Earth Science Textbook Chapter 12 Energy and Material Resources

' Energy and 12 Resources Standards Preview Heat moves in I now from warmer objects no cooler objects until all the objects are II the same . A I hurls for understanding um Students know energy can be carried one place to another by heat or by waves . including water . light and sound waves . er by students know that when IS , ol the energy heat energy Sources of and in amounts . usefulness and the time required for their formation . As a basis for understanding this ( I , Students know the utility ol sources is determined at are involved in converting I ese sources to useful forms and the ol the conversion process . Students know natural energy and material resources . including air . soil , rocks . minerals , water , and crests . and know now to ( them as renewable or nonrenewable . Students know the natural 009 ! the used to make ( These ( use the energy or the wind to generate electricity

smut Energy Resources . on the I BIG Idea What are the advantages and disadvantages of various energy resources ?

Check What You Know Suppose you are sailing on a boat across a lake or bay . What is the main source of energy that causes the sailboat to move ?

Do you think that this energy resource could be used for other purposes ?

Explain .

The images shown here represent some of the key terms in this chapter . You ( an use this vocabulary skill to help you understand the meaning of some key terms in this chapter . A prefix is a word pan that is added at the beginning of a word to change its meaning . For example , meaning again is a prefix that is frequently used in science . In the word rewrite , the is added to the word write to form rewrite , meaning to write again . write rewrite again write write again Use the prefixes below to help you learn the key terms . I Meaning I Key Terms Apply It ! Review the prefixes above . Then predict what the word recycling means using what you know about the prefix . After reading the chapter . revise your definition as needed , Look for these prefixes as you read the chapter

Chapter 12 Vocabulary Section ! transformation solar energy gy combustion fossil fuel hydrocarbon petroleum refinery petrochemical Section solar energy hydroelectric power biomass fuel geothermal energy nuclear fission ' Section A nucleus nuclear fission reactor vessel fuel rod control rod meltdown nuclear fusion Section efficiency insulation energy conservation Section , municipal solid waste incineration sanitary landfill recycling biodegradable composting Build Sue Vocabulary Chapter 12 415

I I , Compare and Contrast Science texts often make comparisons . When you compare and contrast , you examine the similarities and differences between things . You can compare and contrast by using a table . Follow these steps to set up a table . List the characteristics or features to be compared across the top of the table . List the items to be compared in the left column Complete the table by in information about each characteristic or feature . In this chapter , you will learn about coal , oil , and natural three major sources of energy . Look at the table , Complete the table after reading Section . Energy Type I Advantages Disadvantages Coal low cost . plentiful Nonrenewable . mostly imported Natural gas Apply It ! Review the table and answer the questions . what energy resources are being compared in the table ?

What characteristics are being compared ?

In what column would you place additional energy types to be compared ?

After reading Section , create a table comparing solar energy , hydroelectric power , and wind power . After reading Section , create a table comparing nuclear fission and nuclear fusion .

, Standards Investigation . Energy Audit How much energy does it take to keep your school running ?

In this chapter investigation , you will work in a group to study energy use in your school . Your Goal To report on one type of energy use in your school and make suggestions for saving energy To complete this investigation , you must survey the types of energy used in one area of your school classify each type of energy used as renewable or nonrenewable identify ways to conserve energy in that area prepare a written report summarizing your observations and proposing your suggestions follow the safety guidelines in Appendix A Plan It ! with your group , brainstorm a list of the ways in which you think energy is used in and around your school . Select an area of the school to study , such as a classroom , the cafeteria , or the school grounds . You could also consider the school heating or cooling system or transportation to and from school , Then decide what type of data you will collect . When you begin your study , look for ways to um reduce energy use . At the end of , the chapter , you will present your I It to . co group proposal to make your school more .

Section Fossil Fuels What in a Piece of Coal ?

Observe a ( hunk of coal . Record your observations in as much detail as possible . including its color , texture , and shape . Now use a hand lens to observe the coal more closely . Examine your coal for of plant or animal remains . Think It Over Observing What did you notice when you used the hand lens Students know that when is consumed , most of the anti gy released heat energy Students know the utility energy sources is determined by letters that are involved in convert these sources to useful terms and the consequences of the conversion process compared to your observations ?

What do you think coal is what are the three major made of ?

Why are fossil fuels considered nonrenewable resources ?

How did you to school today ?

you ' in at Key rams can or ii bus . or rude your bike . you used sumo form of , me , energy . The source of that energy was a Fuel . A fuel is a . stance that provides as heat . light , motion . or combustion i the result of chemical change . I Energy Transformation and Fuels ' Rub your hands together quickly for seconds . they ' you your hands . they kinetic energy , energy of motion . Thi of your hands rubbing together converted the kinetic energy to mal energy , which you felt as heat , A change front one form of energy to is called an energy transformation . or . Gasoline is a fossil fuel . 47 !

Flaunt I Production of Electricity Electric power plants generate electricity by convening energy lrom one form to another . Interpreting Diagrams What are three energy conversions that occur in a power plant ?

The turbine turns the man In the furnace . fuel This energy is used The mechanical energy of is burned , releasing to boil water and the moving steam turns at the generator , producing thermal energy . make steam . the blades of a turbine . an electric current . Combustion Fuels contain stored chemical energy . which can be released by combustion . or burning . When fuels are burned . chemical energy is released as heat and light . These forms of be used to generate other forms of energy . such as motion or electricity . Ultimately . however . most of the released energy is converted into heat . For example , when the gasoline in a car engine is burned , some of the chemical energy stored in the gasoline is converted into thermal energy . This thermal energy is then converted in kinetic energy that moves the car . Then when the brakes are applied . the car kinetic energy is converted into heat as the brake pads rub against part of the wheels . Production of Electricity The chemical energy stored in fuels can be used to generate electricity . In a typical electric power plant , the thermal energy produced by burning fuel is used to boil water , making steam . as shown in Figure I . The mechanical energy of the steam then turns a turbine . The is connected to a generator , which consists of powerful magnets surrounded by coils of copper wire . As the magnets turn inside the wire coil , an electric current is produced . This current through power lines to homes and industries . Visit What energy transformations occur in a cars Web ( ode ) engine ?

419 ' Activity Graphing Use the data in the table below to make a circle graph showing the uses of energy in the United States . To review circle graphs , see the Skills Handbook . Percent of Mal Energy End Use of Energy What Are Fossil Fuels ?

Most of the energy used today comes from organisms that lived hundreds of millions of years ago . As these plants . mals . and other organisms died . their remains piled up . layers of sand . rock . and mud buried the dead organisms . Over time . heat and the pressure of sediments changed the material into other substances . Fossil fuels are the substances formed from the remains of organisms . The three major fossil fuels are coal . oil , and natural gas . Fossil fuels are made of hydrocarbons . Hydrocarbons are chemical compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen . ing combustion , carbon and hydrogen combine with oxygen from the air to form carbon dioxide and water . Combustion releases energy in the forms of heat and light . The combustion of fossil fuels provides more energy per kilogram than the combustion of other fuels such as wood . I a , um What are hydrocarbons ?

Coal Coal is El solid fossil fuel formed from plant remains . Figure shows the process by which coal forms . People have bumed coal to produce heat for thousands of years . Today , coal makes up about 23 percent of the fuel used in the United States . Most of that coal fuels electrical power plants . Before coal can be used to produce energy . it has to be mined , or removed from the ground . Miners use machines to chop the coal into chunks and lift it to the surface . Coal mining can be a dangerous job . Thousands of miners have been killed or injured in accidents in the mines . Many more suffer from lung diseases . Fortunately . modem safety procedures and ter equipment have made coal mining safer . Coal is the most plentiful and inexpensive fossil fuel in the United States . It is fairly easy to transport and provides a lot of energy when burned . But coal also has some disadvantages . Coal mining can increase erosion . One type of coal mining large open pits in the ground . and runoff from these coal mines can cause water pollution . Burning most types of coal results in more air pollution than other fossil fuels . This pollution can be reduced to some extent by treating the coal before burning . Many pollutants can also be out after combustion before they can reach the atmosphere . Nevertheless . concerns about pollution continue to limit the widespread use of coal .

Coal Formation Coal is formed from the remains of trees and other plants that grew in swamps hundreds of of years ago . Naming Diagrams and What are two ways that pear and coal differ ?

Decomposing Plant Mum When swamp plants die , their decomposing remains build up . Peal Overtime , plant remains pile up and tom peat . Peal can be burned as . Coal increasing from sediments . peat Is compacted . Eventually . peat becomes coal . Coal is a move efficient fuel than peat . 9481

Heart Oil Crude oil is first pumped out of the ground and then refined . In the refining process . crude oil is heated and separated to make different products . use than other gases ! Gasoline 125175 ! Jet fuel 175100 ! Heating oil ! Diesel fuel Grease and wax Mon than 350 ' Asphalt 4810 Heated crude oil Oil Oil is a thick , black . liquid fossil fuel . It formal from the remains of small organisms that lived in oceans and shallow inland hundreds of millions of years ago . Petroleum is another name for oil . from the Latin words ( rock ) and ( oil ) Petroleum accounts for more than one third of the world energy production . Fuel for most cars . airplanes , and ships comes from petroleum . In addition , many homes are heated by oil . Most oil deposits are located underground in tiny holes in sandstone or limestone . Because oil deposits are usually located deep below the surface , oil is . Oil Products When oil is pumped out of the ground . it is called crude oil . To be made into useful , such as gasoline , crude oil must undergo a process called . A factory in which crude oil is heated and separated into fuels and other products is called a . In Figure , you can see some of the products made by crude oil . Many other products you use every day are also made from crude oil . Petrochemicals are pounds that are made oil . Petrochemicals are used to make plastics and the synthetic materials used in many common objects . Petrochemicals are also used in paints . medici , and cosmetics . oil low cost in the past and its use have made it an important resource in our modern economy . However . as with the combustion of all fossil fuels , the combustion of oil in cars and power plants produces air pollution . Accidental oil spills sometimes pollute the oceans and harm sea life . Also . existing oil supplies are being used up faster than new supplies are being discovered .

Natural Gas Natural gas is a mixture til methane and other gases . ral gas forms from some of the same as oil . Because it is less dense than oil . natural gas often rises above an oil deposit . forming a pocket of gas . Pipelines are often used to transport natural gas from its source to the places where it is used . all the gas lines in the United States were connected . they would reach to the moon and ! Natural gas can also be into a liquid and transported in huge ships . natural gas is also used in trucks and buses . Natural gas has several . It produces large amounts of energy but lower levels of many air pollutants than coal or oil . It is also easy to transport once a network of pipelines is built . One disadvantage of natural gas is that it is highly . A gas leak can cause a violent sion and tire . Gas companies help to prevent dangerous explosions from leaks , if you use natural gas in your home , you lily are familiar with the gas ' that alerts you whenever there is unburned gas in the air . Natural gas actually has no at all . Gas add a chemical with a distinct smell to the gas so that people can detect a gas leak . lull . What is one advantage of using natural gas ?

Math Statistics . Data Analysis . and Probability Analyzing Data Fuels and Electricity The circle graph shows which energy sources are used to produce electricity in the United States . Reading Graphs What does each wedge of the circle represent ?

Interpreting Data Which energy source is used to generate most of the electricity in the United States ?

Drawing Conclusions What percentage of the electricity production in the United States relies on fossil fuels ?

Predicting How might the circle graph differ 50 years from now ?

Give reasons to support your prediction . United States Electricity Natural Gas Pipelines More than kilometers of natural gas pipelines run underground in the United States . Here , a technician prepares a new section of pipe . by Energy Source Natural gas Hydroelectric 0483

Supply and Demand In the 1970 , a group of exporting nations reduced their oil exports to the United States . Gasoline shortages resulted . Vocabulary Reviewing Key Concepts . What is a fuel ?

Which fossil fuel would you recommend ?

Give two reasons for your answer . Skill Prefixes How does knowing the meaning the help you remember what happens to hydrocarbons during Explaining How do fuels provide energy ?

Sequencing Describe in order the energy that occur in production of electricity at a power plant . listing What are the three main fossil fuels ?

mu . Comparing and Contrasting List an advantage and a disadvantage ofeach fossil fuel discussed in this section . Judgments Suppose you were , a new fossil power plant . Fuel Supply and Demand As natural resources , fuels can be as either renewable or . Renewable resources are either always able or are naturally replaced in a short time . resources can not be replaced in a useful time frame . The many advantages of using fossil fuels as an energy source have made them essential In modern life . But since fossil fuels hundreds of millions of years to form , they are considered nonrenewable resources . For example . known oil supplies took some 500 million years to form . Many nations that consume large amounts of fossil fuels have relatively small supplies . They have to buy oil . natural gas . or coal from other nations . The United States . for example . uses about one third of all the oil produced in the world . But only percent of the oil supply is located in this try . The must he purchased from other countries . The uneven distribution of oil supplies has often been at cause of political problems in the world . Known coal supplies are high compared to current demand . the demand for oil and natural gas has been growing faster than new supplies are being found . This could lead to higher prices in the future as these resources . Eventually . other types of energy resources will be needed to help meet the world ' energy needs . Reading . I . Reviewing Why are fossil fuels considered resources ?

I ) Problem Solving ! three things you can do to reduce your dependence fossil . ment Heating Fuel Pros and Cons Talk to an adult family member to find out what type of energy source is used to heat or cool your home . Then , with the family member , list some advantages and disadvantages of that type of fuel . Share what you learned with your classmates . What fuel source is used by the majority ot students in your class ?

Section Renewable Sources of Energy Standards War Can You Capture Solar Energy ?

Students know the utility of energy sources is determined by . Four 250 milliliters of water into of two , clear ( actors that are involved in ( mew same 10 fem . Record the water temperature in each bag Seal the bags , and the consequences of the can . version process . Put one bag in a dark or shady place . Put the other bag in a know place where it will receive direct sunlight . natural energy and material . Predict what the temperature of the water in each bag will be resources . including air , soil , rocks . after 30 minutes , Record the temperatures after 30 minutes . wildlife . and forests , and know how to classify them as renewable Think it Over or . Developing Hypotheses How did the water temperature in each bag change ?

What could account for these results ?

what terms of energy does the sun ?

What are some renewable sources of energy ! at the tor yuur ' Key Terms The sun through the trees war breeze I solar energy stirs , with it the smell ( if ' start ' i ' day with dip in the nearby hot spring . biomass geothermal energy Yuu might he to that even in . you are by ' Thu ' the me air , the wind blows . and heat inside Earth warms the waters cit the spring . These ut are all . are constantly being supplied . Scientists are trying to . to put these energy to to I Campers surrounded by renewable resources

FIGURE Solar Collector This minor collects energy front the sun and powers an electric plant in New South Wales . Australia . Inferring Why is the Australian a practical location for a solar power plant ?

i Energy Resource 4860 Harnessing the Sun Energy The warmth you feel on a sunny day is , or energy from the sun . The sun constantly gives off energy in the toms of light and heat . Solar energy is the source . directly or indirectly . of most other renewable energy resources . In one day , Earth receives enough solar energy to meet the energy needs of the entire world for 40 years . Solar energy does not cause pollution , and it will not run out for billions of years . One with solar energy is that it is only available when the sun is shining . Efficient , solar energy storage systems am not available . Another problem is sunlight is very spread out . To obtain large amount of power . it is necessary to collect solar energy from a large area . For this mason , it remains expensive to produce electricity using solar . Solar Power Plants One way to capture the sun energy involves using giant mirrors . In solar power plant . rows of mi ! rors focus the rays to heat a tank of water . The water boils , creating steam . which can then be used to generate electricity . Solar Cells Solar energy can be converted directly into in at solar cell . A solar cell has il and positive terminal . like a battery . When light hits the cell , an electric Will is produced . Solar cells power some calculators . lights , and other small devices . However . it would take more than solar cells the size of your palm to produce enough electricity for a typical American home . Passive Solar Heating Solar energy can be used to heat buildings with passive solar . A passive solar system converts sunlight thermal energy . which is then without using pumps or fans . Passive solar heating is what occurs in parked car on sunny day . Solar energy passes through the windows and heats the seats and other car parts . These parts transfer heat to the air . and the inside ofthe car warms . The same principle can he used to heat it home . Active Solar Heating An active solar captures the sun energy . and then uses pumps and fans to distribute the heat . First , light strikes the dark surface of at solar tor . it is converted to thermal energy . Waiter is pumped through pipes in the solar collector to absorb the energy . The to a storage tank . Finally , pumps and fans distribute the heat throughout the building . hurling much , How do solar tel work ?

FIGURE Solar House A solar house uses passive and active heating systems to convert solar energy into and electricity ( MI Active solar Lens on the roof generate an tri ( current . A batten store energy for , Passive Heating Sunlight that gums through the windows is absorbed by the walls And floors and is ( unvaried to heat . At night . shades covering the windows prevent in heat from back outside . window Design urge on the south and wet ! sides on as solar Solar Healer Water is pumped horn a storage unit to an active solar on the roof . sunlight how the water . which is then returned to the tank . the we when huts pipes that Mu ! source but the all the house The house his I wood to provide backup heat on cloudy days 0487

lly Activity Blowing in the Wind You can make a model that shows how wind can do the work necessary to produce energy . Using a pinwheel and other materials , construct a device that lift a small object when the wind blows . Then use a fan to test your device . Melting Models What parts of a wind power plant do the fan and pinwheel represent ?

roam I Renewable Energy Sources This dam and wind farm use renewable sources of energy to generate power . The car runs on vegetable all , a type of biomass fuel that is also renewable . Comparing and Contrasting How are biomass fuels similar to energy source such as wind and water ?

How are Hydroelectric Power The sun is one source of renewable ene . Other renewable sources of energy include water . the wind . biomass fuels . geothermal energy , and the tides . Solar energy is the indirect source of water power . Recall that in the water Cycle , energy from the sun heats water on surface , forming water vapor . The water vapor and falls back to Earth as rain and snow . As the water flows over the land . it provides another source of energy . Hydroelectric power is electricity produced by water . A dam across a river blocks the of water , creating a body of water called a reservoir . When a control gates are opened . water through tunnels at the bottom of the dam . As the water moves through the tunnels . it turns turbines . which are connected to a generator . Today , hydroelectric power is the most widely used source of renewable energy . Unlike solar energy . water provides a steady supply of energy . Once a dam and power plant are built . producing electricity is inexpensive and does not create air pollution . But hydroelectric power has limitations . in the United States . most suitable rivers have already been dammed And dams can have negative effects on the environment . such as sediment and the potential for disaster caused by dam failure . What is power ?

Wind Power Like water power . wind power is also an indirect form of solar energy . The sun heats surface unevenly . As a result of this uneven heating . different areas of the atmosphere have different temperatures and air pressures . The differences in pressure cause winds as air moves from one area to another .

Wind can be used to turn a turbine and generate electricity . Large wind farms consist of many wind turbines , which are modern versions of windmills . These wind faults are located in regions such as ( where the wind blows strongly and steadily , so the most power can be produced . Wind is perhaps the fastest growing energy resource . Wind power is renewable and does not cause pollution . The cost of energy produced by wind turbines has been falling steadily thanks to improvements in technology . In areas with strong winds , wind turbines can produce electricity at a cost that is competitive with those of plants . But wind power does have some drawbacks . Many areas do not have sufficiently strong and steady winds to suppon wind farms . Wind farms require a lot of land . although the land can often be used for other purposes . Also . the wind often blows the strongest in scenic areas . such as along the shore or on mountain tops , where people may object to building wind turbines . Biomass Fuels Wood was probably the first fuel ever used for heat and light . Wood belongs to a group of fuels called biomass fuels , which are made from material that was once part of a living thing . Other biomass fuels include leaves . food wastes . and manure . Aside from being burned as fuel , biomass materials can also be converted into other fuels . For example . some crops can be used to make . Adding the alcohol to gasoline forms a ture called . can be used as fuel for cars Bacteria can produce methane gas when they decompose biomass als in . That methane can he used to heat buildings . Biomass fuels are renewable resources . But it takes time for new to replace those that have been cut down . And producing alcohol and methane in large quantities is expert sive . As a result . biomass fuels are not widely used today in the United States . But as fossil fuels scarcer , fuels may play a larger role in meeting energy needs .

Online eff INKS , For Links an renewable energy Visit Web Cadet ) Geothermal Energy A geothermal power plant uses heat from Earth interior as an energy source . Cold water is piped deep into the ground . where it is heated by magma . The resulting steam and hot water can be used for heat or to generate electricity . Making Generalizations What are one advantage and one disadvantage of energy ?

490 Tapping Earth Energy Below Earth surface are pockets of very hot liquid rock called magma . In some places . magma is very close to the surface . The intense heat from Earth interior that warms the magma is called geothermal energy . In certain regions , such as Iceland and New ind . heats underground water to the boiling point . In these places . the hot water and steam can be valuable sources of energy . For example , in , Iceland . 90 percent of homes are heated by water warmed in this way . energy can also be used to generate electricity , as shown in Figure . energy is an unlimited source of cheap energy . But it does have disadvantages . There are only a few places where magma close to surface . Elsewhere . very deep wells would be needed to trip this energy . Drilling deep wells is very expensive . Even so . energy is likely to play growing part in meeting energy needs in some regions . Reading How can geothermal energy be used to generate electricity ?

Cooling tower Steam mes to the plant watt ir . pumped down Target Reading Skill Comparing and Contrasting Tidal Energy You have already learned that water in at river can be used tu produce electricity . Another source at moving water is the tides . The tides are the regular rise and fall waters along its shores . The tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun . Along wine . amounts of water into bays and river at high tide . This water back out to sea when the tide falls . A few tidal power plants lI ' heen built to take advantage in this regular . Such power plants typically of a low . gated dam the entrance at shallow buy or river . the tide guns open so that water in . As the tide retreats . the gates shut to trap the water behind . Gravity pulls the trapped water back to the sea through . The energy ut ' the water flowing through these tunnels generates electricity . as in 21 hydroelectric power plant . tidal power is a clean , source of , it has several limitations . Harn tidal power is practical only where there is a large di erence between high and low least ur . There are only a few places in the world where such large occurs . it dam across a bay would block beats and lish from through . tidal power is likely to remain a limited source of energy . Section Assessment a table comparing the and . water , wind , and energy . Reviewing Key Concepts I . Identifying energy clues the sun nipply ?

Explaining What are two that solar energy has rim energy luck ?

Applying A friend of argues that shopping malls should use solar tu fuels . would respond ?

Listing List live renewable energy ) solar energy , Classifying Which renewable energy that listed are ' forms energy ?

Explain . Predicting Whith ' think is most likely to be used in community within the next 20 ?

Explain yuur . 10 Tidal Power Plan ! This large tidal power plant in is used to generate . Writing Science mustard Rupert use published materials and Internet resources to write research report about one of the energy resources discussed in this chapter . Discuss the energy resource ! advantages and disadvantages . Be sure ta also discuss its current status and environmental Impacts . Include a brief bibliography . 491

Technology Full Inquiry us ca . Design and Build a Solar Cooker Problem What is the best shape for I solar cooker ?

I Skills FOCUS designing a solution . evaluating the design Procedure I glug and Research and Investigate . Glue a sheet of aluminum . shiny side up . to each sheet of paper . Before the glue dries . gently smooth out any wrinkles in the foil . Bend one sheet into a shape . Leave another sheet flat . Bend another sheet into a shape oi your own choosing . I ' Predict which shape will produce the largest temperature increase when placed in the sun . Write down your prediction and explain your reasons . Place the aluminum sheets in sunlight . Use wood Sh ?

07 blocks or books to hold the sheets in position , if necessary . paper . Record the temperature on each thermometer . Place the thermometer bulbs in the center of the aluminum , shapes . After 15 minutes . record the temperature on ' each thermometer . thermometers and wooden or PART gnu plastic stirrer . Using what you learned in Part , design a solar cooker that can cook frozen vegetables . Your solar cooker should be no larger than 50 on any side cook the vegetables in less than 10 minutes I be made of materials approved by your teacher . Prepare a written description of your plan that includes a sketch of your cooker Include a list oi materials and an operational of a well vegetable . Obtain your teacher approval for your design . Then build your solar cooker . frozen vegetables 492

pA . Evaluating the Design When you tested your solar cooker . what problems did test your solar cooker by spearing some you encounter ?

Ii ' In ' Make any with you , your design for your second test ?

How did the redesign improve the performance of cooker design you make ?

10 . Based on your test . decide how you war . with Design Constraints could improve the design of your cooker . why nigh be 50 ' Then make an desired chan es to . cooker and re how the you woke we ' make , available materials ?

Evaluating the Impact on Society How Analyze and conclude an ( devices heel ut . i do lede ices ?

might it be important to have an efficient cooker that does use fuel ?

communicate . Des ' lame go Design an advertisement tor Part into your design in Part 27 For ' hat ' I ' Wu ' magazine . Make sure your ad describes the benefits oi solar cookers in general , and of your design in particular . example , which shape did you use in your cooker design ?

Clapton 0493 Section Nuclear Energy ' Standards Focus Students the utility of energy sources is determined lors that are involved in convening these sources to useful forms and the consequences of the conversion process . Students know different natural energy and material es , including air , soil , rocks . minerals . petroleum , fresh water . wildlife , and forests . and know how to classify them as renewable or . What happens during a nuclear fission reaction ?

How does a nuclear power plant produce electricity ?

How does a nuclear fusion reaction occur ?

Key Terms I nucleus I nuclear reactor vessel I fuel rad I control rod meltdown I nuclear fusion 494 Why Do They Fall ?

Line up 15 dominoes to form a triangle . Kno ( over the first domino so that it falls against the second row of dominoes . Observe the results . Set up the dominoes again , but then remove the dominoes in the third row from the lineup . Knock over the first domino again . Observe what happens Think it Over Inferring Suppose each domino produced a large amount of energy when it tell over . why might it be helpful to remove the dominoes as you did in Step ?

it be great if could use the some ( as the sun to produce ?

The kind of that the sun involve the central cores of atoms . The central core of an atom that contains the protons and is called nucleus plural ) that involve nuclei , called nuclear reactions , in of . Two types arc and fusion . Nuclear Fission Nuclear convert matter into energy . As part theory of ity . Albert Einstein developed it that described the relationship between energy and matter . You have this . In the equation . the represents energy and the represents mass . The which the speed . is at very large number . This states that when is into energy . an enormous amount of energy is released . A Albert Einstein

nucleus ' Neutron nucleus NEW ' Neutron Neutron A ' Each neutron can am a strikes a nucleus . new , by The nucleus lnto two smaller ' nut em . releasing more neutrons and a great deal of energy . Flaunt Fission Reactions Nuclear is the splitting of an nucleus into two smaller nuclei . The fuel for the tion is a large atom that has an unstable nucleus . such as ( A neutron is shot at the atom at high speed . When the neutron hits the nucleus . splits apart into two and two or more neutrons The total mass of all these particles is a bit less than the mass of the original nucleus . The small amount of mass that makes up the difference has been converted into lot . as by Einstein equation . Meanwhile , the reaction has produced more neu . If any of these neutrons strikes another nucleus , the reaction is repeated . More neutrons and more energy are released . If there are enough nuclei nearby , the process repeats in a chain reaction , just like a row falling . In a nuclear chain reaction , the amount of energy released increases rapidly with each step in the chain . Energy From Fission What happens to all the energy released by these reactions ?

nuclear chain reaction is not controlled . the released energy causes huge explosion . The explosion of an atomic bomb is an uncontrolled nuclear reaction . A few kilograms of matter explode with more force than several thousand tons of dynamite . However . if the chain reaction is controlled in a power plant . the energy is released as heat . which can then he used to generate electricity . What happens In a nuclear chain ?

Nuclear fission A great deal or energy is released In a nuclear fission . Interpreting Diagram How does a nuclear fission reaction begin ?

Activity Calculating A pellet of produces as much energy as 615 liters of fuel all . An average home uses liters of oil a year . How many pellets would be needed to supply the same amount of energy ?

0455 FIGURE Nuclear power plants generate mu ( 01 the world . The inset photo shows autunite . a uranium are . 496 Nuclear Power Plants ( lis ' nuclear ' plants . Nuclear plants much of the world clu tri ( 20 percent in the United States and more than ill percent in . Nuclear Fuel The uranium fur nuclear power plants is ' ore is abundant . since new uranium are is not being created . is considered a non resource . Energy Production at the nuclear plant in Figure 13 . 111 a nuclear power plant . the heat released from is used to change water into steam . The steam then turns the blades of a turbine to generate electricity . The reactor vessel is the part of the nuclear reactor nuclear fission occurs . The reactor fuel rods that pellets of uranium . When fuel rods are placed close , il scrim ul . If the reactor vessel gets ton . are used to slow down the chain reactions . Control rods , made of ( an inserted between the fuel rods to slow the speed of the chain . Heat is removed from the el or another that is pumped through the . passes through 21 There . the boil water to steam , which runs the generator . The steam is and pumped hark to the , what is the purpose of a control rod ?

Pros and Cons Accidents at nuclear power plants have led to safety concerns . In 1986 , the reactor vessel in a nuclear Go ine power plant in . Ukraine . overheated . The fuel rods ' generated so much heat that they started to melt . a condition ac called a meltdown . The excess hail caused a series of , which injured or killed dozens of people . In addition . pus , radioactive materials escaped into the environment . Wilt ode Another problem is the disposal of highly radioactive wastes . Some radioactive wastes remain dangerous for many thousands of years . Scientists must It way to store these wastes safely for a long period of time . Nuclear plants also emit large amounts of heat to the air and nearby bodies of water . However . because nuclear plants ' do burn fossil fuels . they do produce air pollution . Since these plants do emit carbon dioxide . some suggest that they could help to solve the problem of global warming . Home 13 Power Plant Nuclear fission provides the energy to generate electricity in a nuclear power plant . Interpreting Diagrams In what part of the power plant does nuclear occur ?

Cooling tower Containment the turbines that generate electricity . Electric current to power lines The steam turns I In the reactor vessel . uranium The heat changes fuel undergoes nuclear . water into steam In producing heat . the heat exchanger .

Tremendous heat and nude , The reaction creates a helium pressure force two nucleus with slightly less mass kinds of hydrogen than the hydrogen nuclei . The nuclei together . last mass is convened to energy . I Neutron plug nucleus Hem energy nucleus gal The Quest to Control Fusion us , in mi , fu , Mo Nuclear futon Is the combining of two atomic nuclei to nuclei are forced together , produce a single larger nucleus . In nuclear fusion , two helium hydrogen nuclei combine to create a helium nucleus , which ' has slightly less mass than the two hydrogen nuclei . The lost Interpreting Diagrams What is . released during a reaction ?

Nuclear fusion is the process by which the sun produces energy . On Earth . fusion is a promising future energy source . Fusion fuels are readily contains at form of hydrogen that could be used . Since its fuel can be found in water . fusion is considered a renewable energy source . Fusion would not produce air pollution . And unlike . fusion would not produce radioactive wastes . However . fusion can take place only at extremely high pressures and . The construction of practical fusion reactor is a major ing challenge that may take many years to complete . section Assessment Target Reading Comparing and a . Reviewing nuclear fusion . Contrasting Create table , jug and sum How is showing the similarities and in produced during a nuclear fusion reaction ?

nuclear fission and nuclear fusion . Reviewing Key Concepts What is nuclear fission ?

Sequencing Describe the steps that occur in a nuclear reaction . Classifying uranium a or resource ?

Explain . Identifying What type of nuclear reaction produces electricity in a nuclear plant ?

Shoot the Nucleus a family member . make a model of a nuclear fission reaction . Place a of marbles on the floor in a tight cluster . so that they touch one another . Step back about a half meter from the marbles . Shoot a marble atthe cluster . Note ' what effect the moving marble has on the ' luster . Then using a diagram , explain in this event models a nuclear reaction . plan ! if luu many control rods were ?

Section Energy Conservation i Standards Focus Students know energy can be from one place to anothe er by heat or by waves , ing water . light and sound waves , or by moving objects . Students know that when fuel is consumed . most of the energy released heat energy . Whit are two ways to preserve our current energy sources ?

Key Terms I I insulation ' energy ' Which Bulb Is More Efficient ?

the light output ( listed in ) from the packages of a incandescent light bulb and a compact fluorescent bulb . Place the bulb in a lamp socket . CAUTION Make sure the lamp is unplugged . Plug in the lamp and turn it on . Hold the end of a thermometer about centimeters from the bulb . Record the temperature after five minutes . Turn of ! and unplug the lamp . When the bulb is cool , remove it . Repeat Steps . 31 and I with the incandescent light bulb . Think Over Inferring The bulb uses four times as much energy as the bulb . Does it also provide four times as much light output ?

It not , how can you account for the difference ?

What would happen if the world ran out of fossil fuels today ?

The heating and cooling in most buildings would cease to function . Forests would disappear as people began to burn wood for heating and cooking . Cars . buses . and trains would be stranded wherever they ran out of Fuel . About 70 percent of the world electric power capacity would be . Since vision , telephones depend on electricity , would be greatly reduced . fossil fuels wo run out soon . they also won ! last forever . Most people think that it makes sense to use fuels wisely now to avoid possible fuel shortages in the future . 011 way to preserve energy resources is to increase the of energy use . Another my is to conserve energy whenever possible . 04 !

Energy Efficiency One way to make energy resources longer is to use fuels more . is the percentage of energy that is actually used to perform work . The rest of the energy is lost to the surroundings . usually as heat . This heat can pollute the water and air . People have developed malty ways to increase energy efficiency . Heating and Cooling One method of increasing the of heating and cooling systems is insulation . Insulation is a layer of material that traps air to help block heat flow between the air inside and outside building . You have bly seen insulation made of . which looks like pink cotton candy . Trapped air can act as insulation in windows . too . Many windows consist of two panes of glass with space between them . The air between the prunes of glass acts as insulation . Tech Design in History Products Scientists and have developed many technologies that improve energy and reduce energy use . 1936 Lighting Fluorescent bulbs were Introduced to the at the hundredth celebration of the United States Patent . Because these bulbs use less than bulbs . most offices and school use lights today . 5000

Lighting Much of the for ionic lighting is wasted . For example . less than It ) percent of the electricity that an light bulb uses is into light . The rust is off as hurt . in bulbs list about one fourth am much to ' the oflight . Transportation have the energy ( Another way to saw is to the number of cars on the road . In many communities . it ' I provide an tive to driving ( cities . Many cities litmus for cars ( i What are two examples of insulation ?

1967 Microwave Ove The first countertop microwave oven for the home was introduced . Microwaves cook food by heating the water the food contains . Unlike a conventional even . I microwave oven heats only the food . And preheating is unnecessary . saving even more energy . ting in Science Research and Design an advertisement for one of the inventions described in this timeline . The advertisement may be a print . radio , or television ad . Be sure that your advertisement clearly explains the benefits oi the invention , 1997 Hydrogen fuel cells produce no polluting . In 1997 , two major automakers unveiled experimental ?

cars . The first cars are expected around 2010 .

Flour Energy Conservation There are many ways you ( an conserve energy , Section Assessment Energy Conservation Another to making energy last longer is Energy conservation energy use . You can your personal energy use by yuur in mine simple ways . For , if you walk to the instead of it ride , you are conserving gasoline it take to drive to the store . You can also fallow of the in 15 . While small things . multiplied by millions of people they add up to 21 lot of energy for the future . napalm ) What are two ways you can reduce your personal , energy use ?

Reading , ting Vocabulary ( Prefixes The prefix am and the Latin rout ' II ' together ur . What is the ?

Reviewing Key Concepts HINT I HINT I Identifying What to our current energy resources ?

Applying Concepts rims insulating help to preserve energy ?

How does carpooling ?

Predicting ( building contains only lights . door only lights . Predict which building has higher energy bills , iin Wri ing in Science Energy saving Conduct an energy audit of your home . Look for places where energy is being lost , such as cracks around doors . Also look for ways to reduce energy use , such as running the only when it is full . Then create a short . illustrated brochure of suggestions . Keep the brochure where everyone can see it .

Materials containers and lids made of paper , glass . plastic , plastic loam , and metal pencil ice water thermometers or temperature probes Co . Keeping Comfortable Problem How well do different materials prevent heat flow ?

Skills FOCUS measuring . controlling variables Procedure a . Use a pencil to poke a hole in the lid of a paper cup . Fill the cup halfway with cold water . Put the lid on the cup . Insert a thermometer into the water through the hole . It you are using a temperature probe . see your teacher instructions . when the temperature stops dropping , place the cup in a beaker . Add hot water to the beaker until the water level is about below the lid . Record the water temperature once every minute until it has increased by . Use the time it takes for the temperature to increase ' as a measure of the effectiveness of the paper cup in preventing heat transfer . Choose three other containers and their matching lids to test . Design an experiment to compare how well those materials prevent heat transfer . You can use a similar procedure to the one you used in Steps . Analyze and conclude . Measuring In Step , what was the starting temperature of the cold water ?

How long did it take for the temperature to increase by ' in which direction did the heat flow ?

Explain . I . Making Models lithe materials in Steps ! represented your home in very hot weather , which material would represent the rooms in your home ?

The outdoor weather ?

The building walls ?

Controlling Variables In the experiment you conducted in Step , what were the manipulated and responding variables ?

What variables were kept constant ?

A . Drawing Conclusions which material was most effective at preventing the transfer of heat ?

Which was the least effective ?

Explain how your data support your conclusion . Communicating Write a why the results of your experiment could be useful to people building en structures . Design an Experiment Design an experiment to compare how well the materials you tested would work if the hot water were inside the cup and the cold water were outside Obtain your teacher permission before carrying out your tion . Go For Data sharing Visit Web Code 503

Society How do you get from here to there ?

like most people , you probably rely on cars or buses . Engines that burn fossil fuels power most of these vehicles . To conserve fuels , as well as to reduce air pollution . some car companies have begun to produce hybrid vehicles . How Are Hybrid Cars Different ?

The power source for most cars is a gasoline engine that powers the transmission . Unlike conventional cars , hybrid cars use both a gasoline engine and an electric motor to turn the transmission . The generated power can Gasoline Engine The engine burns fuel to provide energy to the car . Electric Motor and Generator In this model , the electric motor be used by the transmission to turn the wheels . Or power can be convened into electricity for later use by the electric motor . Any extra electricity is stored in the car battery The gasoline engine in a hybrid car is smaller , more efficient . and less polluting than the engine in a conventional car . Start The tar uses power lrom its battery to start the gasoline engine draws energy from the cars battery to help the car speed up . As the car slows down . the generator produces electricity recharge the cars battery . This device transmits power from the engine to the axle that turns the wheels , Brake when the tai brakes . the motor acts like a generator and stores electrical energy in the battery Accelerate when the car accelerates , the electric motor and the gasoline engine together to power the car

Are Hybrid Cars the Way to Go ?

Mileage per Tank of Gas Hybrid cars ( less gas per mile and emit fewer pollutants than tars that run on gasoline alone In spite of the benefits . i there are some drawbacks to hybrid cars In general , hybrid cars . 500 have less power for climbing steep hills and less acceleration than cars with larger engines . In addition . the large batteries 500 could be an environmental hazard it they end up in a . 51 ?

Drivers must make in buying any car . 400 . a la ' son ' zoo . Conventional of Car Gasoline stored in the fuel tank flows to the engine . where it is burned . You Decide . Identify the Need Why are some car companies developing hybrid cars ?

Research hybrid cars currently on the market . Use your to list the advantages and disadvantages of technology . Write Should your next car he a or hybrid model ?

Use the information here and your research to write several paragraphs supporting your opinion Battery The car electric USES energy stored in the battery . For More on hybrid cars Visit ( Web Code Stop when the tar stops or idles . the gasoline engine stops . It restarts when the driver steps on the gas pedal .

Section Recycling Material Resources ( A , Standards Focus Students know the ral origin of the materials used to make common What are three methods of handling solid waste ?

what ( an people do to help control the solid waste problem ?

Key Terms I municipal solid waste incineration sanitary landfill recycling biodegradable I ( Standards What in the Trash ?

Your teacher will give you a trash bag . The items in the bag represent the most common categories of household waste in the United States . Before you open the bag , predict what the two most ( categories are . Put on some plastic gloves . Open the bag and sort the trash items into categories based on what they are made of . Count the number of trash items in each category . Construct a bar graph showing the number of pieces of trash in each category . Think It Over Interpreting Data Eased on your graph , what are the two most common types of household waste ?

Was your prediction correct ?

How much trash docs your throw away in at year ?

If your job to take the out . you might say that it at large amount . Now imagine that amount multiplied by every family in the United ( these facts livery hour . people throw away about million plastic bottles Every day , the average person ' about kilograms of trash . Every year . people throw away million metric tons of plastic bags and 230 million tires . You can see why some people call the United States society ! Disposable can be cheap and . But they created a big to do with all the trash .

The Problem of Waste Disposal In their daily activities , people many types of . including used . empty packages . and loud scraps . he waste produced in homes , businesses . and other places in a community are called municipal solid waste . Other of wane include and certain agricultural and industrial wastes . Three methods of handling solid are burning burying , and recycling . Each method has advantages and disadvantages Incineration The burning of solid is called ( in sin ur shun . has some adv burning facilities . or incinerators , do not take up much . not pose a risk of polluting water . The heat produced by burning solid waste can he used ' In ' use , ants ) wane Disposal ) to many homes in the Status . snug , of of . do have . Even the best Waste are treated in United incinerators release some pollution into the air . And although 93 ?

reduce the volume of as murli ' i la was pap , I Reading Graphs What in . still . This waste needs to of , 59 , posed of . are expensive to build . Landfill Wastes Landfills Until fairly recently , usually disposed of waste in open holes in the ground . But open dumps were dangerous and unsightly . Rainwater falling on a dump solved chemicals from the wastes . forming a polluted liquid called . could run oil into streams and lakes , or trickle down into the groundwater below the dump . In the government banned open dumps . Now much solid waste is buried in that are constructed to hold the wastes more safely . A sanitary holds municipal solid waste . construction debris , and some types of ' Yl i and industrial waste . Figure shows the parts of I designed sanitary . Once is full . it is covered with a clay cap to keep rainwater from entering the waste . even still post risk of ' polluting groundwater . And while capped can be Sanitary Landfill reused in certain ways . including as parks and sites for sports A ' sanitary tren . they can not be used for housing or agriculture . contains the waste and prevents It in from polluting the surrounding ' I ( sanitary land and water . ski The collected is pumped tanks and Vent Pipes , Solid Waste layers i i Bulletin bruit down wastes . Compacting the methane and ( dioxide . the landfill tram settling . to mid an , vent pines Euh layer is covered with collect and release the gases . dean sell or plastic . Wels Liquid wells is tested In Ill ! wastes polluting the . utters . undo liner of clay and plastic moving through the dissolves some wastes forming at the bottom .

Recycling The process of reclaiming raw and reusing them to ate called recycling . the ume of solid waste by enabling people to the materials in wastes again . While uses some energy . it also saves the that would be to obtain and raw . you , in through the water cycle , cycle . and other ) material that can be broken down and by and other is biodegradable thy oh duh . many of the products people use today are not biodegradable . metal cans , tires . and glam are ol products that do pose . have to recycle the raw in these products . A wide range of materials . including motor oil . and . can he ' i . Must four major categories metal , plastic . glass , and . Metal your classroom . you are surrounded by metal that can lac . Your dusk . anti clips are probably made of steel . Another very metal . is used to make soda cult . house siding . window screens . and many other products . Metals such as iron and aluminum can recycled . cling money and cause less inn than new . With . no are to be mined , ported to factories , or processed . In addition . recycling helps conserve these . Flaunt 18 Metal Metal a commonly re ( led material . Herc . rumpled aluminum cans ride up a conveyor belt in a re ( ling center . Without recycling , what might eventually happen to the supply of aluminum ?

Graphing What happens to trash ?

Use the data in the table below to a ( Il ( lE graph of methods of solid waste disposal in the States . Give your circle graph a title . For help making a circle graph . see the Skills Handbook . Method of Disposal of Waste Landfills 56 Re 27 Incineration 17

House is Plastic Plastic bottles can be recycled and made into many products . including polyester fleece for Jackets . Try Activity It in the Numbers Plastic bottles and other plastic products usually have a number inside a triangle indicating the type of plastic they are made of . Plastics must be sorted by type before they can be recycled . Sort the plastic products your teacher gives you into groups according to their recycling numbers . Classifying Compare and contrast the pieces in each group with one another and with the pieces in other groups . Describe the characteristics of each group . 510 Plastic When oil is gasoline and other products . solid materials called resins are left over . Resins can he . stretched . and into plastic . plastic products that can be recycled include milk lugs . detergent containers . and soda bottles . When these products are recycled . they trike on very difterent forms jackets , carpeting . tiles . trash even dock Glass Glam is made from sand . ash . and mixed together and . is one of the easiest products to recycle because glass pieces can he melted I ' and over In new glass . Ri glass is less ' I glass front I ' melt at lower than the raw , less energy is required . cling glass also reduces the damage caused by mining for soda and . Paper takes about 17 trees to make one metric ton of paper . Paper mills turn wood into i thick liquid called pulp . Pulp is spread out and dried to produce paper . Pulp can also be made from and old used paper . Mott paper products can only he recycled few times . Each time paper is recycled . the new paper is rougher , and darker . Recycling Worthwhile ?

conserving ' also . energy . Fur . products recycled aluminum rather than in rials about 90 ' less overall . or materials . recycling is usually worthwhile . But is not ai to the . For ) cities , is ' lists have not good ways to recycle some . The value of recycling must be judged on a .

What People Can Do The good news is that there are ways individuals can help control the solid waste problem . are times called the three . reuse , and recycle . Reduce refers to creating less waste in the . For example . you can use ! doth shopping bag rather than a disposable paper or plastic bag . refers to finding another use for an object rather than discarding it . For example . you could plastic drink bottles with drinking water instead of buying new bottles of water . As you haw . recycle refers to reclaiming raw materials to create new products . You can take the lirst step in the process by recycling at home and hy encouraging others to recycle . You can also make an effort to buy products made from recycled materials . This encourages to use recycled materials in their products . Another way to reduce the amount of solid waste your family products is to start a compost pile . Composting is the process Many kind of food and yard of helping biodegradable wastes to decompose naturally . The ! be moist . dark conditions in a compost pile allow natural ' i ' does help reduce to larval down waste quickly . Compost piles can be ?

used to grass clippings , and some food wastes . Compost is an excellent natural for plants . What is composting ?

Section Assessment Vocabulary Skill Prefixes Use what you know . Identifying What is by the three ?

i Mil ' Problem Solving Give one example of how . you could practice each of the . Reviewing Key Concepts a . Reviewing with a solid waste . Comparing and Contrasting ) an advantage and at disadvantage of each ' WU ' collect its household trash in large bags . Do not Developing Na former lfI ( lUdE food weste At the of the week , El open dump . there is a stream in which your Mid MU older to fish . No one ' 52 there anymore , however . because an i ' no . haw any ways to reduce your family trash load ?