Earth Science Textbook Chapter 1 Study Guide

Focus on the i BIG What is one main source of energy for Earth natural processes and living things ?

Check What You Know A flashlight beam and a ball can model how sunlight strikes Earth . Sunlight strikes Earth equator directly . But sunlight is more spread out where it strikes Earth polar regions . Explain how this uneven distribution of the sun energy affects Earth atmosphere and oceans . Chapter

Et The images shown here represent some of the key terms in this chapter . You can use this vocabulary skill to help you understand the meaning of some key terms in this chapter Academic Words words are words that are used frequently in academic reading , writing , and discussions . These words are different from key terms because they appear in many subject areas . I Definition I Example Sentence area A particular part of a In what area at the city is your ( DIV ! ee uh ) piece or school located tutor A fact to be considered In a race , one ) to think ( FAK ) about is the distance you will run . or . To take piece to happen The scientist predicted that an earthquake at the site . Apply It ! Choose the word from the table that best completes the sentence . Keep your work clean and safe during a laboratory experiment . Accidents sometimes in a science laboratory . Price is a ( to be considered in buying baseball tickets . observing 10

Chapter Vocabulary plateau Section . science observing inferring predicting inquiry hypothesis controlled experiment variable manipulated variable responding variable date scientific theory energy atmosphere hydrosphere lithosphere biosphere matter wave heat thermal energy Earth science Section , topography elevation relief plain mountain plateau map scale degree ' i ' a ' topographic map contour line i contour interval contour ' Build Science Vocabulary Use

Preview Text Structure The information in this science textbook is organized with red headings and blue , Before you read , preview each red and blue heading and ask a question to guide you as you read the topic Here are some tips . Write the heading in column . Look for key words in the heading to guide you in asking a question . Write your question in column . After you read , answer your question in a complete sentence . Section What Is Science ?

Question Answer Th What th nking Scientists use the skills of like a skills do scientists ot and use to learn about predicting the natural about the natural World Apply It ! Section , review the red heading Energy Transfer A Big Idea . In your notebook , create a graphic organizer like the one above . What question would you ask about the content under this red heading ?

What question would you ask about the blue subheading Waves ?

After you read Section , create a graphic organizer for the Structure of the Earth System . Before you read Section , create a graphic organizer to preview the headings .

Getting on the Map For this investigation , you will select a small piece of land and draw a map of its physical features . Your Goal To create a scale map of a small area of your neighborhood To complete this investigation , you must work with your teacher or an adult family member choose and measure a small square piece of land use a compass to locate north draw a map to scale use symbols and a key to represent natural and made features of the land followthe safety guidelines in Appendix A Plan It ! Start by looking for a suitable site . Your site should be about 300 to square meters in area . it could be pan of a park , playground , or backyard . Look for an area that includes interesting natural features such as trees , a stream . and changes in elevation . There may be some structures on your site , such as ' a park bench or sidewalk . Once you have chosen a site , measure ' its boundaries and sketch its physical features . Then brainstorm ideas for symbols to . include on your map . When you have ' completed your map , including a key and map scale , present it to your class .

000 mi IA Focus progress is made by meaningful questions and conducting careful investigations . As a basis for understanding this concept and addressing the tent in the other three strands , dents should develop their own questions and perform tions Students will Develop is Construct appropriate graphs tram data and develop qualitative statements about the relationships between variables What skills do scientists use ! What is scientific inquiry ?

How do scientific theories differ laws Key Terms ' I I I I inquiry I hypothesis I controlled experiment I variable manipulated variable I data I ( What 15 Science ?

ore How Can Scientists Find Out What Inside Earth ?

Your teacher will give you a spherical obiect , such as a sports hall . You ( an think of the sphere as a model of Earth . Carefully observe your sphere . What of the sphere can you observe and measure ?

What ( it the sphere ( annot be directly observed and measured think It Over Posing Questions In your notebook , list several questions that you have about Earth which of these question could you answer based on observation ?

Whith questions would need to be answered based on indirect evidence ?

up ( and ?

gut out In ' II in ' ix , thing with is the . like the iii ) heir smell of sul fur . which is choking ' he wind min from the lava . ill , Di . has ul ) Ul Mount iii . the i ' to know why lam erupts in huge . but at ' Thinking Like a Scientist . A ( yuu might sugh is ?

and ' dues In ( you an ' mes In ' problems and ' questions about the , ix A mi ) I As scientists sock lo understand the natural world . they use skills such as observing . inferring . and predicting . Observing ur in ' is observing . Your ) i . sight . much . and . i , slit it nukes , and . Inferring you explain in mu . inferring . ur making an . mean wildly , An ' I ix based what ' for . gun ! that ( lilT in Lua in ' ul . Bui . Predicting . mung or gentle . Predicting Al forecast of what will happen in on past ' or , Reading , what is a Fawn Observing Margaret studies of awe from Mount , Hawaii . forming on the photograph , how wouldyou define Java

Giant Sequoia Sequoia trees are among the world largest and oldest things . They grow an only the ut the Nevada Scientific Inquiry what ) Is the shirt , inquiry to the many ways in which scientists study the natural world and propose explanations based on the evidence they gather . Posing Questions Inquiry ( with at ur an . Thu ' and yuu ( tir ) Tut ' iL , ut ) ih . Ilu ' i wry inside Sequoia . in Figure ) than 101 ! alw that tin in to sprout . In the past . tires ' burned in the . did nut the . The tin also . lull mites in the . the could sunlight and ' Ul . ul would produce ' I ( I lit try this would help the use In In . hum ix that in a limited area in a . Developing a Hypothesis The about and tin can ha ( Lin ' thus in ) til . A hypothesis is possible nation for ( ur to ( lead to that can bu . This that , must he nut It ) and ' that will support 01 ' di '

Designing an Experiment ' I he an i ' i imi ' i it In ( lire I Iii ( I mu I ' Ind ' sites with ' hail nu ! in I , I kI ' i in the of thy hum . This sci pi ) A controlled experiment IS of under Hum In I ( I . In ( III , uni oI . A is one uf ( in an , ii . Ini , the . hum ' the ' kI In . III ( kI the manipulated variable . ii ! the mi is variable . In sequoia I , II . Is ' mi ' Ir ii ! In CI ) I , ilI , IL ( Jill ' nI ' other ' in results . Handing What is a variable ?

Flaunt Controlled Burns ' I . I , Act Controlling Variables Suppose you are a scientist designing an involving sequoia seedlings . You warn to determine whether the grow better in ordinary forest soil or soil covered with ash from a recent fire . What is your manipulated variable ?

What is your variable ?

What other variables would you need to control ?

try ( the name ! uI sequoia groves by a program of bums Applying ( In the sequoia Explain collecting and Interpreting Data wanted to the weather in your area . you would need to collect data . Data are the fans . figures . and other evidence gathered through . A data table provides an organized way to collect and record . Alter all the data have been collected . they need to be . One useful tool that can help you interpret data is graph . Graphs like the one in the Anal ) Data feature on this page can reveal patterns or trends in data . In the sequoia experiment . the scientists data were their observations of the of tires and of the numbers of sequoia . They interpreted these data by relating the number of seedlings to the levels of lire intensity . The graph in the Analyzing Data feature below summarizes the scientists . Drawing Conclusions After you have gathered and your data . you can a about your hypothesis . A ion is a decision about how to interpret ed ( what you have learned from art . You may decide i teed ' that the data support the hypothesis , Or you may decide that mom and , the data show that the hypothesis was incorrect . no floor . conclusion can be reached and more data are needed . The scientists decided that their data showed that more seed lings sprouted around the sequoia trees after the more intense tires . they concluded that their hypothesis was correct . Mod . What is I conclusion ?

Mathematical Reasoning ' ii , Data Sequoia Seedling Growth After Fires Sequoias and Fire The graph shows the growth at sequoia seedlings in relation to the intensity of controlled burns . Use the graph to answer the questions . Reading Graphs What do the bars on the graph represent ?

Reading Graphs What does the height of each bar represent ?

Interpreting Data Which level of burn intensity led to the most seedling . production ?

the least seedling Untamed Moderate , intensity ' burn burn burn 100 Post Questions i ' Design An ( elect and Interpret Data Go Draw Conclusions . Communicating An important part oi inquiry IS communicating the results . Communicating is the sharing of For The activity id and experimental findings with writing and ! speaking . their ideas in ways . For example . 6012 i they give talks at . on the Internet . or publish articles in journals . The scientists in the study ui and tire ' i ' their at meeting of scientists and in a book . That made their results available to other scientists and to ( you , those who giant . experiment . Applying concepts Why is observation important Posing New Questions Even after you haw drawn a ' I ?

from uni , inquiry usually . Other scientists may repeat experiment to if its were correct . Often . the mulls of an experiment new questions . These new questions can load to new .

Law of Gravity The force at gravity pulls the water in this waterfall toward Earth ( enter . Section Vocabulary Skill Academic Words in . explain what happens controlled . the in your . Reviewing Key Concepts HINT a . Reviewing What is science ?

HINT HINT . Explaining main skills that , uw . Applying Concepts ( Lin you make an without any ?

your . if this sky red at . Could you test this using ?

Assessment Defining the term . vi i . Explaining You may have Red morning , warning . Thin ) that may Scientific Theories and Laws scientists study the natural world , they ' concept that their observations . concepts are called theories . A theory is concept that explains wide of ' An accepted theory repeated tests . But it tests fail In support a theory . change the theory or it . When observe the nuns iii , they at at ( law , Unlike a theory . it law describes an observed pattern in nature , but does not provide an explanation for it . A scientific law is a statement that describes what scientists expect to every under at particular set of . For . the law oi gravity status that the of gravity all objects in universe . As of , any objects in the universe each other . Scientists have tested this law and found it to he . What is a law ?

Reading . Writing ! a . Defining What isa the ( is a Ian ! Comparing and Contrasting How do ( differ from la ?

in in Science Look at the photograph in Figure . With a partner , think of a question about volcanoes that you would like to answer . Write your question in your notebook . List anything you already know about the topic of your question that might help you answer it . Then state your question as a hypothesis . Problem Solving Tu saying in part ( Ii ) is true , it kinds of data would In me . HINT

Section Studying Earth Standards Fouls Students know energy can be carried from one place to er by heat or by waves , ing water . tight and sound waves . or by moving objects . Students know the sun is the major source of energy for phe on Earths surface it powers winds . ocean currents , and the water cycle . What are the parts of the Earth system ?

How IS energy transferred in the Earth ?

What are the branches of Earth science ?

Key Terms ' energy ' atmosphere hydrosphere I lithosphere I biosphere ' matter wave heat thermal energy Earth science ' What Is the Source of Earth Energy ?

Pour of tap water into a clear ( jar and tighten the lid . Place the jar in the sun for 10 minutes . Move the jar to a shaded location and wait several minutes . Observe the sides of the jar . What do you see ?

Think It Over Inferring What can you infer about the energy source lor the changes you observed in the bottle ?

Explain how the bottle could serve as model of Earth ocean and atmosphere . National Park . in California Mojave , is a popular spot for people who enjoy the outdoors . if you visit the park , you can take a nature trail to observe desert animals and . You can also ride a mountain bike past cactuses and trees . or explore huge granite boulders . But ever you do , be sure to apply sunblock . wear a hat . and drink plenty oi water ! When you get thirsty . you can pause in the cool shade of a boulder for of water . But when you step out of the shade into the bright sun . your skin wann right away . You may wonder why you feel warmer in sun than in the shade . To understand this , you need to know how sunlight is related to the concept of energy . Joshua Tree National Park

Earth as a System The atmosphere . hydrosphere , lithosphere . and biosphere together make up the Earth system . Changes in any part of the system can affect the other parts . Interpreting Diagrams How does the hydrosphere affect the atmosphere ?

in the release particles and gases that the atmosphere . MO The Structure of the Earth System Sunlight heats up any surface it , including your skin . because it is a form of energy . Energy is ability to do work . or cause change . Energy from the sun is to as radiation . a form of energy that can move through space . When you stepped out of the shade . the sun radiation hit you . why you felt warmer . Every second . the sun radiation a huge amount of energy to . Sunlight provides energy for many on Earth . For example , in the water cycle . water moves from the oceans , to the atmosphere , to the land , and back to the oceans . The sun provides the energy for the water cycle . Earth as a System Although the sun is millions of . it everything on Earth surface . The sun is part of a that air , water . land , and living things . A system is group of parts that work together as a whole . As in the water cycle , a change in one part of the system affects other pans of the system The Earth system has four main , or spheres the atmosphere , lithosphere . and biosphere . As one source of energy for processes on Earth . the sun can also be considered part of the Earth system . Figure shows sortie of the ways in which parts ofthe Earth affect each other . Growing plants change the surface of the lithosphere and affect the composition of the atmosphere .

Atmosphere The sphere is the atmosphere I ' muh steer ) the of that surrounds the planet . By far the most gases are nitrogen and oxygen . but the also water vapor , and other gases . Hydrosphere Earth . Likes . rivers . and ice unit the ' Most of the consists salt in lhe , but fresh water purl . cover than two thirds of Earth . limb . outer layer is called the lithosphere ( uh . The ix made up of the ' well as ' called lithosphere extend under the entire ocean . The surface varies front plains to wrinkled hills and peaks . The energy for mine ) that shape the ) the heat of . For , deep inside Earth . SONIC rock nti . the lava that erupts . Biosphere All living thing , in the air . in the ur mi and the ( up the biosphere ( uh ' The biosphere into each the three spheres . What is the biosphere ?

Earth vast affect the temperature of the atmosphere flowing rivers shape the surface of the lithosphere . 732 Classifying Classify each of the events below according to which parts of the Earth system are involved in the event . Heavy rain washes soil and rocks down a hillside . Fog forms above a lake before dawn and then burns off after the sun rises . The roots of a tree absorb water and nutrients from the soil . Storms in the atmosphere bring rains that change the surface at the .

Moving Objects A A moving object such as this energy from the pitcher arm to the ( the hitter bat , Energy Transfer The forms oi energy transfer occur around us at a game Applying Contents What type of energy involved when ice cream melts ?

Waves A when the fans cheer . sound waves energy as they move through the air . Energy Transfer A Big Idea ' and clingy . part ! the In . Matter is up in lill . up of tiny ( alums . Tim ur ' that air and act at unit make up . For , at uf two hydrogen ) and mic Mont . of nutter occur energy ( of i ( lu ) Energy can he transferred from place to place by moving objects . by waves , in by heat . Moving Objects Any or particle transfers . When pitcher . i ' carrier with it rum the In . 01 motion in Earth system energy in this way . For ' wind and flowing water energy through ( it . Waves ' can also be ii by . A wave is an ui ' from place to place but the nutter behind . For . mund one ( iI lA ' guitar string . can ' i In yuur car . In ! In iI you ! car . such as air . tu trawl through . A medium through ' at '

Flow A Heat How transfers energy from the warm air into the cold ice cream . causing the ice cream to melt . Waves can travel through . In the . water it the medium ' the . in . Thu by an earthquake aim at medium . These tin . Electromagnetic Waves ' arc ' You arc must with this oi ul visible light . The sunlight that warm skirt travels to ' do not medium In trawl . Heat Flow Hunt place ' two of are into . What is ?

Heat is the thermal energy one to another as the in . Thermal energy of all of the that up am object . possess thermal energy they are in constant in motion . contain energy . If two ) will tho warmer to the ' one . The will ( to until arc at saint . when you hold an ice cube in your hand . heat your hand ! rubs . it In . ldi . heat ?

A Electromagnetic Waves Electromagnetic waves transfer energy as they ( arry the announcer voice and image to people outside the ballpark Energy on the Move You can observe different forms of energy transfer . Fill a rectangular pan with water to a depth of about . Wait until the water stops moving . Gently float a of paper ( square II the middle of the pan . When the paper stops moving , drop a metal washer into the water at one end of the pan . Observe the water and the paper . Inferring What forms 01 energy did you observe ?

Explain . 17 Try This ty FIGURE Careers in Earth Science you worked as an Earth . you might chip samples of rock from a mountain . explore the floor , or use data to track a storm Geologists A Th work of often takes them outdoors in this case . to a rocky 180 A These oceanography are wearing scuba to observe the interactions of things on the omen floor The Branches of Earth Science Ull ' built at ) ULl ) at knowl and the that our planet . Earth science is the fur this about , Earth science luu several branches . In this hook , you will learn about , and environmental . Geology ( Geology is the study of the solid Earth . Geologists study the that have throughout IN long . study that up and . also study the forces that wear away on surface . Meteorology is the of . arc who lon the based un about in . Environmental Science Some Earth scientists . study Earth and ( how human land , and living things .

Meteorologists use data from weather satellites to monitor storms such as hurricanes Computers process and display weather data Scientists These environmental scientists are testing water samples to find evidence of environmental change or pollution . section Assessment Target Reading Skill Preview Text Predicting ) Structure In graphic . what aw iii a pul oi did ' heading . of the Earth ?

a . Reviewing ' are three I ) iii ' rim Reviewing Key Concepts , I a . Listing What are the ' i i ) i ' make up ?

I probably the effects Mining ( and ( aL iin rec ' i , ut thu oi the ti int the ' in Science HINT a . Listing three In I . one of the , careers in Figure . Based on your . Explaining Iii ' a vi 2325 ?

i ' ein ( the ' inquiry skills the would use on the job .

Guided Inquiry . Speeding Up Evaporation ' Problem What increase the rate at which water evaporates ?

Skills Focus developing . controlling variables . drawing conclusions dishes Procedure 33 Analyze and conclude PART Effect of Holt . Developing Hypotheses Did . How does heating a water sample affect how fast it evaporates ?

was not supported , Record your hypothesis . I ' gage each petri dish on an index experiment ?

The responding . Add a single drop of water to each variable ?

Position the lamp over one of that increase the rate at which the the dishes as a heat source . Yum water evaporates . on the light . Make sure the light ! port dropper does not shine on the other dish . Explaining and mum The light bulb will . Aw ' the bulb or getting water on it . you develop , Observe the dishes every minutes to see which sample evaporates Design an faster . Record your result . lamp How does Increasing the area PART of a water sample affect how fast it . fen evaporates ?

Write your hypothesis . How does fanning the water and then design an experiment affect how test it evaporates ?

to test it . Obtain your teachers Retard your hypothesis . permission . Dry both petri dishes and place . them over the index cards . Add a ' ga ' drop of water to each dish as you did in Step . I . Use an index card to fan one of the dishes for minute Be careful not to fan the other dish . Observe the dishes to see which sample evaporates faster . Record your result .

Section Exploring Earth Surface ( Standards Focus Topography is reshaped by the weathering at rock and soil and by the transportation and deposition at sediment . Read a topographic map and a geologic map for evidence provided on the maps and and interpret a simple scale map . What does the topography oi an area include ?

What are the main types of landforms ?

How do maps represent Earth surface and help lind locations ?

Key Terms I topography I elevation I relief plain I mountain I plateau map I scale I degree I latitude I longitude Elevations Across . What is the Land Like Around Your School ?

I . On a piece of paper , draw a small square to represent your school . Choose a word to describe the land near the school , such as flat , hilly , or rolling , and write it next to the square . Use a magnetic compass to determine the direction of north . Assume that north is at the top of your paper . Choose a word to describe the land north oi your school . Write that word to the north of the square . Repeat Step for areas to the east . south . and west . Think it Over Forming Operational What phrase could you use to describe the land in your area ?

Suppose that you traveled from California coast across the state to the Sierra Nevada mountains . On your trip , you would observe many changes in topography . tuh ruh fee ) is the shape of the land . An area topography may be flat . sloping , hilly , or mountainous . The topography of an area includes the area elevation , relief . and landforms . A is a feature of topography , such as a hill or valley . The height above sea level of a point on Earth surface is its elevation . Look at the diagram below to see the changes in elevation on a trip across California . The in elevation between the highest and lowest parts of an area is its relief . The diagram includes both land . which has low relief . and mountains . which have high relief . Sierra Nevada Pacific Ocean San Francisco 500 . 200 100 Chapman oat 300

Hall ! 10 Landforms Plains . mountains , and plateaus are just a few of the many landforms that make up the topography 01 Earth surface . Forming operational Definitions Hated on this illustration . how would you define mountains ?

Plains may occur along a continent edges or in tho . Types of Landforms Different landforms have combinations of and relief . Landforms vary greatly in size and level plains extending as far as the eye can see , to low , hills that you could climb on foot . to jagged mountains that would take you many days to walk around . There are three main types of landforms plains , mountains , and plateaus . Plains A plain is a made up of nearly flat or gently rolling land with low . A plain that lies along a is called a coastal plain . In North America . a coastal plain around the eastern and southeastern shores . plains have both low elevation and low relief . A plain that lies away from the coast is called an interior plain . interior plains have low relief , their elevation can vary . The broad plains of North America are called the Great Plains . The Great Plains extend north from Texas For . Links on landforms into Canada . What Is an Interior plain ?

A mountain base covers an area of at least several square kilometers . but peak may rise to a point . Mountains often have steeply sloping sides . Mountains A mountain is a with high elevation and high relief . Mountains usually occur as pan ofa mountain range . A mountain range is a group of mountains that are related in . structure . and age . For example . the Cascade Range is a mountain range that runs Washington State through Oregon to northern California . The different mountain ranges in a region make up a mountain system . In California . the Santa Lucia Mountains south of Bay are one mountain range in the tain known as the Coast Ranges . Mountain ranges and mountain systems in a lung . chain form a larger unit a mountain belt . The Rocky Mountains are part of a great hell that stretches down the western sides of North America and South America . Plateaus A that has high elevation and a more or less level surface is called a plateau . A plateau is rarely perfectly smooth on top . Streams and rivers may cut into the surface . The Columbia Plateau in Washington State is an example . The layers of rock that make up the bin Plateau are stacked about meters thick . The top of I plateau forms a level surface .

he ( rose shows the direction of north on the map . Sale on I map can be given In three ways . Scale and Ratios A ratio compares two numbers by division . For example . the scale of a map given as a ratio is I . At this Male , the distance between two points on the map measures . How would you find the actual distance ?

write the sale as a traction . Write a proportion . Let represent the distance between the two points . write the cross products I on ( Him To convert to , divide by . Practise Problem A state is I . If two points are apart on the map . how far apart are they on the ground ?

11 The key the symbols used on the map . Jim I ! What In a A map is drawn to scale , uses symbols explained in a map key . and usually has a compass rose to show direction . This map shows the area around Vallejo , California . Interpreting Maps What is the scale of this map ?

What Is a Map ?

A map is a model of all or part of Earth surface as seen from above . Maps are drawn to sale and use symbols to represent topography and other features on Earth surface . A map sale relates distance on a map to a distance on . Scale is often given as a ratio . For example . one unit on a map could equal units on the ground . So one meter on the map would represent kilometer . This scale . one to thousand . would be Figure I I shows three ways of giving a map scale . Mapmakers use shapes and pictures called symbols to stand for features on Earths surface . A symbol can represent a cal feature . such as a river . lake . mountain . or plain . A symbol also can stand for a feature , such as a highway , city . or map key , or legend , is a list of all the symbols used on the map with an explanation of their meaning . Maps also include a compass nose or north arrow . The pass rose helps relate directions on the map to directions on Earth surface . North usually is located at the top of the map . ale ' I

Earth Grid When you play checkers . the grid of squares helps you to keep track of where each piece should be . To a point on Earth surface . you need a grid like the one on a checkerboard . Most maps and globes show a grid . Because Earth is a sphere . the grid curves to cover the entire planet . Measuring in Degrees To locate positions on Earth surface , scientists use units called degrees . You probably know that degrees are used to measure the distance around a circle . As you can see in Figure a degree ( is ofthe distance around a circle . Degrees can also be used to measure distances on the surface of a sphere . On Earth surface . each Willi 11 degree is a measure of an angle formed by lines drawn ' from the center of Earth to points on the surface . iE are Equator Halfway between the North and South poles . the equator an imaginary line that circles Earth . The equator divides Earth into the Northern and Southern hemispheres . A hemisphere ( HEM ih ) is one half of the sphere that makes up Earth surface . If you at the equator and traveled to one of the poles . you would travel 90 degrees . That is one quarter of the distance in a full circle . The Prime Meridian Another imaginary line . called the prime meridian . makes a half circle from the North Pole to the South Pole . The prime meridian passes through Greenwich . England . Places east of the prime meridian are in the Hemisphere . meridian Places west of it are in the Western Hemisphere . If you started at the prime meridian and traveled west along the equator . you would travel through 360 degrees before returning to your starting point . FIGURE 13 Equator and Prime Meridian Two . the equator and prime meridian . are the baselines for measuring distances on Earth surface . Interpreting Diagrams How many degrees are there between the equator and the North Pole ?

Locating Points on Earth Surface By using the equator and prime meridian . mapmakers have constructed a grid made up of lines of latitude and longitude . The lines of latitude Where in the World ?

and longitude on map form grid that can be used to Try This Activity Using globe , determine locations anywhere on Earth . what city is found at earl ! 04 The equator is the starting line for measuring latitude . or ' distance in degrees north or south of the equator . The latitude ' of the equator is . Between the equator and each pole are 90 33 evenly spaced , parallel lines called lines of latitude . Each degree 34 , of latitude is equal to about 111 kilometers 34 58 The distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian 55 , is called longitude . There are 560 lines of longitude that run , 103 from north to south . meeting at the poles . Each line represents what won 35 by me one degree of longitude . At the equator . a degree of longitude first letters of these cities ?

equals about kilometers . But at the poles , where the lines of longitude come together , the distance decreases to zero . The prime meridian . which is the starting line for measuring longitude . is at . The longitude lines in hemisphere are numbered up to 180 degrees . Using and Longitude The location of any point on Earth surface can be expressed in terms of the latitude and longitude lines that at that point . For example . you can see on the map in Figure 16 that New Orleans is located where the line for 30 North latitude crosses the line for West . that each longitude line crosses the latitude lines , including the equator . at at right angle . How ave longitude lines numbered ! Fawn ( aim , Egypt . Egypt . is a Point ?

31 ' located where Points on Earth surface can be the latitude line located using latitude and longitude . 30 ' crosses i the longitude Wise 93 ' Latitude and Lon ( Ill , is on the prime meridian . A A location of any point I defined by latitude and longitude . New Orleans . 15 ! 50 ' 39 ' Intervals . For points crosses the line for 90 ' in between . Example Melbourne at 38 15 Every point on Earth has a particular latitude and longitude . Interpreting Map What are the latitude and longitude of los Angeles ?

Sydney ?

section Assessment Vocabulary Academic Words Identifying On a world map . what two lines Use the word amt correctly in a sentence explaining are the starting lines for measurements on topography . Barth surface ?

Kay Conan Ia . Explaining are these lines used to locate points ( in Earth . What is topography ?

is . Comparing and Contrasting What is ?

does it from elevation ?

Calculating What is the relief inan area ' where the highest point is above sea sale and am A . globe of level and the lowest point la 200 in above sea Using a . of . you level ?

a . Listing What are the three main types of ( an landforms ?

What are the characteristics til it ad mince WEE he ?

Sequencing Place these features in order from smallest to largest mountain system . mountain range . bell , mountain . 666 Section Topographic Maps Standards ' Read a topographic map can a Map Show and a geologic map for evidence . Carefully cut the corners oft on the mans and con pieces of cardboard so that they i ' look rounded . Each piece should , be at least I centimeter smaller than the one before How do represent mien . Me , and slope , Trim the long sides of the two largest How do cu mad pieces so that the long sides appear wavy . map , Do cut more than 05 centimeter into the cardboard . Key . Trace the largest cardboard piece on a sheet of paper . piece inside the drawing of the first . on a mes cross . Trace the other cardboard pieces , from largest to smallest . mde , one inside the other , on the same paper . Stack the cardboard pieces beside the paper in the same order they were traced . Compare the stack of cardboard pieces with your drawing . How are they alike ?

How are they different ?

Think It Over Making Models If the cardboard pieces are a model of a , what do the lines on the paper represent ?

meet is not an ordinary compute see how quickly they can a series oi locations called mu ' control points . he control points are scattered over a large , park or state forest . choose a set number of control helps people points and then visit the points in any order . In this sport . your develop the Ski 07 Using ability to read a map and use a is often more a map and ( than how lost you can run . a mayor meet . there may be several hundred on downs of teams . At start of st . you would need to consult your map . But the used in are from road maps or maps in an topographic maps . A topographic map ( uh is a map showing the features of an area . graphic maps use symbols to show the land as if you won looking down on it from above .

Mount Whitney , ital at . Mapping Earth Topography Topographic maps provide on the elevation , relief . and slope of the ground surface . use contour lines to represent elevation . relief . and slope on topographic maps . On topographic map . a contour line connects points of equal elevation . In the United States . most topographic maps give contour intervals in feet rather than meters . The change in elevation from contour line to contour line is called the contour interval . The contour interval for a given map is always the same . For example , the map in Figure has at interval of 20 meters . If you start at one contour line and count up 10 contour lines . you have reached an elevation 200 meters above where you started . Usually , every contour line . known as an index contour . is darker and heavier than the . Index contours are labeled with the elevation in round units , such as or meters above sea level . Topographic maps have many uses . For example . geologists use them to identify landforms . You could use a topographic map to plan the route ofa hike or bicycle trip . What do all the points by a contour lino ' have in common ) Home 17 Contour Lines The contour lines on a topographic map represent elevation and relief . Forming Operational Definitions does the topographic map provide that the photograph does not ?

Go For Topographic Map activity Visit . ont Web Code 19 to Topographic Map The different types of symbols on topographic maps provide data on elevation . relief . slopes . and . This United States Geological Survey map shows part of Morro Bay , California . Commonly Used Map School Primary highway Secondary highway Railroad Airport River Stream Marsh or swamp Reading a Topographic Map Looking at a topographic map with many squiggly contour lines , you may feel as if you are gazing into a bowl of spaghetti . But with practice , you can learn to read a topographic map like the one in Figure . To read a topographic map , you must yourself with the map scale and symbols and interpret the map contour lines . Sale Topographic maps are usually maps . scale maps show a view of part of Earth surface . In the United States . many topographic maps are at a scale of I or I centimeter equals kilometers . At this scale . a map can Show the details of elevation and features such as rivers and coastlines . Large buildings . airports . and major highways appear as outlines at the correct scale . Symbols are used to show houses and other small features . Contour interval 40 feet

Symbols use zi great variety of on topographic maps . It you were drawing at map , what symbols would you use to represent a forest . a campground . an orchard . a swamp , or school ?

Look at Figure 19 to see some commonly used map symbols . Video Fic Tri Mapping Emit Interpreting Contour To tind the elevation fear . begin at the labeled index contour . which is zi heavier than . contour lines , Then , count the number of contour lines up or down to the feature . contour lines is the first step toward an area topography . look at the map in Figure 19 . The closely spaced contour lines are used for steep slopes , The widely spaced contour lines are used for slopes or areas . A contour line that forms zi closed loop with no other contour lines inside it is used to show a hilltop . A closed loop with dashes inside shows a depression . or hollow in the ground . The shape of contour lines also help to show ridges and valleys . contour lines pointing downhill show a ridge linc . contour lines pointing uphill show a valley . A stream in the valley toward the open of . How an hilltops and shown using ) contour lines ?

I Writing Target Reading Preview Tent Inferring Reading a map . you see In your graphic . what contour lines that point uphill . What land question did you ask about the heading would you in this area ?

Interpreting Contour Lines ?

A A Review Key comps Writing in Science I . What is a map ?

Explaining Hots do topographic maps . aim represent elevation and relief ?

on , Frau 13 to mom . point I If the contour interval un ya 93 , Wide sum , 50 ' hut north end point . Include details much in elevation do gnu . contour lines represent ?

sh . yo , i , a . Reviewing What do you need to know wig , my , an about a topographic map in order to you , read it ?

Comparing Ind Contrasting Compare the way steep slopes are represented on a topographic map with the way gentle slopes are represented . oat Guided inquiry A Map in a Pan Materials modeling clay pan water and food coloring clear , hard sheet oi plastic , marking pencil sheet oi unlined white paper . Problem How can you make and read a topographic map ?

Skills FOCUS making models . interpreting maps Procedure . Place a lump of clay on the bottom of a pan . Shape the day into a model of a hill . Pour colored water into the pan to a depth of I centimeter to represent sea level . Place a sheet of hard . clear plastic over the container . Trace the outline of the pan on the plastic sheet with a marking pencil . Then . looking straight down into the pan . trace the outline the water makes around the edges of the clay model . Remove the plastic sheet from the pan . Add another centimeter of water to the pan , bringing the depth of the water to centimeters . Replace the plastic sheet exactly as before and then trace the water level again . Repeat Step several times . Stop when the next addition of water would completely cover your model . Remove the plastic sheet Trace the outlines that you drew on the plastic sheet onto a sheet of paper to make a topographic map . Analyze and conclude interpreting Maps Read your topographic map . How can you tell which parts of your model hill have a steep slope ?

A gentle slope ?

Interpreting Maps How can you tell from the map which point on the hill is the highest ?

Interpreting Maps Are there any ridges or valleys on your map ?

How do you know ?

Applying ( Is there any depression on your map where water would collect after it rained ?

What symbol should you use to identify this depression ?

Communicating Read your topographic map and compare it with the clay . Write a paragraph comparing your topographic map and model . in your paragraph . explain how the map and model are alike and how they are different . More to Explore Obtain a topographic map that includes an interesting such as a mountain , canyon , river valley , or coastline . After reading the contour lines on the map . make a sketch of what you think the looks like . Then build a scale model at the using clay or layers oi cardboard or . How does your model compare with your sketch ?

Section Safety in the Science Laboratory Standards Focus ?

Stimuli progress is mule by asking meaningful questions and conducting careful investigations . As a basis lot understanding this and addressing the con tent in the other three strands , students should develop their own questions and perform investigations . Students Will . Select and use appropriate tools and technology ( including cal ( computers . balances , spring scales . microscopes . and binoculars ) to perform tests . collect data . and display data . Why is preparation important when carrying out scientific ! in the lab and in the field ! what should you do an occurs ?

Prone preparation for a canoe trip is . A , Standards Where Is the Safety Equipment in Your School ?

Look around your classroom or school law any equipment . Draw a floor plan of the room or building and clearly label where each item is located . Think It Over Predicting Why it important to know where safety equipment is located ?

You have a favorite summer outdoor activity . Some people enjoy ' or picnicking . the ' I look forward to team sports or ) But what if you wanted to try ! new activity . such as ?

Before ing a new , are several things that you need to do to . For example , before learning how In paddle a canoe , you would need to pass a swimming lust . Then you would need to take a class to learn basic safety rules . such as always wearing life vest .

ne ' INKS . an laboratory safety Web Code haunt 19 Safety in the Lab Conducting careful investigations in the laboratory is important in . It is also important to use and select appropriate tools and techniques to ensure safety . Observing the equipment student has to ensure safety while performing the Lab Safety in the Lab as when you go , yuu Iran to he before you begin any investigation . Good preparation helps you stay safe when doing activities in the laboratory . and glassware are some of the mix will use in lab Do you in use items ?

you do if goes wrung ?

Thinking about these questions ahead ol time is an important purl of being pro . Preparing for the Lab at lab should begin the day you will the lab . it is important to mid th rough the procedure and sun you all the directions . Also . review the general ' guidelines in including thine related In the mils and equipment you will use . If unclear . ask ( i ' about it before you the lab . Why is it Important to know how to use laboratory ' equipment ?

Make sure cords are untangled and out of the way . 349 yourself and your clothes . tram chemicals . I Wear an apron to protect Wear gloves when handling hot oblem . Wear plastic gloves to your skin when handling chemicals .

Performing the Lab you perform science lab . your chief he the safety of yourself . your . and your teacher . most important safety rule is ) follow your instruction . and tho textbook directions exactly . You should newt try on your own without asking your lirst . labs and activities in this textbook series include safety such as those at right . These symbols . you to ( in , lath and you to work . also any equipment that you should use to protect yourself from potential . The arc in detail in App . sun you are familiar with catch ) what it . you can do to nuke your lab sole and include keeping your work area clean and . Also . do not rush through any the steps . Finally . show ( and court to your and ( Tie back tong hair a to keep it away from flames , chemicals , or equipment . Wear safety to protect your eyes from ( splashes . glass . breakage and sharp objects . Keep your wort area clean and . Wear shoes when working in the laboratory ' El El 89 A Safety Symbols Safety lab Apron Breakage Glows Plastic Gloves Heating Flames No Flames Corrosive Poison Sharp An ima I Safety Plant Safety Electric Physical Safety Disposal Hand General Safety Awareness

Firm to Safety in the Field These are some of the items that might come in handy when you are out in the field . concepts What other items might be useful on a to a beach ?

i sense to avoid any potentially dangerous situations . Procedures Your lab work does not end when you reach the last step in the procedure . There are important things you need to do at the end of every lab . When you have completed a lab , be sure to clean up your work area . Turn unplug any equipment and return it to its proper place . It is very important that you dispose of any waste materials properly . Some wastes should not be thrown in the trash or poured down the drain . Follow your teacher instructions about proper disposal . Finally , he sure to wash your hands thoroughly after working in the laboratory . Safety in the Field The laboratory is not the only place where you will conduct investigations . Some investigations will be done in the The held can be any outdoor area . such as a yard , a forest . a park , or a beach . lust as in the laboratory , good preparation helps you stay safe when doing science activities in the . There can be many potential safety hazards outdoors . For example , you could encounter severe weather . wild mals . or poisonous plants . Advance planning may help you avoid some potential hazards . For example . you can listen to the weather Forecast and plan your trip accordingly . Other ards may be impossible to anticipate . Whenever you do work . always tell an adult where you will be . Never carry out a held investigation alone . Ask an adult or a to accompany you . Dress appropriately for the weather and other conditions you will encounter . Use common

In Case of an Accident Good preparation and careful work habits can go a long way toward making your lab experiences safe ones . But . at some point . an accident may occur . A classmate might accidentally knock over at beaker or a ' might spill on your sleeve . Would you know what In do ?

When any accident occurs , no matter how minor . notify your teacher immediately . Then , listen to your directions and carry them out quickly . Make sure you know the location and St In case ot Emergency ALWAYS TEACHER Cover cuts with a clean direct pressure to the wound proper use of all the emergency equipment in your to stop bleeding . lab mom . Knowing safety and procedures beforehand will prepare you to handle accidents Flush the skin with I properly . Figure lists some procedures 99 of water , i you should know . Flush the eye with large dancing what should you do when an i amounts of ?

EV ! Seek medical mun 21 These tips can help guide your actions during emergency situations . Remember , always notify your teacher immediately if an accident . no Vocabulary Skill Academic Words Explain the meaning ( Ill the word in the following sentence Follow lab safety rules so that an accident does not . Reviewing Key Concepts a . Listing list two things you do ahead of time to prepare for a lab . Summarizing the key steps you should take to ensure that you can perform science lab safely . Making Whyis it more diflicult to prepare for a lab activity in the field than for one in a laboratory ?

I . Reviewing Suppose during a lab activity you get it cut and start to bleed . What is the first thing you should do ?

Outline in order the next steps you lake to deal with your injury . Making Judgments Some people feel that most accidents can be prevented with proper preparation and sale . Do you agree or disagree with this viewpoint ?

Explain your reasoning . Writing in Science safety rules in Appendix A to post In your lab . Be sure to include the safety symbol . clear directions . and additional Illustrations . 37 Chapter imam Study Guide Sunlight provides energy lot many on Earth Ihn men the land , air . water , and living things . What Is Science ?

Key Concepts . use . inferring , and pred rug . to many which sci study the natural bawd un they gather . I Unlike theory . an . in , but doc nut provide an for it . Key Terms . experiment inferring Variable Studying Earth Key Concepts . Th Earth ) four park . or the atmosphere . and . As at ( ul energy for on Earth . the sun ( an he ( I part all he Earth system . I he place to plate by . hy , or by heat . Thu of Earth in book geology . Key Terms I wave heat thermal 380 ' Exploring Earth Surface Key . Thu ol an area includes the arm ' and , I ME mam types ul . and Maps are In scale and use symbols In and ull . Th ul and run map form at grid that can bu used to find on Earth . Key Terms topography map ' degree plain longitude Topographic Maps Key Concepts ! use lines to represent . and slope topographic map ) To a map . yuu must yourself with the ' a scale and and Ill . Key Terms map contour index ( Safety the Science Laboratory Key Concepts , mud helps ' stay ale doing in . and in he . When any occurs . matter how . your ' tu your and carry them out quickly .

Go me PI . um For Visit i ( am Web Code qa Review and Assessment ) Reading Skill Preview Text ( at graphic ' headings in . Section Exploring Earth surface I Question Vvhat is topography ?

Heading Topography types of Landforms Earth Grid Reviewing Key Terms Choose the 01 the best . Complete the following sentences so that . It you on your ' Phi he ' MINT , 41 . A controlled hypothesis . I mu ' law . I is partly up in the land . A ( explanation lot a act mu ! which is . i ) In , i . inc oi is the . theory . i ' in straight I . prediction . line from em to west . it would change its hypothesis . longitude . which is . Tin of energy from the sun tu is ' di Phi ' the of by limit ' Ui ) A that ! has high but In SCIENCE surface is plain . Advertisement . suppose you are ?

I manufacturer of topographic maps . Write an ' advertisement that describes as many uses for your maps as you can think of . i ) Li ( or sun ! is . a . mic . longitude . contour interval . i . On ( shown using ! fifth ! a . lines of longitude . prune . contour lines 639

Review and Assessment Checking Concepts in ( at be as true ! i ' mic lest ?

13 . is ?

14 the mic of the vai ' in 15 . What are three ways in scientists . ideas ?

16 . do iii , tin ?

17 . What is ( of processes in . and 18 . the at with that ( ii ail interior plain . 19 . What are you should do you Lib ?

I 20 . Applying Concepts ( is , must at . do to ' the data ) the ?

king Critically 21 Predicting in the . and a . How could this in lead In ! clung iii the ?

Inferring ( is located at 57 , What ) is it in ?

23 Applying Concepts nich he more to show a shallow , in the at ur it contour interval ?

14 . Interpreting Graphics if you saw the ) the of ! procedure . what steps would you need to take ?

400 Math 25 . Scale and Ratios Earth ( is about ) globe has Al iii . write the globes scale ratio . What ?

Applying Skills Use the graph to answer Questions . A ! trai ' i vi ( mid i the data III the , Lava Flow ( 26 . Reading Graphs Whit is plotted each axis ?

27 . Interpreting Data ' a same distance every minute ?

28 . i ' how far the lava will and fa ! Investigation Assessment the class . What scale did you use ?

What did you in the and of your site ?

How did you than nit ) Dries give others a clear of the topography oi the Lind ?

Choose the letter of the best . I . What would a scientist usually do after conducting it controlled experiment ?

A interpret the data from the experiment I the results ofthe experiment draw at conclusion and . if needed . revise the hypothesis all of the above . In which of the following is energy transferred moving from place to place ?

A ocean waves I sunlight wind waves . Which of the following is NOT a process for which the sun provides energy ?

A a volcanic eruption I the water cycle winds ocean currents . In an experiment , the variable that the scientist changes is called the A responding variable . I . manipulated variable . controlled variable . Which phrase provides the best of relief ?

A the elevation of the lowest point in an area the sum of the highest and lowest points in an area the elevation ofthe highest point in an area the difference in elevation between the highest and lowest points in an area . fan accident occurs in at science laboratory . the first thing you should do is A determine the cause of the accident . notify your teacher . locate the kit . put a bandage on the affected area . Standards Practice ' at use the map below and your knowledge of science to answer Questions and . I interval 15 meters . A topographic shows the shape or relief of the land along given line . Along line on the map . which of the following would the most closely resemble ?

What is the elevation of the point marked on the map ?

A meters meters I . 85 meters meters . On a map . what is the height above sea level of point on Earth surface called ?

A topography I relief latitude 10 . Choose one of the lithosphere . hydrosphere . or biosphere . Describe how you think the sun energy affects that part of the Earth system . Then explain how a change in that part of the system might affect one of the other pans . on