Earth Science Textbook Chapter 10 Ecosystems

Standards Preview is rush Id the oi rod and sol and the transportation and deposition at sediment . As a basis to understanding this . Students know earthquakes , amt eruptions , landslides . and Hoods ( ha nge human and habitats in ecosystems energy and nutrients among themselves and with the environment As a basis for understanding this on ( ept a , Students know energy entering en systems as by ( energy through and ( hen horn to organism through food webs . Students know matter is transferred over tune from one organism to others in the load web and between organisms and the environment . Students know populations of organisms can be ( by the they serve In an . Students know the number and types at an stern mu suppon depends on the and on ( tenors , sum as quantities of light and water , a range of temperatures . and soil . This population of monarch butterflies is made up of thousands of individual butterflies

What relationships exist between living things and ' the environment ?

Check What You Know A at the seashore is home to a small community of organisms . In the shallow , salty water of the is , seaweed called kelp . The kelp requires sunlight to grow . The also contains small crabs that eat kelp , and an octopus that eats crabs . What is the source of energy for this community ?

What would happen to the octopus if the kelp were removed from the ?

Explain . 97 ?

up . Chapter 10 381 The images shown here represent some of the key terms in this chapter . You can use this vocabulary skill to help you understand the meaning of some key terms in this chapter . Identify Related word Forms You can increase your vocabulary by learning related forms of a word . If you know that the verb collect means to gather then you can out the meaning of the noun collection and the adjective collective . Example Students will collect ( verb ) cans and take the collection ( noun ) to a recycling center . I habitat habitable The place where an Fit to be lived in organism lives limit limit limited To keep within or An amount that is within Kept within a certain below a certain or below a certain level amount amount or number prey predator predatory To hunt or kill for An organism that hunts food kills To make one own food Apply It ! Review the words related to prey . Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the word . Owls on mice , moles . and rabbits . How could a rabbit avoid being killed by a ?

Eagles , hawks . and owls are animals .

Chapter 10 Vocabulary Section succession pioneer species nitrogen ' Build Science Vocabulary Use intercom . ii , i i organism species habitat population biotic community abiotic factor ecosystem photosynthesis ecology Section birth rate limiting factor death rate carrying immigration capacity emigration Section . producer scavenger consumer herbivore lood chain carnivore food web omnivore energy pyramid Section . natural prey selection symbiosis adaptations mutualism commensalism competition parasitism parasite hon Section . It primary succession secondary succession In 339

Sequence Sequence is the order in which a series of events occurs . In Chapter , you used a to show events in a process that has a beginning and an end . Sequence can also be a continuous process . or cycle , that does not have an end . The paragraph below shows a continuous sequence . As you read , look for signal words . such as first , next , and then , that indicate sequence . The Water Cycle The cycle is process which water moves ) First . and , miter in the , water returns to ' or snow . Fi in ly ' low back the . Use a cycle diagram like this one to help you understand the text . In your notebook , write the lirst event in the circle at the top of the page . Then write each event in sequence , moving clockwise . The Water Cycle Water evaporates . Apply It ! Review the water cycle diagram above . Why is a cycle diagram a good way to explain what happens to water on Earth ?

Fill in the sequence of the next two events in the water cycle . After you read Section , prepare a cycle diagram showing the carbon cycle .

. What a Crowd ?

In this chapter , you will explore how living things obtain the things they need from their surroundings You will also learn how living things interact with the living and nonliving things around them . As you work on this investigation , you will observe interactions among growing plants . Your Goal To design and conduct an experiment to determine the effect of crowding on plant growth To complete this investigation , you must develop a planting plan I develop a hypothesis relating the growth of plants in a container to the number of plants observe and collect data on the growing plants present your results in a written report and a graph follow the safety guidelines in Appendix A Plan It ! With your group , brainstorm ideas for your plan . What conditions do plants need to grow ?

How will you arrange your seeds in their containers ?

What types of measurements will you make when the plants begin to grow ?

Submit your draft plan to your teacher . When your teacher has approved your plan , plant your seeds . Then collect and analyze the growth data and present your results .

Section Living Things and the Environment Students know the number what Does Depend on ?

and types at organisms an tern can support depends on the . Choose a magazine picture of a nature resources available and an scene . Paste the picture onto a sheet factors . such as ' of paper , leaving space all around and water . a range cil tempera me and . Locate everything in the picture that is need aw me by an alive . Use a colored . pencil to line horn each living En thing . It you know its name , write it on the line . am me No Pam , an . Using a different colored pencil , label each thing . organism habitat with which it think our ?

How do the living things in the picture depend on the What are the levels Oi nonliving things ?

Using a third color , draw lines connecting the ' living things to the nonliving things they need . ecosystem ?

As the sun rises on a summer morning . the Nebraska ' town is already bustling with activity . Some ' are hard habitat . at work building homes for their . They ari working I biotic factor , underground . where is dark and cool . Other inhabitants are . collecting seeds for . Some of the younger species dents are at play . chasing each other through the ' Suddenly . an adult spots a ' has appeared in the sky ! The adult cries out several times , warning the others . moments , the residents appear into their underground homes . The town is silent and still , except for single hawk circling overhead . Have you guessed what kind this is ?

It is il ' dog town on the plains . As prairie dogs dug rows . searched for food . and hid from the hawk . they interacted with their . or . Prairie Dog Habitats A prairie dog is one type of organism . or living thing . Different types of organisms must live in different types of environments . wat it needs to live . grow . and reproduce from its environment . An environment that provides the things the organism needs to live , grow , and reproduce is called its habitat . One area may contain many habitats . For example , in a est . mushrooms grow in the damp soil . salamanders live on the forest . and woodpeckers build nests in tree trunks . Organisms live in habitats because they requirements for survival . A prairie dog obtains the food and shelter it needs front its habitat . It could not survive in a tropical rain forest or on the rocky ocean shore . likewise . the prairie would not meet the needs of a spider monkey or hermit crab . Why do organisms live in Hum Biotic Factors To meet its needs . a prairie dog must interact with more than just the other prairie dogs around it . An organism interacts with both the living and nonliving parts of its habitat . The living parts of a habitat are called biotic factors ( by ik ) Biotic factors in the prairie dogs habitat include the grass and plants that provide and berries . The hawks . ferrets . badgers . and eagles that hunt the prairie dogs are also biotic factors . In addition . worms , fungi . and bacteria are biotic factors that live in the soil underneath the prairie grass . being i Name a biotic factor In your environment Barns I This hawk obtains food . water . and shelter tram its habitat . Prairie dogs are a major source of food for hawks Activity Observing a Habitat with your teacher permission . visit an area such as a schoolyard or park that contains habitats for a variety of organisms . Select appropriate tools . such as binoculars or a hand lent Use them to observe a particular organism and the biotic factors in its habitat . Record your observations . To display your data , make a poster showing your organism and the biotic you . Predicting How do you think the organism interacts with the habitat biotic factors ?

0393 haunt Factors The nonliving things in an organisms habitat are abiotic factors . Applying Name three errors you with each day . A This orangutan is enjoying a drink of water . A Sunlight enables this plant to make its own food . A This banjo frog burrows in the soil to stay root . 3940 Abiotic Factors Abiotic factors ( av by ik are the nonliving parts of an organism habitat . They include water , sunlight . oxygen , and soil . Water All living things require water to can ' out their life . water also up at large part of the of most organisms . Your body , lor , is about 65 percent water . Plants and algae need water . along with sunlight and carbon dioxide . to their own food in at called photosynthesis toh sits sis , Other living things on plants and algae for food . Sunlight Because sunlight is needed for photosynthesis . it is an important factor for most living , things . In plat that do not receive , such as dark caves . and algae not grow . Because there are no plants or algae to provide food , few other can live in such places . Oxygen living things require oxygen to carry out their life . Oxygen is so important to the functioning ofthe human body that ( Alt live only ti few minutes without it . Organisms that live on land obtain oxygen from air . which is ahout 20 percent oxygen . Fish and other water organisms obtain that is in the water around them . Temperature The typical range ol in an area determines the types that can live there , For ple . it you took a trip to a warm tropical island . you might see orchid and tiny lizards . could not survive on the frozen plains ol . Some animals alter their environments so they can survive very hot or very cold temperatures , Prairie dogs . for example . dig underground dens to shelter from the hot summer sun and cold winter winds . Soil Soil is a mixture oi rock fragments . nutrients . air , water . and the decaying remains of living . Soil in different areas consists of varying amounts of these materials . The tion of mil in an area influences the kinds of plants that can grow there . Many animals . such as the prairie dogs , use the soil a home . Billions of organisms such as also live in the soil . gay . It How do factors differ from biotic tenors ?

Levels of Organization Or ( do live all ' in their . organisms live , in and tire . and with ' in their . Populations in ) saw a dog in that ( an ' lulu tit til ) The tun ii ' than 400 million dings ! dogs all , or kind . ul . A species if It ix ul that are and LA ! with and pin aim and ' iii mir in In as population . The Jill ) dog in ' i ' i ) pi ' i in . i City i up at ) all ' lice that live in ii . In . revs in ' do nut up ti , do nut to There imy he pines . and ' other tree in . Communities A ci than out ' Ul , tur iii , lugs . and . lung . in up community . A , the must live . in ' il ( Ivy ' such as mil and ) the . dug by dogs ' i . bui owls , Try This Act ty With or Without Salt ?

In this activity will salt as an abiotic factor , Label four A , and Fill each with 500 of temperature spring water . Set beaker A aside , Add grams of noniodized salt to , 75 grams of salt to beaker , and 15 grams ol salt to beaker Stir eath beaker . Add of brine shrimp eggs to . over each beaker with a square of paper , Keep them away from light at heat . Wash your hands . beaker daily for three days . Drawing In which beaker did the eggs hatch ?

What can you conclude about the amount of salt in the shrimps natural habitat ?

noun ( Il ( li ri . pi the ' with other . dogs ?

i ?

as fond ' A Population All these make up a Go . For . Links on biotic and Visit Web ( ode Section Vocabulary Skill Related Words Complete the sentence hy using the correct form of or inhabit . An organism must that meets its needs for survival . live in a Assessment ( Reviewing Key Concepts a . Listing What basic needs are provided by an organism habitat ?

El of its needs ?

and . El ' Predicting What might happen to an organism habitat could not meet one ' I ' the units Ecosystems The community of organisms that live in a area . along with their nonliving surroundings . make up an ecosystem . A prairie is just one ofthe many systems found on Earth . Other in which living things make their homes include mountain streams . deep oceans . and evergreen forests . shows the levels of organization in an ecosystem . The level of is a single organism , which belongs to II population that includes other members of its species . The population belongs to a community of different species . The community sud together form an ecosystem . Because the populations in an ecosystem interact with one another . any change affects all the different populations that live there . The study of how living things interact with each other and with their environment is called ecology . Ecologists are scientists who study ecology . As part of their work , study how organisms react to changes in their ment . An ecologist . for example , may look at how fire affects a prairie ecosystem . ecology ?

Writing no Sequencing List these order from the smallest level to the largest population , immunity . Classifying Would all the different kinds of organisms in I forest he a population or a community ?

Explain . Relating Cause and Effect How might a change in one population other populations in a community ?

Writing in Science what habitat do you live in ! Will a description of your habitat . Describe how you obtain the toad . water . and shelter you habitat . How meet your needs in ways that another would not ?

Interpreting Illustrations List all the biotic and abiotic factors in Figure . Melting Generalizations Explain why water and sunlight are two abiotic factors that an important to must organisms . 903 ?

Ecological Organization The lave ! organization is me organism . The largest is the entire ecosystem . dog Population Prairie dog town All the living things that on the prairie All the living and nonliving that intend on the prairie Materials . clear plastic bottle gravel and soil plastic spoon and large rubber band charcoal Ki vascular plants spray bottle moss plants clear plastic wrap Directed Inquiry A World in a Bottle Problem How do organisms in a closed ecosystem ?

Skills Focus Making models . observing Procedure In I . In this lab , you will place plants in moist soil in a bottle that then will be sealed . This setup is called a . Predict whether the plants can survive in this habitat . Spread about of gravel on the bottom of a bottle . Then sprinkle a spoonful or two of charcoal over the gravel . Use the spoon to layer about of soil over the gravel and charcoal . After you add the soil . tap it down to pack it . Scoop out two holes in the soil . Remove the vascular plants from their pots . Gently place their roots in the holes . Then pack the loose soil around the plants stems . Fill the spray bottle with water . Spray the soil until you see water collecting in the gravel . Cover the soil with the moss plants , including the areas around the stems of the vascular plants . Lightly spray the mosses with water . cover your with plastic wrap . Secure the cover with a rubber band . Place the terrarium in bright , indirect light . Observe your terrarium daily for two weeks . Record your observations in your notebook . its sides log , move the to an area with a different amount of light . You may need to move it a few times . Note any changes you make in your location . Analyze and conclude . Making Models List all of the biotic factors and abiotic factors that are pan of your ecosystem model . Observing Are any biotic or abiotic factors able to enter the terrarium ?

so . which ones ?

Predicting Suppose a eating insect were added to the terrarium . Predict whether it would be able to survive . Explain your prediction . Communicating Write a paragraph that explains how the plant depends on each ol the abiotic factors you listed in Question . Are there any factors the plant could survive without ?

Explain . Design an Experiment Plan an experiment that would model a freshwater ecosystem . How would this model be different from the land ecosystem ?

Obtain your teachers , your plan .

, Standards Warm Up Section Populations How Can Population Size Change ?

A population of 30 deer lives in a forest . In your notebook . calculate how the population size ( during the years listed below . In the first year , to deer are born and die . In the second year . deer are born and none die . In the third year . deer are born and die , Students know the number and types of organisms an er tern tan support depends on the resources available and on abiotic factors . such as quantities of light and water , a range of and soil composition Whit causes 10 . In the fourth year , deer are born , die . and to leave the change in size ?

fu , In the fifth year , deer are born . 10 die , and 12 leave the forest . Key Terms . a graph of the changes In population size . birth rate ow , dew me Interpreting Graphs how the population size of the , deer herd changed over time . Did the overall population size , increase . stay the same , or decrease ?

I limiting factor How would you like to be an ecologist today ?

Your is to study the population on an island . you might is how the of the population is changing . is the number oi . on the ' or about the ?

To this . an gist must observe how the sire of the albatross population I changes . Studying Populations These young albatrosses are part of a larger albatross population in the Islands .

Skulls Inequalities The population statement is an example of an inequality , An inequality is a mathematical statement that compares two expressions . Two signs that represent inequalities are ( is less than ) greater than ) For example , an inequality comparing the fraction to the decimal would be written ins . Practice Problems Write an inequality comparing each pair of expressions below . I . A ( I 4009 Changes in Population Size The size of any population does not remain the some for very long . can change in when new members join the population or when members leave the population . Births and Deaths The main way in which new individuals join a population is by being born into it . The birth rate ofa population is the number of births in a population in a certain amount of time . For example . suppose that a population of 100 rabbits produces 600 young in a year . The birth rate in this population would be 600 young per year . The main way that individuals leave a population is by dying . The death rate is the number of deaths in a population in a certain amount of time . It 400 rabbits die in a year in the population . the death rate would be 400 rabbits per year . The Population Statement When the birth rate in it lation is greater than the death rate . the population will generally increase . This can be written as at statement using the is greater than sign It birth rate death rate , population size increases . However . it the death rate in a population is greater than the birth rate . the population sire will generally decrease . This can also be written as a mathematical statement If death rate birth rate , population size decreases . and Emigration The size of a population also can change when individuals move into or out of the . im ih GRAY shun ) means moving into a population . Emigration ( em ih ' shun ) means leaving a population . For instance . if food is scarce . some members ofan antelope herd may wander off in search of better grassland . If they become permanently separated from the original herd . they will no longer be part of that population . Graphing Changes in Population Changes in a tion size can be displayed on a line graph . Figure shows it graph of the changes in a rabbit population . The vertical axis shows the numbers of rabbits in the population . while the axis shows time . The graph shows the size of the tion over a period . How does emigration population size ?

Flame This line graph shows how the size ! a rabbit population Co active changed over a period . For changes in Graphs In what year Young rabbits in a nest ( did the rabbi ! population reach its Web Code highest point ?

What was the size of the population In that year ?

From Year to Year more rabbits joined the population than left it . so the population increased . Number ( thousands ) 200 I 10 Year of Study From Year to Year more rabbits left the population than it , so the population decreased . Rabbit caught by a fox 9401

FIGURE Space as a Limiting Factor The amount at space available in this limits the number of sea slats and anemones that ( an live there ' AM . Limiting Factors the living ( in an an gourd , a will grow . But will cause the to stop . The number of an ecosystem can support depends on the amount of and on ( li ( limiting factor is an factor that at In Skip growing . Some for populations are food and water , space , light , soil composition , and weather conditions . Food and Water and to viva . Since food water arc itt limited supply . arc otten limiting . must eat It , each day to ' The in an ' can ( of day while healthy . cuuld live easily in this area . they only at total oi 50 ol food . But 15 cuuld not till would not bu food . No how much shelter . water . and other resources there were . the not grow larger than It ) The largest that an can support is called its carrying capacity . The carrying tit this habitat 10 . A population usually near itt ing capacity limiting in its . Space Spam is also limiting , For . nesting space is at limiting For such ' The ) shores where nest get very . It a pair does tu , will not lie ) It add to . Spam also it limiting ' for plant . oi space in which at plant grows the plant can obtain the water and nutrients it needs Light limiting plants is light . For . TU not gut light ' block the sunlight .

Reviewing Key Concepts El lE Soil Composition The composition of the soil is also a iting factor that affects plant growth . support vigorous plant growth . soils must contain sufficient nitrogen and . including phosphorus and potassium . The soil must also tain enough humus without excess acidity or alkalinity . Weather Weather conditions can limit population growth . Many types of organisms require a particular range of alums and amount of rainfall to live and reproduce . For ple , the saguaro cactus can withstand the heat and dryness of the desert . But the saguaro will not grow where winter fall much below freezing . The number of organisms that an ecosystem can support varies from season to season . For example , more organisms thrive during temperate summers than can survive icy winters . Unusual weather events can also affect population sire . A cold snap in late spring can kill the young of many species of birds and mammals . A hurricane or can wash away nests and burrows . How an unusual weather affect population size ?

From ! Weather as a radar A snowstorm can limit the size of an orange crop . Applying Cements What other weather conditions can limit population growth ?

Assessment i Vocabulary Use Related Words Complete the sentence by using the correct form of limit and . A factor will stop the growth of an animal population because it may . water . or space for that population . Identifying Name two ways organisms join a and two wa ) leave population . I ) Suppose a population of 100 mice has produced 600 young . If 200 mice have died . how many mice are in the population now ?

for this question that no mice have moved into or out population for other re . Drawing Conclusions Suppose that you discovered that there were actually 754 ) mice in the population . low could you account for the difference ?

003 a . Reviewing Name live factors for HINT I populations . Choose one of the limiting factors and describe how it limits population growth . Inferring How might the limiting factor you chose affect the pigeon in your town ?

Inequalities Complete the following inequality showing the relationship between carrying capacity and population . Then why the inequality is true . It population sin I carrying . then population size will decrease . om Section Flow in Ecosystems ( us Students know energy entering ecosystems as sunlight is transferred by into ical energy through photosynthesis and then organism to ism through lood webs . Students know populations ot organisms can be categorized by the functions they serve in an system . Where Did Your Dinner Come From ?

Across the top of a sheet of paper , list the different types of foods you ate for dinner last night . Under each item . write the name of the plant , animal . or other organism that was the source of that load . Some foods have more than one source . For example . macaroni and cheese contains flour ( which is made from a plant such as wheat ) and cheese ( which comes from an animal ) It Over Classifying How many of your load sources were plants ?

How many were animals ?

what energy roles do organisms play in an ecosystem ?

How does energy move through an ecosystem ) How much energy is available at each level of an energy pyramid ?

Do you play an instrument in your school If so . you Key Terms know that each instrument has a role in a piece ol music . producer For , the may provide the melody while the drum ' provides the heal . lust like the in a hand . each organism has a role ' in the of energy through its . A ' I . role , lot example . is him that ol the giant tree . where it is perched . But all parts of the ecosystem . like all parts . food chain of a band , are necessary for the ecosystem to work . food web ' Energy Roles energy role . or ecological . is mined by how it obtains energy and how it interacts with other . Each of the organisms in an ecosystem the energy role of producer , consumer , or . Producers Energy enters must ecosystems as sunlight . Sonic organisms . such as plants , algae . and some bacteria . capture the energy of sunlight and store it as food energy . These use the sun energy to turn ' and carbon dioxide into ' energy in a process called photosynthesis . This chem energy is stored its food within the .

An that can make its own and is a producer . such as . and same , are the source of all the food in an ' In ( energy from a source than sunlight . One such ( is found in rocks beneath the ground . How is ' into his tem ?

bacteria in this ecosystem produce own food using the energy in a gas . hydrogen . than is in their . Consumers Some members uf an nuke their own food . energy by on consumer . arc by cut . that eat only plants are herbivore . arc cut and . can only arr carnivores . ions and are some . ul . that eat bath ! and are omnivores . bears , and most humans are , carnivores an ' A scavenger is that feeds on isms . and vultures . If an ( only . raw of life would stay locked up in the of dead . luckily . there are ' in ecosystems that prevent this . down and . and the raw materials In the ) You nan think ' energy tor own needs . In the mUl ( ulL can be again by other organisms . Mushrooms and are . Flaunt Energy Roles Producers . such as oak trees , obtain energy by making their own , Consumers , such as luna moth larvae and eastern bluebirds , obtain energy by feeding on other ' organisms . What role do decomposes play in ?

What do herbivores and carnivores ' I have in common ! , Go Online ' For Links on food drains and food webs Visit Web ( ode Weaving a Food Web This activity shows how the organisms in a food web are interconnected . Your teacher will assign you a role in the food web . Hold one end of each of several pieces of yarn in your hand . Give the other ends of your yarn to the other organisms to which your organism is linked . Your teacher will now eliminate an organism . All the organisms connected to the missing organism should drop the yarn that connects them . Making Models How many organisms were affected by the removal of just one organism ?

What does this activity show about the importance of each organism in a food web ?

4060 Food Chains and Food Webs As you have read . energy enters most to sunlight and is converted into chemical energy by producers . This energy is transferred to each organism that cats at producer , and then to other organisms that feed on these consumers The transfer of energy from organism to organism in an ecosystem can be shown in diagrams called food chains and food webs . Food Chains A food chain is a series of events in which one eats another and obtains energy . You can follow one food chain in Figure 10 . The organism in a food chain is always it producer . such as the tree . The second feeds on the producer and is called the consumer . The carpenter am is a consumer . Next . a consumer cats the consumer . The consumer in this example is the . Food Chain Woodpecker Food Webs A food chain shows only one path along which energy can move through an ecosystem food web . But just as you do not eat the same thing every day , ther do most other organisms . Most no and consumers are part of many food chains . A more reali way to show the of energy through an is at food web . As shown in Figure a food web of the many overlapping food chains in an ecosystem . In Figure . you can trace the many food chains in woodland ecosystem food web . Note that an organism may play more than one role in an ecosystem . For example , an such as the mouse is i consumer when it eats grass . But when the mouse eats a grasshopper , it is at consumer . Just as food chains overlap and connect . food interconnect as well . While a gull might eat a at the ocean , it might also eat a mouse at a . The gull , then . is part of two food ocean food web and it food web . All the world food webs interconnect in what can be thought of as global food web . Reading What energy role tilted by the first organism In a food chain ?

10 A Food Web A food web consists of many food chains . Trace the path of energy through the producers . consumers . and . Interpreting Diagrams Which organisms in the food web are acting as herbivores ?

Which are ( Garter snake Field mouse led arrows show energy moving from consumers to consumers . energy moving from consumers to se ( consumers . Blue arrows show the movement of energy from producers to tits ! consumers . Cottontail rabbit form the base of the food web . consume the wastes and remains of other organisms .

mun II Energy Pyramid This energy pyramid shows the amount of energy available at each level of a food web . Energy is measured in , or . Calculating How many times more energy is available at the producer level than at the consumer level ?

MIC ( keel ) consumers ( to Ital Produces ( keel ) Energy Pyramids When an organism in an ecosystem eats it obtains energy . The organism uses some of this to move . feed , grow . and ' This means that only mine of the energy it obtains will be available to the next organism in the food web . A diagram called an energy pyramid shows the amount ul energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web . You can see an energy pyramid in Figure The most energy is at the producer level of the pyramid . As you move up the pyramid . each level has less energy available than the level below . An energy pyramid is wider at the base and narrower al the top . Energy Flow in Ecosystems The wide base of the pyramid represents the this case . plants . The of plant growth controls the number of organisms that can be supported at higher feeding levels in the ecosystem . In turn , factors control the richness of plant growth ,

Iii . mil ) In ' ilk ( at our level of ! is lu . 90 of the energy is used rhe ur ix lost in an ( iii is . is not enough in levels in ( i ) Iii . he oi ' at reading levels ofan do not ' less tu than do ! levels . en , i . is level . the of energy at the producer iii is ) In . arc ) at the highest ' in ' Scavengers and ( and arc also part til an amid . They the DI ' of liS all each level ul the . Section Vocabulary Skill Use Related Words ( the ( hi the ii ! plants . algae . and ( ri . called ' lLi ( all lurid in an . Reviewing Key Concepts ' EL iii i . HINT i Identifying ( lill in an Cu ! Explaining ' in iii the ) Assessment 12 Energy Flow This barn owl will soon use the energy ( in the rat to ( any out its own life processes . Walk Take a short walk outdoors with a family member to look for producers . consumers , and . Create a list the organisms and At Home Activity their energy roles . For each . the ' in , il ' Defining is loud ' is ) Comparing and Contrasting in an ( CUS ' is A ?

Reviewing dries ' iii . at one level of an energy in ! new level up ?

Relating Cause and , al Ihi up iii an ?

try to ( it further to what it eat and its level . Then explain to your family member how energy ( laws in ecosystems , Chapter 10 409 Section Interactions Among Living Things Students know populations can You Hide ?

of organisms can be categorized by the functions they serve In an . Trace a on a piece of paper . using the outline drown here . system . Look around the classroom and pick a spot where you will place your butterfly . You must place your out in the open Color your so it How do an organism adaptations help it to survive ?

what are the major ways in which organisms in an ecosystem will blend in with the spot you choose . Tape your butterfly down . Someone will now have one minute to find the butterflies . Mil your butterfly be found ?

Think It Over , memo Predicting Over time , do you think the population size of , butterflies that blend in with their surroundings would increase , Me or decrease ?

competition I predation . Can you imagine living in a cactus like the one in Figure 13 ?

prey Ouch ! You probably wouldn want to live in a house covered ' with sharp spines . But many species live in . on , and around I . saguaro . As day breaks . a twittering sound comes from nest tucked , amine in one of the saguaro arms . Two young hawks are preparing to fly for the lirst time . Farther down the stem , a tiny elf owl peeks out of its nest in a small hole . This owl is so small it could fit in your palm ! A rattlesnake slithers around the base of the saguaro . looking for lunch . Spying a shrew . the snake strikes it with its fangs . The shrew dies instantly . Activity around the saguaro continues after sunset . nosed bats come out to feed on the nectar from the blossoms . The bats stick their faces into the to feed . dusting their long snouts with white pollen . As they move from plant to plant . they carry the pollen to other . This i enables the cactus to reproduce . volt )

Adapting to the Environment Each organism in the saguaro community has unique characteristics . These characteristics affect the ual ability to survive in its environment . Natural A characteristic that makes an individual better suited to its environment may tually become common in that species through a cess called natural selection . Natural selection works like this Individuals whose unique characteristics are best suited for their environment tend to survive and produce . Offspring that inherit these also live to reproduce . In this way . natural selection results in adaptations . the behaviors and physical characteristics that allow organisms to live successfully in their environments . Individuals with characteristics that are poorly suited to the environment are less likely to survive and reproduce . Over time . poorly suited characteristics may disappear from the species . The in the saguaro community have adaptations that result in ecological roles . For example , the organism may be a producer , consumer . or poser . The role of an organism in its habitat . or how it makes its living , is called its niche . A niche includes the type of food the organism eats . how it obtains this food . and which other organisms use the organism as food . A niche also includes when and how the ism reproduces and the physical conditions it requires to survive . Farms 13 Saguaro Community The organisms In the saguaro community are well adapted to their desert environment . Observing Identify two interactions in this scene .

Cape May Warbler This feeds at the tips of branches near the top at the tree This species feeds In the middle part of the use . This species feeds in the laws part of the tree and at the bases of the middle , FIGURE 14 Niche and Competition of these a different in its spruce tree habitat . By feeding in different areas of the tree , the buds avoid for food . Comparing and ( How do the niches ol these three Warblers differ ?

vii For Mme an int Visit web ( ode 411 Competition During ii clay iii the . of takes place among organisms There are three major types of interactions among organisms competition , predation , and symbiosis . species can share the habitat and loud . For , and thu ! both on the and eat insects . these ( not occupy the . The TU is ' during ' owl is ( night . It two occupy the ' til will ' div . The for this i competition . the to survive as they to use the . Iii , is ul loud . I . and shelter . that survive that enable them to reduce . For example , the three of lill iii in ' They all cut ' that live in . Him ilu bird tor the supply ?

Each blet speci iii in of spruce tree . This is how the three species coexist , i Why i a two species occupy the same ?

Predation A tiger shark lurks below the surface of the clear blue water , looking for shadows of albatross chicks floating above . The shark spots a chick and silently swims closer Suddenly . the shark bursts through the water and seizes the albatross with one snap of its powerful jaw . This interaction between two organisms has an unfortunate ending for the albatross . An interaction in which one organism kills another for food is called predation . The organism that does the killing . in thi the tiger shark . is the predator . The organism that is , in this case the . is the prey . The Effect of Predation on Size Predation can have a major on the size of ti population . Recall from Section that when the death rate exceeds the birth rate in population , the sin of that usually decreases . So if there are predators , the result is often it decrease in the sin of the population of their prey . But a decrease in the mu her of prey results in less food for their predators . Without quote food , the ( population starts to . So . This green tree python and mouse generally , of predators and their prey rise and fall ?

i ' in related cycles . Math , Data Analysis . and Probability Analyzing Data Interactions On Royale , an island in Lake Superior , the populations of wolves ( the predator ) and moose ( the prey ) rise and fall in cycles . Use the graph to answer the questions . I . Reading Graphs What variable is plotted on the ?

What two variables are plotted on the ?

Interpreting Data How moose population change between 1965 and 1972 ?

What happened to the wolf population from 1973 through 1976 ?

How change ' moose population have led to the ' change in the wolf population ?

Drawing Conclusions What is one likely ( HOW light in ( ause of the dap an the moose population ! year 859110 ! 1005 ! between 1974 and 1931 ?

population the next year ?

413 This insect might tool a predator into looking elsewhere for a meal . 16 Defense Strategies Organisms display a wide array of adaptations that help them avoid becoming prey . What other adaptations might contribute to the grasshopper ability to a predator Til Dawn ) Populations and Communities 414 If you afraid of snakes . you probably be terrified to see this organism staring at you . Because this caterpillar looks like a snake , it tan predators into staying away . False Coloring A The large false on the moth wings scare potential predators away . warning Coloring like many brightly colored animals . this grasshopper is poisonous . its bright blue and yellow colors warn predators not to eat It . Predator Adaptations Predators have adaptations that help them catch and kill their prey . For example . a cheetah can run very fast for a short . it to catch its . tentacles contain at poisonous ' that tiny water animals . Some plants , too . adaptations for catching prey . The is covered with sticky bulbs on a fly lands on the plant . it remains snared in the sticky goo while the plant it . Some predators have adaptations that enable them to hunt at night . For big eyes of an owl let in as much light as possible to help it see in the dark . bats can hunt without seeing at all . Instead . they locate their prey by producing and listening for the echoes . This bait to catch a flying moth in complete . Prey Adaptations How do organisms avoid being killed by such effective predators ?

Organisms have many kinds of that help them avoid becoming prey . The alertness and speed of an help protect it from its predators . And you probably not surprised that the smelly spray of skunk helps keep its predators at distance . As you can see in Figure . other also have sonic very effective ways to avoid a next . What are two predator adaptations ?

Symbiosis Many of the in the Saguaro community you read about are examples of symbiosis . Symbiosis ( sim bee OH sis ) is ! close relationship between two species that at least one of the species . The three types of symbiotic relationships are mutualism . and parasitism . A relationship in which both species benefit is called ' uh liz um . The relationship between the and the hats is an example mutualism . The hub because the cactus provide them with food . The saguaro as its pollen is curried to another plant on the bat nose . In some cases of mutualism . two species are so dependent on each other that neither could live without the other . This is true for mine species of trees and stinging in and South . The stinging ants nest only in the ( ia tree . whose thorns the ants predators . The tree also provides the ants only food . The ants . in turn , attack other animals that approach the tree and clear competing plants away the have of the tree . To survive , each needs the other . Commensalism A relationship in which one fits and the other is neither helped called MEN suh liz . The hawks interaction with the saguaro is an of . The hawks by having a place in build their nest . while the cactus is not affected by the hawks . is not very common in because two species are usually either helped or harmed it little by any action . For example . by creating it small hole for its nest in the cactus stem , the elf owl slightly damages the cactus . Classifying Classify each interaction as an example of mutualism , commensalism , or parasitism . Explain your answers . A remora tish itself to the underside of a shark without harming the shark , and eats over bits of food from the shark meals . A vampire bat drinks the blood of horses . Bacteria living in cows stomachs help to break down the cellulose in grass . Mutualism Three get a cruise and a snack aboard an hippopotamus . The eat living on the hippo skin . Sine both the birds and the hippo benefit from this , it is an example ot mutualism .

Parasitism ( PA ruh sit iz um ) one ' living on or inside another and it . The organism that is called parasite . and the ism it on or in host . is than thu . a ( the ruin the host is . parasites are , ticks , and . parasites have ) that them ) attach to host tin ( hotly . as inside the dig at dogs , wolves , and some other . Unlike ti ' Il . it not usually kill the ' imi it ( in . divs . the par ' on blood An ( til nil is shown by ( amma HOW the oi ' in ul . an , live in just one the motifs ears . it they live in both ears . the hearing is an it is to he quickly and by its , hat . Why does a parasite usually kill its host ?

Section Assessment Vocabulary Skill Use Related Words Applying Sums ) lit the Ol pity iii plants at . that ! the . affects the population in , same nine cared for in the same . and . Reviewing Key ( omens satiny on high ) Ill ( IN INT it ' between the plants and mi ! bi Explaining Hun aii ) HINT A that ) it survive in ?

HINT I how ( in might ( in ' anal ) as sharp . feeding Frenzy You and your family ( an ' a . Reviewing What ' main ways in observe among organisms at ' a bird feeder Fill a clean , dry , I . Classifying ( tine tit type of battle with . With paper clips , attach a plate to the of the my a . Listing List the three types or bottle . Then hang your feeder outside where . you can see it easily . Observe the feeder at . I ) Comparing and Contrasting each type different times of the day , using binoculars ii . the mo available . Keep a log of all the organisms you an see near it and of how they .

, Standards Warm Up . Focus . Section Cycles of Matter ! Students know matter is transferred over time one organism to others in the lood web and between organisms and the physical environment what involved in the water cycle ?

How are carbon and oxygen recycled in ecosystems ?

What is the nitrogen cycle ?

Key Term I nitrogen fixation min I ! Water Cycle This cheetah is drinking from a pool of trash water that formed as part of the water cycle . What the Matter ?

Hold a small mirror a few from your mouth . Exhale onto the mirror . Observe the surface of the minor . Think it Over Inferring What is the substance that forms on the mirror ?

where did this substance come from ?

A cars is ready for loading into giant ) aluminum and have already ' so that they can be , or used again . Now the steel will be at plant . has a limited supply of , copper , and the iron used in steel , Recycling old cars is way to supply of ( materials . Like the supply of metal for building cars . the supply in an is . in an includes water . carbon . oxygen , nitrogen , and many other stances . is from unc organism to another in the food web and ' and the environment . matter could not be recycled in this way . would quickly run out of raw for lill . this section , you will learn about some cycles of matter the water . cycle . the carbon and oxygen cycles . and the nitrogen cycle . The Water Cycle is essential . To at steady supply . water must bu . Recall that is process by which water moves from Earth to the atmosphere and hack . The of . condensation , and precipitation up the water cycle . heat of the sun provides the energy for the water cycle . Living things are also in the water cycle . For , plants absorb water from the mil through their roots and then release water vapor into the air through pores in their leaves . You liquid water in your wastes and water vapor when you exhale . 417

ly Activity Carbon and Oxygen Blues This activity explores the role of producers in the carbon and oxygen cycles . Your teacher will provide you with two plastic cups containing bromthymol blue solution . blue solution appears blue in the absence of carbon dioxide and appears yellow in the presence of carbon dioxide . Note the color ot the solution . Place two sprigs of an plant into one of the cups . Do not put any Into the second cup . Cover both cups with plastic wrap . Wash your hands . Place the cups where they will not be disturbed . Observe the two cups over the next few days . Note any color changes . Inferring What do your observations indicate about the role of producers in the carbon and oxygen cycles ?

From ! 10 Rising Dioxide Levels When forests burn , large amounts of carbon dioxide are released into the air . In addition . there are fewer trees available to absorb carbon dioxide from the air . MI The Carbon and Oxygen Cycles Two other substances necessary for life are carbon and oxygen . Carbon is it major building block in the bodies ofliving things . Most organisms use oxygen for their life processes . In systems , the processes by which carbon and oxygen are cled arr linked . Producers . and ploy roles in recycling carbon and oxygen . Carbon Cycle take in carbon dioxide gas from the air during . They use carbon from the carbon dioxide to make food molecules such as and starch cut , they take in the food molecules . When ( down loud molecules to obtain energy . they carbon dioxide and water as waste products . When producers and consumers die . break down their remains and return carbon compounds to the soil . Sonic also rel carbon dioxide as a waste product . The Oxygen Cycle Like carbon . oxygen cycles through systems . Producers release oxygen as a result of . Most organisms take in oxygen from the air or water and use it to carry out their life . Human Impact Human activities also the levels of bon and oxygen in the atmosphere . humans burn oil and other fuels . carbon dioxide is into the . When clear forests for lumber . fuel . and . bon levels also . As you know . producers in bon dioxide during photosynthesis . trees are removed from the ecosystem , there are fewer producers to absorb carbon dioxide . There is greater effect if are burned down to clear a forest . an burned down to clear at forest . additional bon dioxide is I ' in the burning process . Randi led I ' the Ja ' el yd car

Frau 21 Carbon and Oxygen Cycles This scene shows how the carbon and oxygen cycles are linked . Producers , consumers , and all play a role in recycling these two substances . Interpreting Diagrams How do human affect the urban and oxygen Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere Humans clear forests for crops . releasing carbon compounds to the air . Humans burn fuels lor energy , releasing carbon compounds to line air . Plants lake In carbon dioxide and use to mike sugar break down sugar molecules and release carbon dioxide . produce oxygen take in oxygen . return carbon compounds to the soil and release carbon dioxide to the air . 419

Free nitrogen in air , Consumers eat nitrogen compounds in plants . Bacteria in the soil release some free nitrogen back into the air . break down wastes and remains of organisms Plants use simple nitrogen ham . In mo Into simple nitrogen compounds to make proteins ' and other complex compounds . mag mo simple compounds . 22 Nitrogen Cycle In the nitrogen cycle . free nitrogen , from the air is into Cycle compounds . Plants can then use these compounds in Like carbon , nitrogen is a necessary block in the carrying out their life processes . 1555 Wing hi In the i ' Relating Cause and Effect How nitrogen moves from the air to the soil . into living things , and 99 ' back into the air . You can follow this process in Figure 22 . Sine the air around you is about 76 percent nitrogen gas . you might think that it would be easy for living things to obtain nitrogen . must organisms can not use nitrogen gas . Nitrogen gas is called nitrogen because it is not with other kinds of atoms . Nitrogen Fixation Most organisms can usr nitrogen only once it has been fixed , or combined with other elements to compounds . The process of ing nitrogen into a usable form of nitrogen is called nitrogen . Most nitrogen fixation is performed by tain kinds of bacteria . Some of these live in bumps called nodules on the roots of certain plants . These plants . known as legumes . include clover . beans . peas . alfalfa . and peanuts . 4200

The the is an 01 ' Both the i ) and the plant limit this The teed on the plant sugars , plant is with nitrogen in Form . Return ot Nitrogen to the Environment Once has . can mu it to and . in turn . i ) down thaw in animal wastes and the bodies of dead ( Decomposition returns simple nitrogen the soil . Nitrogen can cycle from the soil to producers and to ' many times . Mimi paint , dawn the gen compounds . then rack into the . The cynic continues from there . Reading Where do some ! bacteria live ?

Section Target Reading Skill Sequence text that ( on page of . Reviewing Key Concepts ! a . Defining the three that occur during cycle . Making Generalizations this The sun is the di iving behind the water a . Reviewing two are linked in tin process ?

mu . Comparing and Contrasting ' do producers play in the and ti cynic ?

mic i . play in thus ' JOINT I . Developing might the the in the ' i ) oxygen ?

Assessment Freon ! 23 Growth in Soil Pitcher plants can grow in soil because they have another way at obtaining nitrogen . Inserts trapped in the plant leaves . The plant then digests the inserts and uses their nitrogen compounds for its functions . Reviewing HINT i Sequencing the steps in the . will in ' HINT community it all the died ?

in Science Comic one of the cycles discussed in this section . Then draw a comic strip with five panels that depicts the important events in the cycle . Remember that the last panel must end with the same event that begins the first panel . Chapter 10 at

Section Changes in Communities log What Happened Here ?

The two photographs at the bottom of this page show the same area in Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming . The photograph on the left was taken soon after a major tire . The photograph on the right was taken a few years later . Observe the photographs carefully . Make a list of all the differences you notice between the two ( El lES . Think it Over Posing Questions How would you describe what happened during the time between the two photographs ?

What questions do you have about this process ?

6141 Students know quakes , volcanic eruptions , slides . and floods ( hange human and wildlife habitats . Students know the number and types of organisms an tem can support depends on the resources available and on abiotic factors , such as quantities of light and water . a range at tempera , and soil composition . How do primary and secondary Key , Memo . huge ims raged through the forests ol . National . were so hot that from pioneer species to tree without burning along the ground . took months . for the ' to hum out . All that were thousands of blackened tree trunks sticking out of the ground like toothpicks . Could it ' community ' from such fires ?

It might seem unlikely . But within just 11 low months . signs of . First . tiny shoots poked through the sooty ground . Then . small tree seedlings began to grow . The was coming hack ! After IS years . young forests flourishing in many areas . earthquakes . and other natural disasters out change human and very quickly . But even without such disasters , communities of changes that in in I over time is called succession . Yellowstone community

Eruption Shortly after a volcanic eruption . there is no soil , only ash and rock . The first species to grow are pioneer species such as mosses and lichens . sort As pioneer species grow and die . soil forms . some plants grow in this new soil . Hit ! 24 Primary Succession Primary succession occurs In an area where no soil and no organisms exist . Concepts What determines the particular species that appear during succession ?

Primary Succession succession is the series of changes that occur in an area where no soil or organisms exist . Such an area might be a new island formed by the eruption of an undersea volcano or an area of rock uncovered by at melting sheet of ice . Figure 24 shows the series of changes in an area after a violent volcanic . The lirst species to populate the area are called pioneer species . They are often carried to the area by wind or water . Typical neer species are masses or lichens , which are fungi and algae growing in a symbiotic relationship . As Plants pioneer species grow , they help break up the rocks I ! Plan 539 . and form soil . When the organisms die . they provide ' nutrients that enrich the thin layer that is ing on the rocks . Over time . plant seeds land in the new soil and begin to grow . The plants that grow depend on the climate of the area . For example , in at cool , northern area . early seedlings might include alder and cottonwood trees . Eventually . succession may lead to community of that does not change unless the is . Reaching this mature community can take centuries . load . what are some pioneer species ?

0423 Abandoned field Grasses and have taken over this abandoned field . Growth After a few years , pine seedlings and other plants replace some of 25 the grasses and wildflowers . Secondary Succession Secondary succession occurs following a disturbance to an ecosystem , such as clearing a forest for farmland . Secondary Succession The changes following the Yellowstone were an example oi secondary . Secondary succession is the series of changes that occur in an area where the ecosystem has been disturbed . but where soil and still exist . that have this ell include tires . hurricanes . and tornadoes . Human activities . such as farming . lugging . or ing . may also disturb an ecosystem . Unlike primary . secondary occurs in a place when an ecosystem exists . Secondary succession usually occurs more rapidly than mary succession . Consider . for example . an abandoned held in Go the southeastern United States . You can follow the process of succession in such held in Figure 25 . After a century . a . wood is developing . This forest community may remain For Links on succession for long times What are two natural events that can disturb an ecosystem ! Visit Web ( ode

A Forest Develops As tree growth ( ontinues . the trees begin to crowd out the grasses and wildflowers Section Mature Community Eventually . a mixed forest of pine . oak , and hickory dominates the landscape . Assessment Target Reading Skill Sequence in Figure 25 Secondary . you use i . or lu slum this ( Reviewing Key Concepts a . Defining What is primary What is secondary aut ( Comparing and Contrasting How do primary and ( differ ?

Classifying Grass poking through a crack in a sidewalk is an trample ' lu it primary . uI ur ?

Community Changes Interview a family member or neighbor who has lived In your neighborhood for a long time . the person to describe how the neighborhood has changed over time Have areas that were formerly grassy been paved or developed ?

Have any , parks , or lots returned to a wild Write a summary of your interview . Can you classify any of the changes as examples of ?

Chapter 10 425 ' sass . es , Change in a Tiny Community ' Problem How can you observe energy roles In a pond community ?

Skills Focus . Procedure I small jar . Use a wax pencil to label a small jar with your name . Fill the ar about full with hay solution . Add pond water until the jar is nearly full , Examine the mixture and record your observations in your notebook . wax pencil . Place the jar in a safe location out of direct sunlight where it will remain undisturbed . Always wash your hands thoroughly with soap after handling the jar or its contents . After two days , examine the contents of the jar and record your observations . Use a plastic dropper to collect a few drops from the surface of the solution in the jar . Make a slide following the procedures in the yellow box at the right . Slides and are fragile , and their edges are sharp . Handle them carefully . pond wage , Examine the slide under a microscope , using both low and high power and following the procedures in the box at the right . Draw each type of organism you observe . Estimate the number of each type in your sample . The illustration below shows some of the organisms you might see . Repeat Steps and with a drop of solution taken from the side at the jar beneath the surface . Repeat Steps and with a drop of solution taken ( tom the bottom of the jar . When you are , follow your directions about cleaning up . After days , repeat Steps through . 10 . After more days . repeat Steps through again . Then follow your teachers directions for returning the solution . microscope slide .

Analyze and conclude . Classifying identify as many of the organisms you observed as possible . Use the diagrams on the facing page and any other resources your teacher provides . Observing Producers usually contain chlorophyll . a substance that helps them capture sunlight for photosynthesis . Chlorophyll makes an organism look green . which organisms appear to be producers ?

inferring which organisms appear to be consumers ?

Explain your answer . I . Observing How did the community change over the period of time that you made your observations ?

inferring What biotic factors may have influenced the changes in this community ?

Explain . Communicating Based on what you have observed in this lab , draw a simple food chain from this community . More to Explore Use library materials to research the organisms you observed in your sample of pond water . Based on your research , draw a food web showing how food energy is transferred from organism to organism in the pond community . Classify the organisms in your load web as producers and consumers ( herbivores . omnivores . or carnivores ) Making and Viewing a Slide A . Place one drop of the solution to be examined in the middle of a microscope slide . Place one edge of a at the edge of the drop , as shown in the photo . Gently lower the over the drop . Try not to trap any air bubbles . Place the slide on the stage of a microscope so the drop is over the opening in the stage . Adjust the stage clips to hold the slide . Look from the side of the microscope , and use the coarse adjustment knob to move the objective close to . but not touching , the . through the eyepiece and use the coarse adjustment knob to raise the body tube and bring the slide into view . Use the fine adjustment knob to bring the slide into focus . To view the slide under high power . look from the side of the microscope and revolve the nosepiece until the power objective clicks into place just over . but not touching , the slide . While you are looking through the eyepiece , use the line adjustment knob to bring the slide into focus . our

Chapter 10 To ' Living and the Environment Key Concepts 64549 . water . shelter . and other In live . gran . and torn . interacts with both the ! parts of its habitat . The smallest unit of is single ) to A population species . The population belong to of species . The ' and an . Key Terms organism I I biotic tor I factor I I species I population I ( I I ecology Populations Key Concepts ' can change in we when new join the population or when members leave the , Some limiting for ) are loud and water . space . light . sail . and weather . Key Terms I ) rate I death rate I I I limiting factor ' carrying ) Energy Flow in Ecosystems Key ( Each in an till the energy rule ut producer , or . The transfer of energy from to organism an ) can ) in called fund chains and Wei . The most is at the product ! level in an energy . 4280 Study Guide Organisms In ecosystems exchange and nutrients among themselves and with the . Key Terms I producer I consumer I herbivore I I I scavenger I food chain land web I energy Interactions Among Living Things Key Concepts Every has it variety that are to its livin . The major types of interactions organisms are . predation , and . The three types uf symbiotic relationships are , Key Terms I competition I predation I predator I pray I I I I parasite I host Cycles of Matter Key concepts I The ( of . condensation . precipitation make up the ' cycle . In ecosystem . the processes by which carbon and are recycled are linked . Living thing recycle carbon and oxygen the nitrogen cycle . the to soil . to living things . and hack to the air . Key Term I nitrogen Changes in Commun es ( Key Concept I Unlike primary , nuL ( occurs in an . Key Terms ( I pioneer species secondary succession

Review and Assessment Target Reading Skill Nu Sequence In your notebook , the fur the Nitrogen . it . Reviewing Key Terms Choose the letter of the best answer . A dug hawk . and all are members of the some . species . All the following are in limiting factors for populations space . loud . time . In which type of ) benefit ! population . It . A cli . how is feeding in an ecosystem an in food chain . cycle . energy pyramid . Whith of thew is an ?

building it next tree branch I ) hat pollinating , cactus a lira living on can blood ant tree that the ants only food me . am For Visit ( hool . om Web ( ode The Nitrogen Cycle obtain by eating plants . Complete the following sentences so that your answers clearly explain the key terms . would an organism In its . MINT habitat . Any plants and in organism habitat arc biotic arc 84 The through an can In in food is . An niche . in rule . can ( as 10 . One Ul ' il ( between MINT competition . which is in Science Descriptive Use what you have learned about predators and prey to write about an interaction between two organisms For each organism . describe at least one adaptation that helps it either catch prey or fend predators . Populations and Communities 429

Review and Assessment Checking Concepts 11 . two biotic and two abiotic tractors mu might tind in at . 12 . how plants and tIl , sunlight , How is this process to other living thing in art ?

13 . Give an example showing how space can a limiting factor for a . have developed to protect themselves . Tell haw adaptation the . 15 . Naunt and etch ( tail play in . 16 How are food chains and mod ?

17 . Classifying Which in he illustration til the right are ?

18 . Relating Cause and Effect lit the nitrogen ' how does free nitrogen to use ?

king Cri ally 19 . Inferring Whatt is the energy for most ( 20 . Classifying and haw inst begun un Ill area below . type ut is . 4300 Math act 21 , Inequalities two . revise inequality in include and emigration In addition in rat and death . Applying Skills Use the data in the food web below to answer Questions . interpreting Diagrams in this food web the role ?

Specify i . I in this food web is at . ur . Inferring Which level of the fond web has the amount ! energy ?

Predicting disease were to kill must of the rabbits in this arca . how snakes . deer . and lions would be ?

Standards Investigation Performance Assessment your and graph to be sure that clearly state your the oi i plant growth . With your group , how will your . Alter yuur , list sonic to your plan .

Choose the letter at the best answer . In the food chain shown in the below . which of the following organisms its energy directly from the frog ?

A grass grasshopper snake owl . A freshwater lake has II muddy bottom , which is home to diflerent of algae and other . Many species of feed on the algae , Which of the following is an abiotic factor in this ecosystem ?

A the temperature of the water I the calm of the algae the number of species of the of food available In the lish . Although three different bird species all live in the same tree in an area . competition between the birds rarely occurs . The most likely for this of competition is that these birds A py different niches . I eat the sauna fond . have a limited supply of food . live in the same part trees . Which pair of terms could apply In the same ?

A and producer I and producer scavenger and herbivore Cill ' and ( I ! Standards Practice , at Use the energy pyramid below and your to answer Questions and . A . Which are the in this ecosystem ?

A algae I minnows water bass . At which level of this energy pyramid is the LEAST energy available ?

A level A I level level level I ) Which uf the following events would most likely lead to primary succession ?

A a hurricane I volcanic eruption a lire farm ! I . Describe the path of carbon as it travels through the carbon cycle . Begin with the atmosphere . Include the role of producers , consumers , and in the carbon cycle . out