Earth Science Textbook Chapter 11 Living Resources

11 Resources Standards Preview 645 Organisms in ecosystems exchange energy and nutrients among themselves and with the environment . As basis for understanding this concept . Students know matter is over time from one organism to others in the web and between organisms and the physical En . Students know different kinds of organisms may play similar roles in similar . Students know the number and types oi organisms an ecosystem can support depends on the resources available and on , such as quantities of light and water . a range of temperatures , and soil composition . 646 Sources oi energy and materials in amounts . distribution . usefulness , and the time required for their . As I basis for understanding this content . Students know natural energy and material , including air . soil , rocks , petroleum , water , wildlife , and forests , and know now to classify them as able or . Students know the natural origin oi the materials used to make common objects the migrating salmon in this Alaska river provide food for grizzly bears .

MUG ! HI and Blames on the What defines the ecological roles and adaptations of the organisms found in different ?

Check What You Know Study the two photographs below . The plant on the left grows in South Africa . The plant on the right grows in Australia . How are the two plants similar ?

How are they different ?

Based on the characteristics of the plants , predict the kind of environment in which each one grows .

( i . The images shown here represent some of the key terms in this chapter . You can use this vocabulary skill to help you understand the meaning of some key terms in this chapter . Academic Words Knowing these academic words will help you understand . discuss , and write about the science content in this chapter . Word I I Example Sentence source . The beginning the The sun is our main source ( 453 origin of energy . resource A material or living thing Coal and oil are ( us ) 453 that people can use that we depend on . To keep up to maintain Food and water are ( suh 455 necessary to sustain humans . Different not the same Each type of bird is distinct . 436 Apply It ! Choose the word from the table that best completes the sentence . Forests are a natural . Trees in the rain forest form several layers . We can our forests by planting new trees to replace those that we cut clown . Insects are a of food for reptiles , birds , and mammals .

Chapter Vocabulary Section , biome desert canopy understory grassland savanna de ( tree coniferous tree tundra permafrost Section , estuary intertidal zone neritic zone kelp forests coral reefs plankton Sect con . renewable resource cutting sustainable yield fishery aquaculture Section , biodiversity keystone species extinction endangered species threatened species habitat destruction poaching captive breeding . Science I ) Chapter 11 435

. Identify Main Ideas The main idea in a paragraph is the most important , or biggest , idea . Sometimes the main idea is stated directly . At other times you must identify the main idea yourself . Here are some tips . I Read carefully the first and last few sentences in the paragraph . Identify the main idea of the paragraph . Identify a few important details about the topic . Read the paragraph below . In your notebook , write the main idea in the first box Under it . write a few supporting details . pun an ol . and rivers are lu trout to Ponds are . where , turtles . and rugs live . In the open ' and ponds , sunfish iE ' on and algae . Streams and rivers are home to animals like trout Apply It ! Complete your organizer by answering the following questions . What is the main idea of the paragraph ?

What details support the main idea ?

Complete a graphic organizer like the one above for paragraphs in and .

, i Standard Investigation . Breaking It Down Nothing in an ecosystem is wasted . Even when living things die , organisms such as mushrooms recycle them This natural process of breakdown is called decomposition . When fallen leaves and other waste products decompose , a fluffy brown mixture called compost is formed . You can observe decomposition firsthand in this chapter project by building a compost chamber . Your Goal To design and conduct an experiment to learn more about the process of decomposition To complete this investigation , you must build two compost chambers I investigate the effect of one of the following variables on decomposition moisture . oxygen , temperature , or activity of soil organisms analyze your data and present your results follow the safety guidelines in Appendix A Plan It ! Your teacher will provide you with a sample of compost material . Observe the wastes in the mixture with a hand lens . Write a hypothesis about which kinds of waste will decay and which will not . Next , decide which variable you will test and plan how you will test it . Once your teacher approves your plan , build your compost chambers and begin the experiment .

Section Bi . Students know different kinds of organisms may play similar roles in similar . It Students know the number and types of organisms on Standards Focus tern can support depends on the resources available and on abiotic factors . such as quantities of light and . I range of temperatures and soil composition . What factors determine the type ol biome found in an urea ?

what are the six maior blames ?

Key I biome desert I cano I understory savanna deciduous tree coniferous tree mod ( permafrost 4330 Field Tri ( and How Much Rain is That ?

The table shows the typical amount of precipitation that falls each year in four locations . With your classmates , you will create a bar graph on a wall to represent these amounts . Location ( Mojave Desert 15 70 350 Illinois Prairie Great Smoky Mountains Costa Rican Rain Forest . Using a meter . measure a strip of paper 15 centimeters long . Label this strip Mojave Desert . Repeat Step for the other locations . Label each strip . Follow your teacher instructions on hanging your strips . Think It Over Developing Hypotheses What effect might the amount of precipitation have on the types of plants that live in a location ?

Congratulations ! You been selected to go on a world tion to explore Earth . A biome is it region with a certain climate and certain forms of vegetation . You be visiting places ranging from steamy tropical forests to frozen Arctic plains . It is mostly the and an area that determines its biome . Climate limits the species of plants that can grow in an . which in turn what other organisms can live there . Different organisms living in similar may play lar ecological roles . For example . most continents have a area of . grassy plains . So these continents have organisms that fill the role , or niche . of large , grazing In North . these herbivores are the bison . In Africa . they are and antelopes . And in Australia . they are kangaroos . Ecologists classify in different ways . The six major Ire the desert . rain forest . deciduous forest . bored forest , and .

Desert Thu first stop on your is a You step this bus into scaring summer heat . At midday , it is too hot to outside in the desert . A desert is an area that receives less than 25 iif . Thu of ( iii El desert is than thi of ( Some of the driest may not receive any precipitation in it ! undergo iii ing the course of a day . A ( hot like the in African rapidly each night when the sun goes . Other deserts . such at the Mojave in the southwestern States . are very hot in the summer but . in the winter . Organisms that live in the desert must be adapted lack of rain and temperatures . For example . the stem cactus has folds that work like the in an accordion . The stem to store water when it raining . Gila ' can spend at at time in their cool underground burrows . Many other are most at night ' arc . Try This Activity Desert Survival Use a hand lens to carefully observe a small potted cactus . Be careful of the spines . With a pair of scissors , carefully snip a small from the tip of the cactus . Observe the inside of the plant . Note any characteristics that seem different from those of other plants . Observing How is the inside of the ( different from the outside ?

Suggest how the features you observe might be adaptations to its desert habitat . The Mojave Desert in ( is a typical hot desert . Making Generalizations Describe the conditions typical desert . Gambel quail A tree kangaroo Haunt Rain Forest Roles Tree kangaroos and spider monkeys live in different rain forests on opposite sides of the world . But both are consumers living in the forest canopy . Rain an torn ! Rain Forest The next stop on your trip is a rain . This is living up to its pouring ! After just short , however . the sun . Surprisingly . though . very sunlight you through the thick leaves . Plants arc I iii the rain . And mals arc . and , all around you Although tropical rain forests cover only a small part of the , they contain species ol and than all other . Tropical Rain Forests you can see on the map . tIl rain font arc found in regions ( lose lu the tut . Thu climate warm and humid all year lung , and in a lot uli 200 . Because of these climate conditions . an astounding , vat ety ot plants grow in tropical rain forests . in the rain form ' distinct lay . The tall a leaf ) A few giant out above the canopy . Below , LI second layer of shorter trees and vines forms an understory . plants grow well in the shade by the . Thu forest floor is ' so only a plants . The rich plant life in tropical rain forests provides food and habitat for ' of animals . that millions uf , tit in tropical rain ' In fact . the must arc anu and . and scum of loud for mamy . and mammals . These animals are . in turn . food for animals .

Ecological Roles in Rain Forests Very play similar ecological roles in min forest around the world . For . in South can rain forests include . deer . monkeys . rodents . and cats . Consumers in Australian min forests include . all uf In a group of . The animals that live in the rain forest canopy have similar . Fur . have hands with thumbs and tails that can grasp as they in the canopy . do not haw grasping tails . But usu their long tail tu keep ( iiS in the trees . Their feet have sharp claws and spongy pads that them in . Temperate Rain Forests When you hear ruin . yuu probably think of warm , humid , tropical min forests . But there is another type of rain coast of the United man than 300 meters uf rain year . Huge grow . including , and Douglas . But it is difficult to this region . ecologists refer to this ecosystem as a rain forest . The ' I temperate having . Thu ( of the northern coast are rain forests . MIG , What is an A Spider monkey out

Savanna Migrating wildebeests make their way across a vast Kenyan savanna . A savanna is a type of grassland that has scattered shrubs and small trees . Grassland The next stop on the trip is quite a change from Lhe rain forest . You are now in a grassy plain called a prairie . The breeze carries the scent of soil warmed by the sun . The rich soil can support grasses as tall as you . Startled by your approach , sparrows dart into hiding places among the waving grass stems , Ecologists classify prairies , which are generally found in the middle latitudes . as grasslands . A is an area that is populated mostly by grasses and other nonwoody plants Most grasslands receive 25 lo 75 centimeters of rain each year . This amount of rain is not enough for trees to grow . Fires and droughts are common in this biome . Grasslands that are located closer to the equator than prairies are known as savannas . A savanna receives as much as 120 centimeters of rain per year . Scattered shrubs and small trees grow on savannas . along with grass . Grasslands are home to many of the largest animals on Earth . Herbivores include elephants . antelopes . zebras . and in a , bison in North ica . and kangaroos in Australia . Grazing by these large herbivores helps to maintain the grasslands . The animals keep young trees and bushes from sprouting and ing with the grass for water and sunlight . leading which type of grassland usually receive QUEEN ) more rainfall . a prairie or a savanna ?

Deciduous Forest Your trip to the next bionic lakes to another forest . i new late summer . Cool mornings here give way It warm days . of your are recording the plant species . Others are looking , their ( ing to identify the . You step carefully to avoid a ling . You in a biome . Many ol the trees here are sit on us . trees that shed their leaves and grow new ones each year . Oaks and are deciduous trees . forests receive enough least 50 centimeters per ) support the growth of trees and other plants . Temperatures in the deciduous forest vary greatly during the year . The ing season usually lasts to six . The variety oi plants in at forest creates habitats . Different of birds live in the the insects and fruits in their own areas . such as chipmunks and live in deciduous . In a North American deciduous forest you might also see large herbivores that on leaves . such as deer . Black bears are that eat plants and animals . If you were to return to this in the winter , you would not see much wildlife . Many of the bird species migrate to warmer areas . Some ul the mammals hibernate . or enter a state of greatly reduced body activity similar to sleep . Animals that rely un fat storm in lea during the winter . For example . the American black bear and the Asiatic black bear store fat in late mer for use in the winter . Red fox FIGURE Deciduous Forest This forest is a beautiful example of a deciduous forest in autumn . Most of the trees in a deciduous forest have leaves that change color and drop autumn . Comparing and Contrasting How do deciduous forest differ from rain forests ?

Southern flying squirrel Flaunt Boreal Forest This boreal forest in Alaska Denali National Park is home to coniferous trees and animals such as moose . The boreal forest is often called the ' forest . Inferring Both the great horned owl and the golden eagle live in boreal forest blames . The great horned owl is found in the boreal forest of North America , while the golden eagle lives in North America , Europe , and Asia . What ecological roles do you think these two birds play in their boreal habitats ?

Boreal Bianca Born ! Guru ! 4440 Boreal Forest You now head north into a colder climate . The expedition leaders claim they can identify the next biome . boreal forest , by its smell . When you arrive , you catch a whiff of the spruce and fir trees that blanket the hillsides . Feeling the chilly early all air , you pull a out of your bag . Boreal Forest Plants Most of the trees in the forest are coniferous trees ( ur us trees that their seeds in cones and have leaves shaped like needles . The boreal forest is sometimes referred to by its Russian name . the ( TY . Winters in these forests are very cold . The snow can reach heights well over your head ! Even so , the summers are rainy and warm enough to melt all the snow . Trees in the forest are well adapted to the cold cli mate . Since the water is for much of the year . trees in the forest adaptations that prevent iv ! loss . Fir . spruce . hemlock . and other coniferous trees all have thick . waxy needles that prevent water from evaporating . Boreal Forest Animals Many of the animals of the forest eat the seeds by the coniferous trees . These animals include red squirrels , insects . and birds such as and . Some herbivores . such as snowshoe hares , moose . and bearers , cat tree bark and new shoots . The variety of . in the boreal forest supports many large predators . including wolves . bears , owls . and lynxes . The forests of Asia even have Siberian tigers ! Now are needles an advantage to trees in the ' boreal forest ?

Tundra ' at your next map , you feel the driving , chilly wind right . tundra is an ( old and dry . But do expect deep snow . ple are surprised to learn that the tundra receives as much an ( of in tundra is all year . This soil is . During the short summer , the top of soil , the underlying mil rainwater sunk into the , there are shallow and ( on tundra in thu . Tundra Plants Plants of the tundra include . shrubs . and dwarf forms trees . such . willows . of the plant growth place during long days of the short summer . North of the Arctic Circle . the sun does not set during . tundra Animals In , the animals you might ! are . take of plentiful . Large of waterfowl nest in the . winter . birds . of the tundra , musk . and Arctic hares . Thu remain on tundra during the winter grow thick fur an . What can these find to eat an the tundra in winter ?

The caribou scrape to . the caribou and luck for weak ' of the herd In upon . What is permafrost ?

FIGURE Tundra Although it is frozen and seemingly barren in winter . the tundra In Alaska explodes with tutor in autumn . Relating Cause and Effect Why are there no tall tree on the ?

In Polar bears live for much of the year on sea ice that covers the ocean . Go For activity Web Code Mountains and Ice Some areas of land are not part of any major . These areas include land that is covered with thick sheets of ice and mountain ranges . In Earth poles . the climate is very cold and the land is covered with thick ice sheets . These places include most of the island of Greenland in the Arctic ( the region around the North Pole ) and the continent of Antarctica around the South Pole . Organisms that are adapted to life on the Arctic ice include polar bears and harp seals . leopard seals and emperor penguins are adapted to the Antarctic . Fish living in the icy waters produce chemicals that keep their blood from freezing . Mountains As you read in Chapter , altitude . or elevation , has a great effect on climate . The greater the elevation , the colder the climate is . As result , high mountains are cool . And because air cools as it rises . the top of a mountain usually receives more rainfall than its base . Thus the climate of a mountain changes from its base to its top . An area climate determines what plants will grow there . As a result . the types of plants on a mountain out vary greatly from its base to its peak . is as if elevations on a mountain have different During Why do different plants grow at i ) elevations on a mountain ?

California Mountains Ifyou were to hike from the Central Valley of California to the top of the Sierra Nevada , you would pass through a series of areas . or zones . Each rone has a different climate and a different community of plants . as shown in Figure . The Central Valley is dry grassland . As you enter the foothills , you see an open woodland of live oak and pine trees . At this elevation . you might also see dense thickets of shrubs . Higher up . you pass through a region of taller trees . including low pines . Douglas fir . and black oak . Next you reach a that is similar to the bores forest . with lodgepole pine and fir trees . When you reach the peaks of the mountains . it is so cold and windy that only short plants can grow . The tiny flowering plants and dwarf willow trees at the top are similar to those in the tundra . Climate on Mountains The climate changes as you move up a tall mountain . Climate determines the distribution of species on the mountain . Which zone on the mountain is warmest ?

Coldest ?

Explain . Assessment Section Vocabulary Words In a complete sentence , explain what the scum of fond is for animals in the tundra . Reviewing Key Concepts . I . Reviewing ) are most in determining an ?

Relating Cause and Ethel If deserts and receive similar amounts of rainfall . why are these two so different ?

Applying Concepts Why would hiking up a tall mountain be a good way to observe how climate an areas ?

I . Listing What are the six major found on Earth ?

I is . Comparing and Contrasting How are the three forest ( rain forests , deciduous forests . and born forests alike ! How are they different ?

Inferring What might you be in if you were standing on a bitterly cold . dry plain with only a few . short plants scattered around ?

a . Writing in Science and . your . 9447 Guided Inquiry in Miniature Materials empty . dean cardboard mill canon scissors and tape sandy soil or potting soil I I , IO seed and bean seeds ' tit about 30 rye grass seeds index card and water clear plastic wrap . lamp and stapler IO . Problem How do organisms In a blame depend on abiotic factors ?

Skills FOCUS observing . making models Procedure Your teacher will assign your group a blame . You will also observe the other groups mo del . Based on the chart below . predict how well you think each of the three kinds of seeds will grow in each set of conditions . Record these predictions in your notebook . Then copy the data table on the facing page tour times , once for each biome . Staple the spout of the milk carton closed . Completely cut away one of the four sides of the carton . Poke a few holes in the opposite side for drainage . and then place that side down . Fill the canon to centimeters from the top with the type of soil given in the table . Divide the of the soil into three sections by making two lines in it with a pencil . In the section near the spout . plant the impatiens seeds . in the middle section , plant the lime bean seeds . In the third section , scatter the rye grass seeds on the surface . Water all the seeds well . Then cover the open part of the canon with plastic wrap . On an index card . write the name of your biome . the names of the three types ol seeds in the order you planted them , and the names of your group members . tape the card to the carton . Put the canon in a warm place where it will not be disturbed . Once the seeds sprout , provide your biome with light and water as specified in the chart . Keep the canon covered with plastic wrap except when you add water . Observe all the model daily for at least one week . Record your observations . Conditions Soil Hours of ugh per Day Watering Forest Desert Grassland i ri direct light hours ! direct light hours of direct light Potting soil Sandy soil Potting soil ia then add water . Let the soil dry to a depth of below the surface . Let the surface dry then add water . Rain forest Potting soil No direct light , indirect light tor hours Keep the surface of the soil moist .

Analyze and conclude Tau . Observing In which model did Name of Biome each type of seed grow best ?

In which Um . Ky model did each type of seed grow ! least well ?

Making Models In this experiment , how did you model the following abiotic ( actors sunlight , water , and temperature ?

Inferring How was each type of seed affected by the soil type . amount of light , and availability of water ?

Why do you think that ecologists who study blames often focus on identifying the key abiotic factors and typical plants in an area ?

Write a paragraph explaining how your miniature modeled . which features of were you able to model well ?

Which features of were more difficult to model ?

Explain what your models showed about the dependence ot organisms on abiotic factors . Grassland I I Design an Experiment Write a plan for setting up a model rain forest or desert Include typical plants found in that biome . Obtain your teacher approval before carrying out your investigation . us

Section Aquatic Ecosystems CAlI ?

ri Focus What in Pond Water ?

Students know matter Is , on , Using a hand lens , observe a sample ol pond water . organism to others in the load . Make a list of everything you see in the water . It you Web and organisms and know the name of something , write a short description or their physical environment . a Finn . Your teacher has set up a microscope with a slide of pond mom water . Observe the slide under the microscope and add any aquatic ecosystems ?

am we mam of new items to your list . Wash your hands with soap when you aquatic ecosystems ?

are done what arethe ecological roles of organism in loud webs ) Classifying Use one of these systems to divide the items on your list into two groups , or Key ' without a microscope . What does your , mum classification system tell you about pond water ?

I intertidal zone neritic zone ' No trip around the world would be without birth . of Barth plankton . face covered with . dont be surprised at how much there is to see . Many organisms their homes in aquatic . or . ecosystems . Your travels will take you to both freshwater ecosystems and marine or saltwater ) ecosystems , All aquatic ecosystems are affected by the same abiotic factors sunlight . temperature , oxygen , and salt content . Sunlight is a factor in aquatic ecosystems . Sunlight is Humpback Whale Wham needed for in the water just as it is on land . me me , in Because water absorbs sunlight . there is only enough light for marine ecosystems near the surface or in shallow water .

Freshwater Ecosystems ' A Pond Ecosystem Ponds and lakes are freshwater ecosystems characterized by still water . Pickerelweed and herons are typical pond organisms . Interpreting Photographs How ( the heron well suited to its aquatic environment ?

On this part of the expedition , you will explore waters . Most of Earth is covered with water . but only tiny is fresh water . Freshwater ecosystems include streams , rivers . ponds . and lakes . habitats for an variety of . from tiny algae to huge hears . Streams and Rivers Your first stop is at mountain . the , the cold . clear water rapidly . that live here are to the current . For example . insects and other small have hooks or suckers that help them cling to rocks . Trout have ( that allow them to swim despite the ' I . Few plants or algae can grow in this water . Instead . rely on leaves and seeds that into the stream . the stream along . other join it . The current the ' cloudy with soil . The water is ' I and less oxygen . This larger might now he called river . are to life in a river . Plants take root the pebble on the river bottom . These producers provide loud for young insects and homes for and their tadpoles . These consumers . in turn , vide for many consumers . Tricolored heron Ponds and lakes Your next stop is il pond . and lakes are ) ol standing , or still , water . Most lakes are larger and deeper than ponds . Ponds are often shallow enough that sunlight can reach the tum even in the center of the pond . allowing plants to grow there . large ponds and most lakes , however , algae floating at the are the major producers . are adapted for life in the still water . Along the of the pond , you observe dragonflies . turtles . snails . and frogs . live in the open water . feeding on insects and from the . gets such as live near the pond bottom . Bacteria and other , also feed on the remains of other . What is a lake ?

II Marine Ecosystems The ocean is home to a number of different . sum as water temperature and the amount of sunlight determine what types of organisms can live in each zone . 10 ?

Net ' Intertidal zone zone Marine Ecosystems Now you head to the coast to some marine your way , you pass through an ' An estuary ( choo ee ) is found where the fresh water of river meets the salt water of the ocean . Algae and plants such as marsh grasses provide food and shelter for many . including crabs . worms . claims . and . Many of animals usc the calm waters of estuaries for breeding grounds . Marine ecosystems include estuaries . intertidal , zones . and the open ocean . These zones in largely by the depth of water . Figure shows major zones . Intertidal Zone Next . you walk along rocky shore . Here . between the highest line and the lowest lint . is intertidal . must be able to survive pounding waves and the sudden in water level and temperature that occur with high and low . Animals such as and sea stars cling to the rocks . Clams and burrow in the sand . Neritic Zone the line is the neritic zone ik ) the shallow region that extends over the shelf . Herc sunlight can pass through the shallow water . allowing to occur . Mineral nutrients . such as nitrogen and phosphorus , well up from the shelf . Plenty of sunlight and nutrients ' this who rich in living things .

of , Neritic zone . Kelp forests grow in cold waters where the bottom is rocky . They can be found oil California coast . The major producers are giant that grow up to 30 meters long . Kelp forests are home to many animals . including large schools of and gray whales . Sea otters feed on sea urchins . In tropical regions . coral reefs may form . Coral reek are created by colonies of tiny coral animals . Algae live in the ies of the coral animals and provide food for the corals . Because the algae warm temperatures and sunlight , coral reef form only in warm shallow water . Large numbers of and other animals live around a coral reef . Coral reefs are one of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth . Open Ocean Out in the open ocean . light reaches only to a depth of a few hundred meters . Near the surface , algae carry out photosynthesis . Marine animals . such as tuna . and some whales , depend on the algae for food . However . this region does not have the nutrient resources of the neritic zone . so it supports fewer living things . The deep zone is located below the surface zone . The deep zone is almost totally dark . Most animals in this zone feed on the remains of organisms that sink down from the surface . The deepest parts of the deep zone are home to animals , such as giant squid with eyes that glow in the dark . What two zones make up the open ocean ! INKS , Fun Links on aquatic ecosystems web coda 0453

' An Ocean Food Web This ocean food web includes typical organisms found in the Arctic Ocean . The arrows indicate what each organism eats . Interpreting Diagrams Which organisms feed directly on the Arctic cod ?

Which organisms depend indirectly an the cod ?

Activity Model a Food Web . Form a circle of five students . Each student will represent a marine organism algae . animal plankton . fish . seal . or whale . Write the name of your organism on a card . Discuss the feeding relationships among the five organisms . Use pieces of string to connect your card to the cards of organisms that may have feeding relationships with your organism . Based on your results in Step , are the feeding relationships among ocean organisms simple or complex ?

Explain . 4540 er 721 Ocean Food Webs on land . organisms in the ocean are connected by food chains and food webs . But in the ocean , the producers are algae rather than plants . Most algae an organisms that in the water . Throughout the ocean . plankton are a source of food for organisms of all sires . For example . much of the algae is eaten by tiny consumers . primary consumers are then eaten by secondary or animal plankton . such as . and worms . Animal plankton , in turn . is by lish . Finally . are eaten by predators such as birds and seals . Figure 12 shows food web of organisms living in the Arctic Ocean . Notice how each organism depends either directly or indirectly on food produced by algae plankton . Wastes from the food chain drift to the ocean . where many live . Some of these arc scavengers , such as crabs . Other include bacteria and worms . a nursing In an food web . which organisms In .

Go Fat Ocean Food Web Visit . om Wot I section Assessment Target Reading Skill Identify Main Ideas is plankton ?

the paragraphs under the heading Ocean , What is the rule of algae plankton Food . the main idea and two in an ocean food web ?

Classifying A great blue whale is a filter feeder that plankton . Is at blue whale primary consumer , a secondary consumer , or a consumer ?

Explain . Reviewing Key Concepts i ' Reviewing What factors are important in all aquatic ecosystems ?

I ) Why is sunlight important in i ?

I i en ( pun Predicting Expect organisms a . II I , I 77 . paragraph um I . Identifying the zones . at in . fund by Sequencing List the ocean zones In order . cu ! Begin the most shallow and end with the Inn in the deepest . populations might decrease ?

Explain your loll ! Inferring Which zone probably has the am , greatest variety things ?

How is . variety related to water depth ?

nu ' 0455 Directed Inquiry Recycling Paper Materials nu Problem is paper a renewable resource ) Skills FOCUS observing . predicting microscope and microscope slide plastic wrap and mixing bowl HI Tear off a small piece of newspaper . Place it on a microscope slide and examine it under a microscope . Record your observations , Tear a sheet of newspaper into pieces about the size of postage stamps . Place the pieces in the mixing bowl . Add enough water to cover the newspaper . Cover the bowl and let the mixture stand overnight . The next day . add more water to cover the paper if necessary . Use the eggbeater to mix the wet paper until it is smooth . This thick liquid is called paper pulp . Place the screen in the bottom of the pan . Pour the pulp onto the screen . spreading it out evenly . Then lift the screen above the pan , allowing most of the water to drip into the pan . Place the screen and pulp on several layers of newspaper to absorb the rest of the water . lay a sheet of plastic wrap over the pulp . Place a heavy book on top of the plastic wrap to press more water out of the pulp . After 30 minutes , remove the square pan heavy book 4550 book . Carefully turn over the screen . plastic wrap , and pulp . Remove the screen and plastic wrap . Let the pulp sit on the newspaper for one or two more days to dry . Replace the newspaper layers if necessary . When the pulp is dry , observe it closely . Record your observations . Analyze and conclude I . Observing What kind of structures did you observe when you examined torn newspaper under a microscope ?

Inferring What are these structures made of ?

Where do they come from ?

Predicting What do you think happens to the structures you observed when paper is recycled ?

How do you think this affects the number of times paper can be recycled ?

Communicating Based on what you learned in this lab , doyou think paper should be classified as a renewable or nonrenewable resource ?

Defend your answer with evidence and sound reasoning . Design an Experiment Using procedures like those in this lab , design an experiment to recycle three different types of paper , such as shiny magazine paper , paper towels . and cardboard . Obtain your teachers before carrying out your . How do the resulting papers differ ?

Section Forests and Fisheries ma . Year Population what Happened to the Tuna ?

Students know different . 00 . Hay and . Use the data in the table to make no we resources . air , soil , rocks , a graph Label the axes of the . petroleum , fresh water , graph and add a title . 1930 ' Marl the high and low points on classify them is renewable or the . Students know the natural , or , Inferring Describe the changes in the make common objects . tuna population during this period . Can you suggest a reason for these ?

2000 How can be managed as renewable resources ?

At glance . an oak tree and a tuna may not seem to ' View have much in common . But oak trees and tuna are both of living resources that people can use . People use oak Key Terms , mom trees to make furniture . lumber , and cork . Tuna are a source of , loud for people . Oak trees and tuna reproduce and grow relatively quickly , Yield replacing those that people use . For this reason . they are renewable resources . A renewable resource is one that ' aquaculture is either always available or is naturally replaced in a relatively short time . In this section , you will read about two major types of renewable resources forests and . Forest Resources Forests contain many valuable resources . Many products are made from the fruits , seeds , and other parts of forest plants . Some of these products . such as maple syrup . rubber , and nuts . come from living trees Other products . such as lumber and wood pulp for making paper . require cutting down trees . trees , including pine and spruce , are used for tion and for making paper . Hardwoods . such as oak . cherry . and maple . are used for furniture because of their strength and beauty . Trees and other plants produce oxygen that organisms need to survive . They also absorb carbon dioxide and many ants from the air . Trees help prevent and control soil erosion . Their roots absorb rainwater and hold soil in place . 9457

Go Far Methods Visit Web ( ode Logging Methods involves cutting down all the trees in an area at once . Interpreting What is selective cutting ?

Managing Forests There are about 300 million hectares of forests in the United States . That nearly a third of the nation area ! Many forests are located on public land . Others are owned by individuals or by private timber and paper companies . Forest industries in the United States provide jobs for more than I million people . Because new trees an be planted to trees that are cut down , forests can be renewable resources . The United States Forest Service and environmental organizations work with forestry companies to conserve forest resources . They try lo develop logging methods that maintain forests as renewable resources .

Logging Methods There are two major methods of ging and selective cutting . is the process of cutting down all the trees in an area at once . Cutting down only some trees in a forest and mix sizes and species behind is called selective cutting . Each logging method has advantages and disadvantages . is usually quicker and cheaper than selective ting . It may also be safer for the loggers . in selective cutting . the loggers must move the heavy equipment and logs around the trees in the forest . But selective cutting is usually less damaging to the forest environment than . When an area of forest is . the ecosystem changes . After . the soil is exposed to wind and rain . Without the protection of the tree roots , the soil is more easily blown or washed away . Soil washed into stream may harm the tish and other organisms that live there . Sustainable Forestry Forests can be managed to provide a sustainable yield . A yield is an amount of a renewable resource such as trees that can be harvested regularly without reducing the future supply . Sustainable forestry works sortof like a book swap as long as you donate a book each time you borrow one , the total supply of books will not be affected . Planting a tree to replace one that was cut down is like donating a book to replace a borrowed one . In sustainable forestry . after trees are harvested , young trees are planted . Trees must be planted frequently enough to keep a constant supply . ferent species grow at different rates . Forests trees . such as pines , can be and replanted every 20 to 30 years . On ' the other hand . some forests containing hardwood trees . such as hickory . oak . and cherry , may he vested only every 40 to years . One sustainable approach is to log small patches of forest . This way , erent sections of forest can be harvested every year . Sustainable Forestry Sustainable practices include the planting of young trees after mature trees have been harvested . I 9459

Calculating In a recent year , the total catch of fish in the world was million metric tons . Based on the data below , calculate the percent of this total each country caught . Country ( China Japan United States ' Peru What do you think might happen to the world fish supply it each country increased its annual catch ?

Flaunt Fisheries Even though fisheries are able resources , they must be managed for sustainable yields . or the supply at fish may run out . Fisheries An area of ocean with many valuable ocean is called ' Some major include the Grand Banks off Newfoundland . Georges Batik off New England . and Monterey Canyon of ?

California . Fisheries like these are valuable able resources . Until recently , scented like an unlimited resource . The waters held such huge schools of fish . And reproduce in great numbers . A single can lay as many as million eggs in a single year ! But people have found that this resource has limits . After many years of big catches , the number of sar dines all the California coast suddenly declined . The thing happened to the huge schools of cod off the New England coast . What caused these changes ?

The fish were caught faster than they could breed , so the population . This situation is known as ing . Scientists estimate that percent of the worlds have been . But if fish populations recover . a sustainable yield can again be harvested . Managing for I sustainable yield includes setting limits . changing methods , developing techniques , and new resources . Fishing Limits laws can ban the fishing of certain species . Laws may also limit the number or size of fish that can he caught or require that lish be within a certain range of sizes . These laws ensure that young survive long enough to reproduce and that all ofthe largest adult lish are caught . If has been severely . however . the may ban completely until the populations recover .

Reviewing Key Concepts ' I 22 my Fishing Methods Today many crew use nets with a larger size that small . young escape . In addition , many practices are regulated by laws . Sonic ' include with and stunning them by exploding dynamite . harm all the in an area rather than targeting . Aquaculture The of raising lish and organisms for food is called aquaculture . may he raised in ponds or hays , Salmon . catfish . and shrimp are in this way in the States . But has ' ponds and hays replace natural habitats such as salt i the farms can cause pollution and spread diseases into wild populations . New Resources Today about dil ' tish arc for Food . More than animal protein hy people throughout the comes from . One to help ' a growing population is to lish for new . Scientists and chefs are working together to introduce people In spec such as and lish , as its titer fish such as . What is aquaculture ?

Assessment Section Vocabulary Skill Academic Wards the word to explain the meaning for . a . Reviewing Whyare forests considered renewable ! Comparing and Contrasting Huw due the lugging from selective cutting ?

Developing Hypotheses You are in days After I ' A is very muddy and has fish . What have happened ?

a . Listing What arc way ) can he managed for yield ?

556 uver time the largest in the population were caught ?

Explain . Renewable Resource Survey With a family member . conduct a Forest and Fishery survey of your home . Make a list of all the things that are made from either forest or fishery products . Then ask other family members to predict how many items are on the list . Are they surprised by the answer ?

haunt Aquaculture Aquaculture is helping to meet the demand for . This in Hawaii raises tilapia . Applying Concepts What tom and benefits does aquaculture involve ?

Reading I ) Explaining What are kinds laws that regulate can they help ensure the health of A ?

Predicting What might happen to fish om Standards Focus Section Biodiversity Students know diflerent natural energy and material resources . including air . soil . rocks . petroleum , water , wildlife , and forests . and know how to classify them as renewable or nonrenewable in what ways is biodiversity valuable ?

What affect an area biodiversity ?

which human activities threaten biodiversity ?

How can biodiversity be protected ?

Key Terms I biodiversity I keystone species I extinction I endangered species I threatened species I habitat destruction I poaching I captive breeding Organisms of many kinds are part of Earth biodiversity . Diversity of Species animals 255300 Plants 4610 How Much Variety is There ?

Vou will be given two cups of seeds . The seeds In ( up A represent the trees in a section of tropical rain forest . The seeds in cup represent the trees in a section of deciduous forest . seeds from ( up A onto a plate . Sort the seeds by type . Count the different types of seeds . This number represents the number of different kinds of trees in that forest . Repeat Step with the seeds in cup . Share your results with your class Use the class results to calculate the average number of different kinds of trees In each type of forest . Think It Over inferring How does the variety oi trees in the two forests differ ! an you suggest any advantages of having a wide variety of species ?

No one knows exactly how many species live on Earth . As you can sec in Figure 17 , more than million species have been so far . The number of species in an area is called its biodiversity . It is to estimate the total diversity oii Earth because areas of the planet have not been thoroughly studied . Some experts think that the deep alone could contain million new species ! Preserving biodiversity is important . People wildlife and ecosystems for their beauty and on a source of recreation . In addition . biodiversity has both economic value and ecological value within an ecosystem . Many plants , animals , and other organisms can lac valuable I . hey food and raw materials for . clothing . and other products . For example . forests provide wood for fuel and building material . and provide fish for food . But these resources can only be if they are used in a sustainable way . If habitats and species are lost when a resource is harvested , then the resource can become . Ecosystems themselves can also be valuable . enjoy wildlife tours in rain forests and other locations .

Factors Affecting Biodiversity Biodiversity varies from place to place on Earth . Factors that affect biodiversity in an ecosystem include area . climate , and diversity of niches . Area Within a given . a large area will contain more than it small area . For example . at large island such as New Guinea is home to more bird species than island such as Bali . Climate Many scientists hypothesize that the great biodiversity in the tropics may be related to climate . The number of species generally . from the poles i ( the equator . rain ' are the ritual I ( in the world . Why is this ?

Tropical rain est have fairly constant and large amounts of throughout the year . Many plants in these grow . providing a continuous food supply for other . Niche Diversity Coral reefs are the second most diverse in the world . Found only in shallow , warm waters , coral reefs often called the rain forests of the sin A reef supports niches tor organisms that live , on . and among the coral . More species are able to live in the reef than in a more uniform habitat . such as it . Keystone Species All the species in an system are interconnected . Some species play a particularly crucial role . A keystone species is a species that the survival of other species in an . For example , the otter . which eats sea urchins . is a keystone species in kelp forests . in the ( hunters on the coast killed most of the sea otters for . The sea urchins were able to reproduce without control and ate up all the kelp . When sea utters were . the kelp population cred . The balance was restored . what is keystone Flaunt 13 Land and Ocean Ecosystems Three factors that affect the biodiversity of an ecosystem are area , climate . and niche diversity . Inferring Which factor is most likely responsible for the biodiversity of coral reefs ?

Of tropical rain totem ?

Earth ' Land Ecosystems Although tropical rain forests make up only of Earth land area . they are home to more than 50 of the world species . I Earth Ocean Ecosystems ( Although coral reefs make up less than of Earth oceans , they are home to about 20 04 the world saltwater fish 9463

mun 19 Endangered Species A broad range of species and habitats are represented on the endangered list in the United States Biodiversity in Danger In the , there were of in the United States . Then , in less than a century , people hunted the birds until there were no passenger pigeons left . Extinction The disappearance of all members of a species Earth is extinction . Extinction is a natural UC ( But in the last centuries , the number of species becoming extinct has increased . Species itt ol ing extinct in the are called endangered species . Species that could in the near are called threatened species . and species are found on every continent and in every ocean . A natural event . such as an earthquake or a volcanic tion . can ( lag ( ecu . stem . wiping out or even species . Human activities can also threaten biodiversity . These activities include habitat destruction . poaching . pollution , and the introduction of nonnative species . VII What is an endangered species ?

Tennessee Purple Coneflower These daisy plants grow only in cedar forests in central Tennessee . Conservation organizations and landowners are working together to protect these plants . A swallowtail Butterfly this is threatened by habitat loss and pollution in the Florida Keys . Peninsular Bighorn Sheep This herbivore of southern deserts grazes on grasses and shrubs . Predation . diseases , and habitat loss threaten the .

Habitat Destruction The maior cause of extinction is habitat destruction . the loss of a natural . This can occur when forests arc cleared to create grazing land or when wetlands are filled in to build towns . Some species are not able For More on biodiversity to survive such changes to their habitat . Web Poaching Poaching is the illegal killing or removal life from their habitats . Many endangered animals are killed and sold for their skin in fur . are taken and sold as pets Pollution Some are of pollution . Substances that cause pollution . called pollutants . may animals through the water or air . may harm or kill . Normative Species a nonnative species . or exotic , into an threatens biodiversity . Without its natural predators and consumers . the introduced species often ( or the . Whooping Crane Threatened by habitat destruction and . about half ! the remaining whooping are in 1005 The spaces is recovering well its lowest point in the 19405 . Tiger Salamander A This salamander is threatened by habitat loss . Sea Lion Overfishing has led to a decline in this mammal sources of food other may also be threatening this species

Reviewing Math , Data Analysis . and Probability Analyzing Data California Peregrine Falcon Recovery The peregrine falcon , the world fastest of prey , was nearly extinct in the United States in 1970 . The pesticide weakened peregrine eggshells , so the eggs rarely hatched . In 1972 , the United States banned . Use the graph to answer the questions . Number of Breeding Pairs . Reading Graphs What variable is plotted on the ?

What variable is plotted on the ?

Interpreting Data How did peregrine population change from 1976 to 1998 ?

Inferring Why do you think the peregrine population grew fairly slowly at first ?

Predicting What might this graph have looked like if had not been banned ?

Protecting Biodiversity Some people who work to preserve biodiversity focus on protecting inst mic endangered species . Others try to ' I . such as the ( treat Barrier Rout in Australia . Three successful approaches to protecting biodiversity are captive breeding , laws and treaties , and habitat preservation . Captive Breeding Captive breeding is the mating of mals in ur . cart fur the and then into the wild when they are grown . Captive was the only hope for thi California . the largest bird in North . al dun Io , and , By , there were only 15 ( Scientists captured all and to was to . Today . are more than . condors . 20 Captive Breeding condor chicks raised in ( need to learn what adult condors look like . Here . a scientist uses a puppet to feed and groom a chick . 4660

Laws and Treaties I can help species . In the United States . the Species Act prohibits trade in from or . is hy the on Trade in . This lists more than 800 that traded for . Habitat Preservation The in ' St biodiversity is to protect whole . whole saves endangered species and the other species in their community . Many countries have sci aside habitats as parks . and ' To , it ' must haw the characteristics of diverse . For . thi ' bi large enough in support the populations that live there . The must contain variety of . And . it is to the air , land . and , and species . Section Assessment Target Reading Skill Identify Main Ideas the paragraphs under The Value of . two or this details that support , is . Reviewing Key Concepts map I 23 Identifying What are three that cI ) i ( in an i ?

Explaining How due ?

Developing Hypotheses lu ( iii thi tundra ?

Why or why not ?

a . Listing our human biodiversity . Applying ( Black bears are roaming through new in search of fond , even though the housing ( is still hy . How ( tin you ( count fut the ' corn find 21 Habitat Preservation Habitat preservation is the aim of national parks as Channel Islands National Pail in California . Reviewing tire lhrer ) tit biodiversity ?

Relating Cause hut ' in protecting ) lly . at unc that might limit it ) Making Judgments list some iii mu ! which Ih ( might be dealt with . Activity Spades Refuges Obtain a map at your or state . With a family member , identify any city , state , or national parks or refuges in your area . Choose one location and out whether there are endangered or threatened species living there . Research the ecological role of these organisms . Then prepare a five presentation ior your class on what you learned , 0457

Chapter 11 Exam . Study Guide The environment the characteristics and organisms in blames . blames may contain organisms play similar ecological rules . Key Concepts It mostly the ' and an area that its . The are the desert . rain . latest . and tundra . Key Terms savanna ( tree canopy coniferous tree tundra grassland ' Aquatic Ecosystems Key Contents i All aquatic ecosystems are affected by the same factors sunlight . and salt content . Freshwater ecosystems include streams . rivers . pond , and . I As on land . organism in the ocean are hy food chains and food webs . But in the ocean . the producers an algae rather than plants . Key Terms estuary kelp forests intertidal rune coral reefs neritic zone plankton 4680 ' Forests and Fisheries Key Concepts . Because new tree can be planted to replace that are cut down , can lie renewable resources . Managing for a sustainable yield includes limits . changing methods . developing aquaculture techniques . and new . Key Terms resource sustainable yield selective cutting aquaculture Biodiversity Key Concepts i has both economic value and ecological value within an ecosystem . Factors that in an Ecosystem include area . climate . and diversity ul niches . Human activities can threaten biodiversity . Thaw activities include habitat destruction . poaching . pollution . and the introduction of exotic species . Three successful approaches to protecting arc captive breeding . laws and treaties . and habitat . Key Terms biodiversity threatened species keystone species habitat destruction extinction poaching captive breeding species

Review and Assessment ' For Visit um Web Code In Factors Affecting Biodiversity Target Reading Ski I within an ecosystem . a number of factors affect biodiversity . I Identify Mam ideas lit i I under the heading 99 , Man Dela in . lilt graphic Reviewing Key Terms Choose the letter of the best answer . Complete the following sentences so that mi . of Canada is in fir and spruce Wu Phi he key lam ) is Th , be A , this ! tundra in the tundra , rainwater wall through ' i forest . vibe ' a , can pass zone , MINT , IL . formed by tall tree in at run i ( Many fishes are that leed HINT i . on plankton . are 53 10 . A species frog that is rapidly disappearing is an endangered species because . savanna . highest line , and lowest line is called the 19 I SCIENCE . i ) Entry Write a . encyclopedia entry about life in the desert mic . Describe at least two plants and animals mat . The practice of raising for fund is called in I we 69 ?

the . breeding , ham Him . fall disappear rum am . that species . Video . tidal ! cred . I Is I I . II a Ecosystems and Blames 0459 Review and Assessment Checking Concepts 11 Why is the forest able to support ( 12 . In which bionic would large as and ?

13 . Which are important to aquatic docs i ( til pertain in forestry ?

Huw don it to ?

15 . how destruction species . Critically 16 Inferring Polar are well to lite around the Arctic ( whit fur . iii the . The ) tall freezing tor lung time . can swim and hunt in very cold miter . is the i bears by barriers . or i ?

your VE ( 17 . Comparing and Contrasting How are forests and deciduous thrusts similar ?

Huts they different ?

18 . A chemical spill killed all , ac in a part ! in the . will web in that part oi tho mite ?

19 Comparing and ( Which logging is ehmm below ?

of this with of . Applying Skills Use the table to answer Questions . was to i ' why and bird . Tin in Ihr . Reason Mammals Birds 20 Habitat loss 32 60 Exotic species 17 12 i Other causes 20 20 . Graphing Make bar graph the and birds 01 . Shim ' on the axis arid I ( groups ( Ill the axis . interpreting Data Whit is the that or threatened ?

is the threat to birds ?

22 . Predicting stricter laws against he likely tu ( tir ?

Explain . 13 . Applying An exotic species of min a cargo ship and ' it new . Huw might this affect ( Il mammals in this habitat ?

24 . Developing Hypotheses twu fur the between the ) Standards Investigation Performance Assessment it your . clearly ) in plot . You an use . video , photos . or a ( I . sun to the data you ( on as well .

Choose the tenor of the best answer . which live in the African savanna . graze on grasses . Which of the following animals most likely plays a similar ecological role to that of the A sheep in the plains of the Midwestern United States I monkeys in the Amazon rain forest lions in the grasslands of Africa I ) owls in a boreal forest I at . In some areas . Foresters plant one tree for every tree they cut for paper production . This activity is an example of A approach to a nonrenewable natural resource . I a sustainable approach to a nonrenewable natural resource . a approach to a renewable natural resource . a sustainable approach to a renewable natural resource . Use the table below and your knowledge of science to answer Question Average Annual Rainfall ( Which bionic is most I tropical rain forest ?

A I tie . In an ocean ecosystem . at , which feeds on plankton . is an example total A producer . I primary consumer . secondary consumer . predator . Standards Practice At Use the graph below to Questions and . The graph below shows how the pop kind , changed in Georges between and 2000 . Metric Tons Ill a i . Which of the following statements best explains the graphed data ?

A The population of haddock increased from to . I By the haddock population reached the same level as in . The haddock population changed little from to . The haddock population is steadily . or , which of the following probably accounts for the trend shown between 1992 and 2000 ?

A laws regulating haddock fishing I niche diversity habitat fragmentation a . You are in an area in California where the fresh water San Francisco Bay meets the Pacific Ocean . What type of habitat are you in ?

A it neritic zone I an intertidal zone All estuary the tundra ldea I . A desert in Africa and a tropical rain forest in Asia lie along the same latitude . Compare the resources and abiotic factors available in these two . Explain why biodiversity is greater in the rain forest than in the desert . A amount out