen with a . Wash your hands after spreading the sunscreen . Leave the third bag untreated as a control . Place the bags outside in direct sunlight . Bring them back inside after minutes or after one of the squares turns completely white . Drawing Conclusions Did both of the sunscreens block ultraviolet radiation ?

Was one better than the other ?

Explain . 378 Ozone Depletion Another global change in the atmosphere involves the ozone . in the out much harmful violet radiation from the sun . as shown in Figure 25 . In the ( scientists noticed that the ozone layer over Antarctica was growing thinner each spring . A large area of reduced , or ozone hole . was being created . In ( the ozone hole reached a record size of more than million ! almost the sin of Africa . By ( the maximum of the ozone hole to about 20 million . What created the ozone hole ?

Chemicals produced by humans have been damaging the ozone layer . A major cause of ozone depletion is a group of compound called , or ( were used in air conditioners and refrigerators . as cleaners for electronic parts . and in sprays . such as . Most chemical compounds released into the air eventually break down . however . can last for decades and rise all the way to the stratosphere . in the stratosphere , ultraviolet radiation breaks down the molecules into atoms , ing . The chlorine atoms then break down into oxygen atoms . Results of Ozone Depletion Because blocks in ozone an in the amount of ultraviolet radiation that reaches Earth surface . Ultraviolet radiation can cause damage and several kinds of skin . In the late 1970 . the United States and other banned most um of in aerosol sprays . In . many nations agreed to phase out the production and use of . ozone depletion affects the whole world , such must be ' to be . production of the has greatly decreased . In the United States . at the current rate it will take until to ust ol ' Is . Tho site of the ozone is expected to gradually shrink over an thew take effect . 11 , Whatare

min 25 The Ozone Hole The ozone layer blocks much of the ultraviolet radiation ( purple ) coming from the sun , Visible light ( can pass through the ozone layer , The satellite images below show the concentration of ozone overthe South Pole for three years . The dark area shows . where the ozone layer is ozone hole thinnest . Observing How has the passes through the size of the ozone hole changed ozone hole to ' Over Earth surface . absorbs most ultraviolet . light passes through Earth atmosphere 979 section Assessment ix Skill Academic Words . Reviewing What have ?

the , ii had nu liver understand the . Sum . Summarizing the ( HINT believe are in If ?

Ti Relating Cause and Effect the effect Reviewing Key concepts in ozone depiction on human health . HINT . Defining ' is global Identifying increase the amount oi in the atmosphere ?

Relating Cause and Effect How do scientists think that levels are i ) lo ?

I Inferring Much ) planet Venus is made up ni ' How do you think this the temperatures on ?

Sun Protection a drugstore with your family . Compare the ( sun protection factor ) of the various sunscreens ( or sale . Explain why it is important to protect your skin from ultraviolet radiation . Determine the best value for the money in terms of rating and price .

Chapter ' What Causes Climate ?

Key Concepts , The main are , of water . and . The main factor that ( precipitation prevailing . of seasonal winds . The seasons caused by till ul ' axis as . Key Terms octan polar ' Currents and Climate Key ( Surface currents are driven by Winds . cools air it , the climax ( Ill the land the I . El and la arr in the tropical Pacific Ocean caused by changes in surface and winds . I arc caused by ' in the uf water . Deep ( world . water from the pole toward the . brings up ocean , and ! layers at the Key Terms El La Nina 3800 Study Guide The min factors that a region ! latitude . distance from large bodies ol water . ocean currents , winds . the presence ol . and seasonal winds . Climate Regions Key Concepts I Scientist classify , to ) Th arc main climate . dry . polar , and . Th have Wu rainy climates wet and tropical dry . climates can ) arid and . an three kinds marine west coast . and . continental are only found on in the llI . and subarctic . The polar i . coldest region . and includes the ice cap and tundra climates . falls altitude . arc Key Terms rain lures ! ill . in id it ) steppe subarctic Climate Change Key Concepts . haw . that add to the are warming . Chemicals by have the mini layer . Key Terms age lKIll ,

Review and Assessment ( A ) Target Reading Skill Create Outlines ( your Section I . For Visit Web Code , Will ! Causes dilute ! Factors Affecting Temperature A latitude . Attitude Distance From Large Ocean Currents II . Factors Affecting Precipitation A . The ol . wind , and in an area over a til make up its weather . I ) latitude . climate . Wind and currents . in paths because at th ( ii . iii Nina . tides . A wet , warm climate mite on the edge tropics is . tundra . A tropical grassland with clumps steppe . desert . rain . The ol is global . greenhouse gases . ich 10 . Higher levels dioxide in the Wri ing in Science Reviewing Key Terms Choose the letter of the best answer . Complete the following so that your answers dearly explain the key terms . Climate than ' HINT ! El , i . can disrupt Inn ' around the . my that ul lish . Rain or snow often tails on the windward side ! ofa mountain range , HINT I may global warming , is . Expedition Plan Suppose that you are preparing to take a trip bad in time to the last ice age . write a list of the equipment you will need to bring with you and describe what the climate will be like . III ! 33 ! Solid Climate and Climate Change Chapter 331

Review and Assessment Concepts 11 . Explain large water can affect the of Lind 12 . What are monstrous . and how do they affect climate iii the where they ?

13 . 14 . What is the ( it ocean ?

15 . How du ' 16 . How art dry climates ?

two types ?

be . why must et at he international ?

Thinking Critically IE . Relating Cause and three aye in which climate . 19 . Comparing and Contrasting are and La How are they ?

20 . Relating Cause and Ellen parts the United have semiarid climate while area have 21 humid climate ?

21 . Reading Graphs Which month on the graph has the warmest average temperature ?

Which is the wettest ?

type of is thi graph ?

I Average PIe ( I Month 3810 Math Practice 22 . Percentage city ' an ( of tall there in year . what , in ?

Applying Skills Use the map of world temperature zones to answer Questions . 23 , Interpreting Maps Name rach ( Lune tin the map . 24 . Measuring is the ol the mite that includes the ?

How many cover ?

25 . Interpreting Data Which of the live ' on the map has the , Ul sire . suitable tor people In live ?

26 . Drawing the average ' all year round ! why . Standards Investigation Assessment Now share your with your claw . In . describe the ?

round in your graphs . Then explain what think . different ! After your . how .

Choose the letter of the best answer . The below show average monthly precipitation for two locations in Arizona . Us the information and your knowledge of science to answer . Month Month . During which months do these locations receive the most precipitation ?

A January through March April through lune September October through December . Although they are only a few kilometers apart . Location receives nearly three much precipitation as Location A . What is the heat explanation for this fact ?

A location is in a rain shadow . I Location is near at mountain top . Location A is dried by prevailing winds . Location A is much ( older than Location . Standards Practice at . Predict what type of climate would be the most likely in an area located in the interior ofa large continent , the east side olin mountain range . Winds in the area commonly blow from west to east . A dry polar temperate marine tropical rainy . What two major factors are usually used to classify climates ?

A precipitation and altitude I temperature and air pressure temperature and precipitation air pressure and humidity . The major method by which heat between the ocean surface and the deep ocean is A conduction I Convection . radiation . global warming . Heat is carried through the ocean from the tropics to the polar regions mainly hy A waves . I upwelling . surface currents . deep currents . What is the result at Earth surface of man depletion in the stratosphere ?

A an increase in the amount of ultraviolet radiation reaching the surface I a decrease in the amount of ultraviolet radiation teaching the surface an increase in global temperatures A decrease in global temperatures ?

ldentify three factors that can have a effect on a region climate . Explain how each of these factors can influence climate . clamor ! 0303