Focus on California 8th Grade Physical Science Textbook Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry

Chapter Carbon Chemistry Aj Preview ! I man than Ill ) at mam Int and a distinct . Al ol In ( one or more ol Ilia . At a bun ing this Students know atoms and molecules by bUl up ( Ing patterns , as the ture of or polymers ul underlie the of systems . As I busts lor , of its ability to combine in many ways with and other elements , has a role in the ol frying organisms students know that living organisms are made al largely of carbon hydrogen . gen , oxygen , and sU ' that have many different kinds of , small ones , Sud ! as water and salt , and very large ones . as . hits . pro and DNA progress made try asking questions mil ( As a basis lor tenant and addressing the mutant in the other ! strands , students should develop their own Ind perform . Students will between ' and parameters on ! arm all things ( out . in mutton . 286

lama ! school Carbon Chemistry , on the BIG . Why does carbon have a central role in the chemistry of living organisms ?

Check What You Know Natural gas contains mostly methane ( a compound made of carbon and hydrogen . When methane burns , is energy absorbed or released ?

How do you know ?

Chapter 237 The images shown hen represent some of the key terms in this chapter . You can use this vocabulary skill to help you understand the meaning of some key terms in this chapter . Use Clues to Determine Meaning Science textbooks often contain unfamiliar words . when you are reading , use du es to figure out what these words mean First . look for clues in the word itself . Then look at the surrounding words , sentences . and paragraphs . Look at the clues to determine the meaning of in the following paragraph . In scientists made another form of , i , i , is , the A is word hollow or . Only a few nanometers wide in , nanotubes are tiny , light , and extremely sting . also are conductors . Additional Apply It ! Review the the meaning of . Then answer the following questions . Information helps you understand ! I

Chapter Vocabulary Section lax diamond Section Iraq hydrocarbon structural isomer saturated hydrocarbon unsaturated hydrocarbon hydrocarbon group alcohol and carboxyl group polymer Section met plastic ammo acid composite Section new carbohydrate glucose complex carbohydrate starch cellulose fally and cholesterol nuclei and DNA RNA Build Science Vocabulary Visit ( Web Code 239

I to Reade Jen leading Skill an . I Compare and Contrast texts often make ( When you compare and contrast , examine the and between . When you are comparing two , you can use a Venn Follow these steps to set up a Venn Draw two and label the two compared . the the ( enter , where the overlap . the in the parts of the males . In this chapter , you learn about four terms of the element ( Look at the Venn diagram below comparing two and . Graphite Diamond Atoms arranged Atom arranged In Hat layers Apply It ! the Venn and answer the . What are being compared In the ?

In what way are and ?

In your . and add to the Venn above after you read read Search , recite a Venn ( types of Check Out the Fine Print All the loads you eat and drink urban compounds , In this investigation , you will look closely at the labels on food packages to carbon compounds . Your Goal To carbon ( found In different foods To the you must at least a dozen labels lists ! ingredients and facts Identify the carbon compounds listed , as well as substances that do not contain carbon Interpret the nutrition facts on labels to compare amounts of substances each food ( in foods Into the ol polymers round in things Plan It ! with your about what kinds of packaged foods you wan na examine After your teacher approves your plan , start and studying food labels .

students know that carbon , because of its ability to in many ways with itself and other elements . has a central role In the of living organisms Why does carbon play a central role in the or living organisms ?

What are ( our ! pure carbon ?

Key Terms I diamond I I nanotube Uses of Carbon This colorized photo shows the tip of a dentist drill ( yellow ) the tip is made of diamond and is strong enough to bore into a tooth ( blue ) 292 Properties of Carbon Why Do Pencils Write ?

Tear paper into two pieces about by . Rub the two pieces back and forth between your fingers . I . Now rub pencil lead ( graphite ) on one side of each piece or paper . Try to get as much graphite as possible on the paper . Rub together the two sides covered with graphite . When you are finished wash your hands . think It Over Observing Did you notice a difference between what you observed in Step and what you observed in Step 17 How could the property ol graphite that you observed be useful for purposes other than writing ?

Open your mouth and my , you ' at ity . Do you know what ?

Your needs ii ing . But first the drill clears the part of your tooth . Why is it dentist drill hard enough and sharp enough to through teeth ?

The has to do with the bon . The tip of the drill is covered with diamond chips . mond is Al and the ( on Earth , the drill tip is made ul . il drill sharp and useful . To understand why is such hard substance . you need to lake close look at the i atom and the bonds it forms .

Bane Carbon Atoms and Bonding Carbon atoms and the bonds between them can be modeled In several ways . Electrons are shown as I cloud of negative . Dots valence electrons . The pair of dots represents one bond . Electron not Diagram Carbon Atoms and Bonding Recall that the atomic number of carbon is , which means that the nucleus of carbon atom contains protons . Surrounding the nucleus are electrons . Of these electrons , four are valence electrons available for bonding . As you have . a chemical bond is the force that holds two atoms together . A bond between two atoms results from changes involving the atoms valence electrons . Atoms gain . lose . or share valence electrons in a way that makes the atoms more stable . A carbon atom can share its valence electrons with other atoms , forming covalent bonds . Figure shows ways that covalent bonds between atoms may be represented . Because of its unique ability to combine in manyways with itself and other elements . carbon has role in the chemistry of living organisms . With four valence electrons . each carbon atom is able to form four bonds . So . it is possible to form molecules made of thousands of carbon atoms . By comparison , hydrogen . oxygen . and nitrogen can form only one . two or three bands , respectively , and can not form such long chains . As you can see in Figure it is possible to arrange the same number of carbon atoms in different ways . Carbon atoms can form straight chains . and rings . Random what happens to I carbon zoom valence electrons when It bonds to other A dash represents one bond . A stick can also represent one bond . lat ! and Stick Model I I I I I I chain Arrangements of Carbon Atoms Carbon chains and rings form the backbones for molecules that may contain other atoms . om

Forms of Pure Carbon Pure carbon exists in the form of diamond , graphite . and nanotubes , The properties of each term result from the unique repeating pattern at its carbon atoms Interpreting Diagrams Which form of carbon has a crystal structure ?

2940 Crystal Structure of Diamond The carbon atoms in a diamond are arranged in a crystal structure . layered Structure at Graphite The carbon atoms in graphite are arranged in layers . The dashed lines show the weak bonds between the layers . Forms of Pure Carbon Because of the ways that carbon forms bonds . the pure element can exist in ( Diamond , graphite , and are four forms of the element carbon . Diamond At very high temperatures and pressures . carbon atoms can form diamonds . Diamond is at crystalline form of in which each atom is bonded strongly to four other carbon atoms . The result is El solid that is extremely hard and nonreactive . The melting point of diamond is more than hot as the surface temperatures of some stars . Diamonds are prim for their brilliance and clarity when cut as . lndustrial are to diamonds . but these diamonds are not considered beautiful enough to use as gents . Both natural and diamonds are used in industry . Diamonds work well in cutting tools . such as drills . Graphite Another form ofthe clement carbon is graphite . In , each carbon atom is bonded tightly to three other carbon atoms in layers . the bonds between atoms in different layers are very weak . so the layers slide past one another easily . The in a lead pencil is mostly graphite . If you run your lingers over pencil marks . you can feel how slippery graphite is . Because it is so slippery , graphite makes an excellent lubricant in . Graphite reduces friction between the moving parts . your home . you might use a graphite spray to help a key work better in at sticky lock . Why diamond such I hard and nonreactive substance ?

i Target Reading Skill Compare and Contrast ( Reviewing Key Concepts IE El Structure of a The carbon atoms in a fullerene form I sphere that resembles a geodesic dame . and made a form of carbon . It consists of carbon atoms arranged in the shape of a hollow sphere . This form of carbon was named a full renc ( ur ) fur the Fuller . who designed buildings called geodesic domes . type of has been nicknamed . In . yet another form of carbon was tube . In a , carbon atoms are arranged in the shape uf a long , hollow like a sheet of graphite rolled into a tube . Only a few wide in diameter . nanotubes are tiny . light . and extremely strong . am also good conductors of electricity and heat . Scientists are for ways to use the unique properties of and . For example . chemists arc ing how and nanotubes may be used to deliver molecules into cells . Nanotubes may also be used as in devices and as cables . Assessment Section yum Venn diagram comparing diamond and graphite . What other did you add ?

Identifying How many bands can II . Describing Describe the bonds in graphite . Relating ( and Effect How do the in carbon bonds explain why graphite and diamonds have properties ! Writing in Science ol a The carbon atoms In a nanotube are arranged in a cylinder Go Online For Carbon Bonding activity Visit ( Web Code ( 1041 . Reading . wilting carbon atom form ?

Draw electron dot diagrams for . Explaining Why is carbon unique among urban chain and I branched chain . the elements ?

explanation of whatyou . listing List the forms of pure carbon show how tha carbons on bonded . chapter a 295 909 LIFO Focus Students know atoms and molecules solids by building un repeating patterns , such as the crystal structure of or 0000 chain polymers . Students , because at its to combine in many ways with and other elements . has a central role in the chemistry of living organisms What are some similar properties shared by organic ( What are some properties of hydrocarbons ?

What kind at structures and Carbon Compounds bonding do hydrocarbons have ?

Whit 379 SOME ( substituted hydrocarbons . and polymers ! Key Terms I organic compound I hydrocarbon I formula hydrocarbon unsaturated hydrocarbon I isomer I substituted hydrocarbon I hydroxyl group I alcohol ' saturated I acid I ( group I ester I polymer I monomer 296 Standards What Do You Smell ?

Your teacher provide you with some containers . Wave your hand toward your nose over the top at each container . Try to identify each of the odors . After you record what you think is in each container , compare your guesses to the actual substance . Think It Over Developing Hypotheses Develop a hypothesis to explain the differences between the smell of one substance and another . imagine that you arr heading out for a day of shopping . Your first purchase is cotton shirt . Then you go to the drug store . where you buy 21 bottle and a pad of writing paper . Your next stop is a store . There . you buy propane fuel for your camping stove . Your final stop is the grocery store , where you buy olive nil . and . What do all oi these purchases have in common ?

They all are made oi carbon compounds . Carbon alums act as the backbone or skeleton for the molecules of these . on pounds include gases ( such as propane ) liquid ( such as olive oil ) and solids ( such as cotton Mixtures are Found in . paper . and shampoo . in fact . more titan 90 percent known contain carbon . FIGURE Carbon Everywhere Eyen during a simple shopping . you likely many ?

carbon compounds . to gob ?

Carbon is a part of your daily life .

FIGURE where ank ( om minds , Am 50 ?

Part of Living These three lists represent only 95 a few of the places where ( can be found . Organic compounds Blood are in all living things . in from living things . and in um materials , Skin Organic Compounds ( compounds are so numerous that they arr given a name . some , compounds that contain carbon are called compounds . This term is because scientists once thought that organic compounds could be produced only by living things . The word organic means of living thingy ) Today . scientists know that organic Compounds also can he found in made from living things and in produced ) in laboratories and factories . compounds are pan of the solid matter of every on Earth . arc part of products that arc from . such as paper from the wood of truss . Plastics . fuels . solutions . and ( products also contain organic . The for most manufactured organic compounds come from . or crude oil . Many organic compounds have similar properties in terms of melting points , boiling points . odor , electrical conductivity . and solubility . Many ' compounds have low melting points and low boiling points . As a arc liquids or at room temperature . Organic liquids generally have strong odors . They also do not conduct electric Many organic compounds do not in . You may hi ! oil . which is a mixture of organic pounds . form it separate layer in a of salad . What is an organic compound ?

From Living Things Wool Wood Paper gas Produced Gasoline Fleece Shampoo Cosmetics 297 Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons contain only the elements carbon and hydrogen . From the fuel that beats the air in balloons ( to multicolored oil slicks ( right ) hydrocarbons are all around you . Making Generalizations What of hydrocarbons do the balloon and oil slick demonstrate ?

298 Hydrocarbons Scientists classify organic compounds into . The simplest organic compounds are the hydrocarbons . A hun ) is a compound that only the carbon and hydrogen . You might recognize . main gas in natural gas . is used to liver ! Pro pane is used in portable stoves and gas grills and to provide heal for balloons . Butane is the fuel in ! is a mixture of ' ons . Properties of Hydrocarbons Have you ever been at a gas station after a rainstorm ?

If so . you may have noticed a thin film of gasoline or oil on a puddle . like the one in Figure . like many other organic compounds , hydrocarbons mix poorly with water . Also . all hydrocarbons are . Being means that they burn easily . When hydrocarbons burn . a great deal of . For this reason , they are used as fuel for stoves . heaters , airs . and airplanes . Chemical Formulas of Hydrocarbons differ in of carbon and atoms in each molecule . You can write at chemical to show how atoms of each clement makes up a of a . Recall that chemical formula includes the cal of the in compound . For molecular pounds . a formula also the number of of each in molecule .

The simplest hydrocarbon is methane . chemical formula is . The number indicates the number atoms ( that the is a subscript . are written lower and smaller than the letter symbols of the elements . The bol for carbon ( in the formula is written without a subscript . This means that there is one carbon atom in the molecule . A hydrocarbon with two carbon atoms is ethane ( An ethane molecule is made of two carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms . A hydrocarbon with three carbon atoms is propane ( Structure of Hydrocarbons The properties of hydrocarbon compounds are related to the compounds structure The carbon chains in a bon may be straight . branched . or . If a bon has two or more carbon atoms , the atoms can form a single line . that is . a straight chain . In hydrocarbons with four or more carbon atoms . it is possible to have branched ments of the carbon atoms as well as straight chains . Structural Formulas To show how atoms are arranged in the molecules of a compound . chemists use a structural mula . A formula shows the kind , number , and arrangement of atoms in a molecule . shows the structural formulas for molecules of methane . and propane . Each dash ) represents a bond . In methane . each carbon atom is bonded to four gen atoms . In ethane and propane , each carbon atom is bonded to at least one carbon atom as well as to hydrogen atoms . As you look at structural formulas , notice that every carbon atom forms four bonds . Every hydrogen atom forms one bond . There are never any dangling bonds . In other words . both ends of a dash are always connected to something . what Is I structural formula ?

Methane . Ethane , i ' i ?

Dry or Wet ?

Petroleum jelly is from hydrocarbons . Carefully coat one of your fingers in petroleum jelly . Dip that finger in water . Also dip a finger on your other hand in water . Inspect the two , and note how they feel . I . Use a paper towel to remove the petroleum jelly . and then wash your hands thoroughly . Inferring Compare how your two fingers looked and felt in Steps and . What property of hydrocarbons does this activity demonstrate ?

Flaunt I Structural Formulas Each carbon atom in these structural is surrounded by four dashes representing four bonds . Interpreting Diagrams In propane , how many hydrogen atoms is each carbon bonded to ?

Propane , Input ! on ! Math Statistic . Data Analysis . and Probability A ' I Points Boiling Points of Hydrocarbons The graph shows the boiling points of several hydrocarbons . Use the graph to answer the following questions . Reading Graphs Where is on the graph ?

interpreting Data What is the approximate boiling point of He ! Cell ?

calculating What is the temperature difference between the boiling points of ( and , Drawing Conclusions At room temperature ( about 22 ( which of the hydrocarbons are . gases ?

How can you tell ?

of Temperature ( the chemical formula of butane ( This does not how the atoms are in the molecule . In fact , there are two ways to arrange the carbon in , These two arrangements are shown in Figure . that have the same chemical formula but structural formulas are called ( soh ) Each is a substance with its own char properties . butane Notice in Figure that molecule isomer . butane . ill iii ili is chain . A molecule other , isobutane . is branched chain . Both molecules have carbon atoms and ' 10 hydrogen atoms , but the atoms are in the two molecules . And these two compounds have diFferent properties . For example . butane and have melting points and boiling points . Isobutane , a I I I , butane and isobutane . I I Applying Concepts isomer is a chain ?

Double Bonds and Triple Bonds 50 tar in this suction , structural have shown only single bonds between any two carbon atoms ( dash means a bond . In addition to forming a single bond . two carbon atoms can form a double bond or a triple bond . atom can also form it or band with an atom . represent 11 double bond with double dash ( I ) A triple bond is indicated triple ( IE ( Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons A can he according to the types of hands between its atoms . If there are only single bonds . it has the mum un its chain . Them arc called saturated hydrocarbons . Yuu can think ul catch atom at , or up . with . with double or triple have atoms for each than saturated ' arc unsaturated hydrocarbons . that thu of . ethane . and butane with the ' In , il chain ( hon with a name ending in ' is . while A with name ending in or is . The with hand is ( fruits produce ethane gas . gas helps the fruit to ripen . The simplest with one triple hand is ( which it known . Acetylene arc used in welding . i What is the between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons ?

Ethane . Classifying Determine whether each of the hydrocarbons contains single , double . or triple bonds ?

Hint Remember that carbon forms four bonds and hydrogen forms one band . HID Flaunt 10 Hydrocarbons Ethene gas ( which causes fruits such as apples to ripen , has one double bond . the fuel in welding torches . has one triple bond Acetylene ( Ethyne ) 301

For Links on carbon compounds Visit Welt Code 11 Alcohol Methanol is used tor an airplane in cold weather . What makes methanol a substituted Substituted Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen . But carbon can stable bonds with several other elements . including oxygen . nitrogen . sulfur . and members of the halogen family . If just one atom of another element is substituted for a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon . compound is created . In a hydrocarbon . atoms of other elements replace one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon . hydrocarbons include compounds . alcohols , and organic acids . Compounds In some substituted hydrocarbons . one or more halogen atoms replace hydrogen atoms . Recall that the halogen family includes . rine . bromine . and iodine . One compound , Freon ( was widely used as a ing liquid in refrigerators and air conditioners . When Freon was found to damage the environment . its use was banned in the United States . However , a very hazardous compound that contains halogens . is still used in solutions . it can cause severe health problems . Alcohols The group can also substitute for hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon . Each , made of an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom , is called a hydroxyl group ( hy il ) An alcohol is a substituted hydrocarbon that contains one or more hydroxyl groups . Most alcohols dissolve well in water . They also have higher boiling points than hydrocarbons with a similar number of carbons . the alcohol methanol ( is a liquid at room temperature . while the carbon methane ( is a gas . Methanol . which is extremely toxic . is used to make plastics and synthetic . it is also used in solutions that remove ice from airplanes . Methanol , OH

When a group is substituted for one hydrogen atom in ethane . the resulting is ethanol . is produced naturally by the action ol yeast or bacteria on the sugar stored in corn . wheat , and barley . is good solvent for many compounds that do not dissolve in water . It is also added In gasoline to make car engines called . is used in and is found in alcoholic beverages . The ethanol used industrial is unsafe to drink , such as methanol have been added . The resulting poisonous is called denatured alcohol . Organic Acids . oranges . and grapefruits taste a lit tle tart or sour , du they ?

The sour taste of many fruits comes from citric acid . an organic acid . An organic acid is it that contains one more groups . ii ) is written . You can organic acids in many foods . Acetic acid ) is the main ingredient of vinegar . acid is found in apples . Butyric acid butter rancid when it goes bad . Stinging nettle ' maki tin mic acid compound that the slinging feeling . The pain from ant bites also writes from formic acid . you have eaten candy . then you are with the smell of an ester . An ester is made by cally combining an alcohol and an organic acid . have pleasant , fruity smells . are ' for the smells of , and apples . if you did the . activity . you eater . Other are ingredients in meditations . including aspirin and the local anesthetic used by dentists . acid 12 Organic Add Formic aid is the simplest acid . It is the acid ed by arm and is responsible lot the pain caused by an ant bite . FIGURE 13 Strawberries contain , which give them a pleasant and so

. i Freon Polymers ?

A very large molecule made of a chain of many smaller This ( ham of plastic heads is ' like a , molecules bonded together is called a polymer ( Mitt ih mur . The individual bad The smaller molecules are called ( uh mun . The pul ) means many , and the means toget or to ur a po . IA , Comparing and am . Organic compounds . such as alcohols , and How do po , amt , others . can be together to build polymers with ?

sands or even millions of . Some polymers are made by living things . For example , sheep grow coats of wool . come from the seed pads of cotton plants . And make silk . Other . called synthetic polymers , are made in factories . If you are wearing clothing made from polyester or nylon . you are wearing a synthetic polymer . Any plastic item you use is most certainly made of synthetic polymers . Ind ! What Is a monomer ?

Assessment Target Reading Compare and Contrast Problem Solving formula for Create a Venn diagram comparing and a called butene . In terms . unsaturated hydrocarbons . How are they similar ?

how does differ from butane ?

How are they different ?

What is substituted hydrocarbon ?

Classifying What kind of substituted Reviewing Key Concepts a . Listing Lia ! properties common to many compounds . Applying concepts You are given two solid materials . one that is organic and one that is not organic . Describe three text you could perform to help you decide which is which . Identifying What are some . in , Mix it up You ( an make a simple salad Computing and Contrasting How are ' hydrocarbons similar ?

How are they different ?

a ' a ' le a . Reviewing What arr three kinds of carbon ?

a ii chains found in ?

Ad , and ' Describing the chemical and ' and ' structural formulas of butane and isobutane . fa ' Goo hydrocarbons react In form an ester ?

Drawing hat do you think the term refers to ?

How Many Molecules ?

Problem In this lab you will use gumdrops to represent atoms and to represent bonds . How many different ways can you put the same num ber of carbon atoms together ?

Skills Focus making models Materials multicolored other materials supplied by your teacher Procedure . You will need gumdrops of one color to sent carbon atoms and gumdrops of another color to represent hydrogen atoms . When building your models , always follow these rules Each carbon atom forms four bonds . Each hydrogen atom forms one bond . CAUTION Do not eat any of the food substances in this experiment . Make a model of . methane ) Now make a model of ( ethane ) Make a model of ( propane ) Is there more than one way to arrange the atoms in propane ?

Hint Are there any branches in the carbon chain or are all the carbon atoms In one line ?

Now make a model of ( butane ) in which all the carbon atoms are in one line . Make a second model of butane with a branched chain . Compare the model with the model of butane . Are there other ways to arrange the atoms ?

Predict how many different structures can be formed from ( SH , pentane ) Test your prediction by building as many ferent models of pentane as you can . Analyze and Conclude . Making Models Did any of your models have a hydrogen atom between two carbon atoms ?

Why or why not ?

Observing How does a branched chain differ from a straight chain ?

Drawing Conclusions How many different structures have the formula ?

Use diagrams to explain your answers . Predicting If you bend a straight chain of carbons . do you make a different structure ?

Why or why not ?

Communicating Compare the information you can get from models to the information you can get from formulas like ( SH How does using models help you understand the structure of a molecule ?

More to Explore Use a third color of gumdrops to model an gen atom . An oxygen atom forms two bonds . Use the rules I this lab to model as many different structures for the formula , as possible . chapters Section tech Design Polymers and Composites What Did You Make ?

Look at a sample of bore solution and write down the properties you observe . Do the same with white glue . Put about tablespoons of borax solution into a paper cup . Stir the solution as you add about tablespoon of white glue . After minutes . record the properties of the material in the cup . Wash your hands when you are finished . It Over Observing What evidence of a chemical reaction did you observe ?

How did the materials change ?

What do you think you made ?

Standards Focus Students know atoms and molecules form solids by building up repeating patterns . such as the crystal structure ot Na ( I or chain polymers . Students know that carbon , because of its ability to combine ' many ways with itself and other elements . has a central role in the chemistry of living organisms How do polymers form ?

What are composites made oi ?

How can you help reduce the amount of plastic waste ?

Delectable foods and many other interesting Terms , round you every day . Have you ever wondered what makes up . amino these foods and materials ?

You might be surprised to learn that plastic many are partly or wholly polymers . Recall that a polymer is a ' composite large , complex molecule built from smaller molecules joined together in a repeating pattern . The starches in pancakes and the proteins in meats and eggs are natural polymers . Many other polymers . however . are manufactured or synthetic . synthetic polymers include plastics and polyester and nylon clothing . Whether synthetic or natural , most polymers rely on the element carbon for their fundamental structures . 15 . The clothing . boots . goggles . and helmet worn by this climber are all made of polymers .

Forming Polymers Food materials , living things , and plastic have something in common . All are made of organic compounds . Organic pounds consist of molecules that contain carbon atoms bonded to each other and to other kinds of atoms . Carbon is present in several million known compounds , and more organic pounds am being discovered or invented every day . Carbon Chains and Rings Carbon unique ability to form so many compounds comes from two properties . First . carbon atoms can form four covalent bonds Second . as you have learned , carbon atoms can bond to each other in straight and branched chains and groups . These structures form the backbones to which other atoms attach . Hydrogen is the most common element found in pounds with carbon . Other elements include oxygen . nitrogen , phosphorus , sulfur , and the chlorine . Carbon Compounds and Polymers Molecules of some organic compounds can bond together . forming larger , such as polymers . Recall that the smaller molecules from which polymers are built are called . Polymers form when chemical bonds link large numbers of in a repelling pattern . A polymer may consist of hundreds or even thousands of . in organic polymers . carbon . hydrogen . nitrogen , and in some cases oxygen atoms combine to form long . repetitive . molecules . Many polymers of a single kind of monomer that repeats over and over again . You could think of these as linked like the identical cars ofa long passenger train . In other cases , two or three may join in an alternating pattern . Sometimes links between monomer chains occur . forming large webs or netlike molecules The chemical properties of at polymer depend on the from which it is made . Polymers like chains made of mile , Polymer made of one kind of monomer diflerent paper clips . polymers can form from similar or different kinds of . Polymer made of two kinds of Chapter ! 0307

From 17 Natural Polymers Cellulose , the proteins in snake venom . and sill are three examples of natural polymers A the cellulose in fruits and vegetables serves as dietary fiber that keeps the human digestive system healthy . A Snake venom is a mixture containing approximately 90 percent proteins . Calculating Sit or stand where you have a clear view of the room you are in . Slowly sweep the room with your eyes , making a list of the objects you see . Do the same sweep of the clothes you are wearing . check off those items on your list made ( completely or partly ) of natural or synthetic polymers . calculate the percent of items that were not made with polymers . A spider web is a silken polymer that is one of the strongest materials known . Polymers and Composites Polymers have been around as long as life on Earth . Plants , ani mals , and other living things produce many natural materials made of large polymer molecules . Natural Polymers Cellulose ( is a flexible but strong natural polymer found in the cell walls of fruits and vegetables . Cellulose is made in plants when sugar molecules are joined into long strands . Humans can not digest cellulose . But plants also make digestible polymers called starches . formed ( sugar molecules that are connected in a different way . Starches are found in pastas . breads , and many vegetables . You can wear polymers made by animals . Silk is made from the of the cocoons spun by silkworm Wool is made from fur . These polymers can be woven into thread and cloth . Your own body makes polymers , too . For example . your nails and muscles are made of polymers called proteins . Within your body . proteins are formed from smaller molecules called amino acids . An amino acid is a monomer that is a building block of proteins . The properties protein depend on which amino acids are used and in what order . One combination builds the protein that forms your ting another combination . the protein that carries oxygen in your blood

Synthetic Polymers Many polymers you use every day are . simpler materials . The starting materials for many synthetic polymers come from coal or oil . Plastics . which are synthetic polymers that can be molded or shaped . are the most common products . But there are many others . Carpets . clothing . glue , and even chewing gum can be made of synthetic polymers . Figure lists just a few of the hundreds of polymers people use . Although the names seem like tongue twisters . see how many you recognize . You may be able to identify some polymers by their initials primed on the bottoms of plastic bottles . Compare the uses oi polymers shown in the with their . Notice that many products require materials that are . yet strung . Others must be hard or lightweight . When chemical engineers develop a new product , they have to think about how it will be used . Then they synthesize a polymer with properties to match . What an planks ?

Some Polymers You Use Uses Flexible . soft . polyethylene ( melts ' The properties at I . Stronger than Detergent bottles . gas ma ! EM 53 polyethylene ( cans . toys . jugs starting materials for many objects . Applying Concepts Polypropylene ( Hard , keeps its shape Toys , ear parts . bottle caps whim , polymer would you use to make a ( over for a Polyvinyl ( we ) Tough , flexible , Foam drinking ( ups , Polystyrene ( am Insulation , furniture , peanut packing material Strong can be Nylon drawn into flexible ' Head line . fabric Nonreactive . Nonstick coating for ( low friction cooking pans chapter om

Comparing Polymers Synthetic polymers are often used in place of natural materials that are too expensive or wear out too quickly , Polyester and nylon fabrics . for example . are used instead of wool , silk . and cotton to make clothes . Laminated countertops and vinyl floors replace wood in many kitchens . Other synthetic polymers have uses for which there is no suitable natural material . Compact discs . computer parts , heart valves . and even bicycle tires ould exist out synthetic polymers . Composites Every substance has its desirable and able properties . What would happen could take the best properties of two substances and put them together ?

A composite combines two or more substances in a new material . with properties . The Development of Polymers The synthetic polymers were made by changing natural in some way . later , crude oil and coal beam the ing Now . new polymers are designed regularly in laboratories 310 Tech Design in History 1369 Celluloid Made using cellulose , celluloid beanie I substitute for Ivory in billiard balls and tombs and brushes . It was later used to make . Detour celluloid Is very flammable . other have replaced it for almost all purposes .

By combining the useful ( uf um morn in a . chemists can make new that works . composites include one or more polymers . The idea of putting two materials in gel the of both inspired by the world . arc lo natural . Wood is of lung ul , held together by another plant polymer called lignin . Cellulose are and ca support much weight . is brittle and would ( rack weight ul the true . But the In ' In lion of the two nukes strong tree trunk . Why is wood a composite ! 934 Nylon A giant breakthrough came with a synthetic fiber that imitates silk . Nylon replaced expensive silk In women stockings and fabric tor parachutes and clothing It can also be molded to make objects like buttons , gears . and zippers . 1950 Research and Write Find out more about the invention of one of these polymers . Write a newspaper headline announcing the invention . Then write the first paragraph oi the news report telling howthe invention will change people lives . Polymers Discovered accidentally in . polymers ( are used commercially in products such as audio players and electric shavers with display screens . lEl give off light when exposed to electricity . Newer , more colorful may be useful as monitors for computers . screens , and sized phones . 2050 Chapters 311

mun Composites The composites in the rod above make it flexible so that it will not break when reeling in a . Fiberglass makes the snowboard at right both lightweight and strong . Go . a . For More on polymers Web Code 311 Uses of Composites The idea of combining the properties of two to make a mom useful one has led to many new products . Fiberglass composites are one example . Strands of glass fiber arr woven together and strengthened with a liquid plastic that sets like glue . The a strung . hard solid that call be molded around a form to give it . These composites are lightweight but strong enough to be used as a boat bull or car body . Also . will not rust as metal docs . Many other useful are made from strong mers with lightweight ones . Bicycles . automobiles , and airplanes built from such are much lighter than the same vehicles built from steel or aluminum . Some composites are used to fishing rods . rackets , and other sports equipment that needs to be but strong . What are two examples of composites ?

Recycling Plastics You can hardly look around without seeing something made of synthetic polymers . They have replaced many natural materials for several reasons . Synthetic polymers arc ' to make , strong , and last it long time . But synthetic have ( problems . too . of the disadvantages of using plastics come from the same properties that make them so useful . For example . it is often cheaper to throw plastics away and ' new ones than it is to reuse them . As it result . plastics ' the volume of trash .

One that lam so limit is that must plastics du react very easily with other . As a result , plastics do ni simpler in the . natural do . Some art In last thousands of How do you get rid that lasts that hing ?

You can help reduce the amount of tic waste by recycling . you recycle . you plastics that can be as raw for , new plastic products . has led to industries that create new products dis carded . Bottles . fabrics for clothing , and fur new um arc just of the that can from waste plastics . A soda can even be turned into synthetic wood . around your . You may see park benches or wooden made from plastics . Through . the disposal is and new , useful ili arc i i ' FIGURE 10 Plastics Plastic can be recycled to make many useful products . This boardwalk , for example , is made of Making Judgments What advantages or disadvantages does this material have compared to wood ?

Reading . Assessment Section Vocabulary Use Clues to Determine Meaning the that the ) help you the , oi the ' a . Listing twu ) rtI ( and um ' with the use at ( Explaining What happens to waste plastic Nil ?

when they arc ?

Making Judgments Think it that have used . is there some i ' wuuld he than plastic for this use ?

Reviewing Key Concepts a . Defining What art polymers made int ?

Identifying What carbon to form and ) uther ?

Mi HINT I Interpreting Diagrams two kinds oi polymers in Figure its ?

MIN , a . Reviewing natural ' synthetic pOl ) and . i , Advertisement You are a chemist . You . Classifying Make a of can ' hi 59 ?

in your . them as ' leather . Write an advertisement for your Drawing Conclusions are Why often more useful than the ' which they are made ?

Chapters 313 Technology and Society . Tech . Polyester Fleece Would you go hiking in the Antarctic wearing 21 hunch plastic beverage bottles ?

If you are like most serious hikers , you wuuld . Polyester fleece is at lightweight . warm fabric made from plastic , including recycled soda bottles . The of the fabric is due to its ability to trap and ) is easy lo wash and requires less energy to dry than wool or goose down . It takes about 25 recycled plastic battles to make a polyester fleece jacket Model A simplified model of the used to ( mate polyester fleece is shown here The molecule long . straight chains . Making Polyester Fleece . ur . polymer that med lu , LIll sIL ' The tint in ' creating the raw or ( PET plastic . The is then knit he dyed or printed . It is then and . are And then , to an height . This process ' amount air can hold , keep in ' 314

Properties Polyester Fleece A Fleece Fabric Similar to yarn in a sweater , fleece are knit together to create a stretchy . dense fabric that is soft . A , Dada , lightweight . and durable . bemeen , he 50534 ?

body hen through the . Polyester Fleece and the Environment Making fabric uses water and energy . like other . lining recycled to create polyester saves energy and reduces wastes . One involves the safety in the . The dipping creates dust in All that ) Some that produce are developing that should in the ( Il ' as well and reuse energy and water . Weigh the Impact . Identify the Need What an of polyester to make and ti ?

Research Use the Internet to find that or sell Plastic Bottle home , am polyester made from ( hipped to create . ity granules like those shown here . The granules can be used making polyester ! II ) which form of recycling ( the environment . Write Create lu encourage your ( to plastics . Describe how PET can used to create polyester fleece . Go tum Far More on polyester Visit Web ( ode Chapter 315

Section ( Standards Students know that living organisms are made of molecules consisting largely of carbon . hydro ni oxygen . phosphorus , and sulfur . Students know that living organisms have many different kinds of molecules . including small ones , such as water and salt , and very large ones , such as . fats , proteins , and DNA , What are four classes of organic compounds required by Irving things . and how are they used in the body ?

Why do organisms need water , vitamins , minerals , and salts ?

Key I carbohydrate I glucose I complex carbohydrate I starch I cellulose ' lipid I fatty arid I cholesterol I nucleic acid DNA RNA I nucleotide A bowl of soup contains a variety of nutrients . 316 Integrating Life Science Life With Carbon What Is in Milk ?

Four 30 of milk into a plastic cup . Four another 30 of milk into a second plastic cup . Rinse the graduated cylinder . Measure IS of vinegar and add it to the second cup . Swirl the two liquids together and let the mixture sit for a minute . Set up two funnels with filter paper , each supported in a narrow plastic cup , Filter the milk through the first funnel . Filter the milk and vinegar through the second tunnel . What is left in each filter paper ?

Examine the liquid that passed through each filter paper . Think It Over Observing Where did you see of solids ?

What do you think was the source of these solids ?

Have you ever been told to art all the organic compounds on your plate ?

you how eating a variety of and contributes to good health ?

No one has ever said those things to you ?

Well . maybe what you really heard was something about all the ' on your plate , or a variety of foods to you a healthy ol . proteins , fats . and other nutrients . All these nutrients are organic , which are the building blocks of all living things .

provide organic compounds . which the cells of liv ing things use . change . or . The four classes of organic compounds required by living things are carbohydrates , proteins , lipids , and nucleic acids . and lipids arc nutrients . units ) are that provide the energy and raw materials the body needs to grow , parla , and function properly . Carbohydrates bolt ' is an compound made of the elements carbon . hydrogen , and oxygen . The word is ' parts and . carbon and combined with water . you water is inside up of the hydrogen and oxygen . then you should be able to remember the three elements in carbohydrates . Simple Carbohydrates The carbohydrates are sug ars . You may be surprised to learn that then an many kinds of sugars . I ha sugar in baking recipes . which you can huy in bag or boxes at the store . is only one kind . Other sugars are found in fruits , milk , and sonic . Um of the most important sugars in your body is glucose . Its chemical formula is ( 130 , Glucose is sometimes called blood sugar because the body glucose to all body parts through blood . The structural formula for , is shown in Figure 21 . sugar that cookies . candies . and many soft drinks is called sucrose . Sucrose is more than glucose and has chemical formula of ( I I ( I Glucose , 21 Carbohydrates The honey made by honeybees , a simple ( Applying Contents What are some other examples of foods that contain carbohydrates ?

Chapters 317 Alphabet Soup Here how you can model the rearrangement of amino acids in your body . Rearrange the letters of the word proteins to make a new word or words . Do worry if the new words do make sense together . Choose three other words with ten or more letters . Repeat the annuity . Making Models What words did you make from proteins ?

What new words did you make from the words you chose ?

How does this activity model the way your body uses proteins in load to make new Hour 22 Cellulose ( found in celery and other vegetables . a drate your body needs . Complex Carbohydrates you can plants or loud products made from plants . you are often eating complex . Each molecule of carbohydrate . or sugar , is relatively to a a can . A complex carbohydrate is a polymer made of mole that arr simple bonded to out another . A result . iust one molecule of complex drate may have of carbon atoms . Two of the carbohydrates ) and cellulose . Starch and cellulose are both polymers built from glucose . but the glucose molecules arc arranged in each case . Having dill that and cellulose are different pounds . They serve different functions in the plants that nuke them . Your body also uses starch wry from way it uses cellulose . Starch Plants energy in the form if the hydrate starch . You can find starches in land such 21 bread . pasta . tire . and potatoes . The process of breaking large . such as starch . into smaller ones involves chemical reactions that occur during . The large foods into individual glucose molecules . The body than breaks apart the glucose molecules . releasing energy in the process . energy released by breaking down starch allows the body to carryout its life functions . Cellulose Plants build strong stems and root with plex cellulose and other polymers . Most fruits and vegetables are high in cellulose . So are funds from whole grains . though body can down . it down cellulose into individual glucose ' ut ' the body can not use as an source . In fact . when you eat foods with cellulose . the through you . this helps keep your digestive tract and healthy . Cellulose is . foods an high in cellulose ?

Proteins the proteins in your suddenly di , would not haw much of a body Your . hair . skin , are all made of proteins ' scales . and the horns of rhinoceros are alto made , Chains of Amino Acids A yuu , arc called . are ( i ) in . arc made ' acids an linked into lung Since can be mad of acids in any order and number . is . The an ' in Figure . Path acid molecule has ( will in the from this part of , amino group , with . is the source the ) half of the name . The remaining part of the fur kind of uninn arid . Food Proteins Become Your Proteins Some ul the bust of protein . eggs , and milk or mill . If yuu did the ) activity , you In separate milk . plant , such as good ul as well . Th body uses proteins from food to build and body parts and to regulate cell activities . But first the must . Just as starch , proteins are down into acids . body ) amino acids into ul ferent can he used . 23 Amino Acids Alanine and serine are two ot the 20 ammo adds in things . Eath amino acid has a ( OOH ) and an ammo group ( Alanine OH ' What on good scum of dietary prawn ?

FIGURE Your body needs proteins , which are available in fish and meat . Drawing ( How are amino acid related to proteins ?

319 Activity Like Oil or Water ?

Oils mix poorly with water . They also do not evaporate very quickly when exposed to air . Obtain a piece of brown paper and some samples of liquids provided by your teacher . Using a dropper , place one drop of liquid from each sample on the paper . Wait minutes . Note which of the liquids leaves a spot . Inferring Which of the liquids is a fat or oil How can you tell ?

Freon 25 Fats and Oils Foods that contain fats and oils include peanut butter , butter . cheese , and olives . Lipids The third class of organic compounds in living things is . Like . lipids are compounds made of carbon , hydrogen . lipids include fats , oils . and . for gram . lipids release twice as much energy in your body as do carbohydrates . like . lipids mix poorly with water . Fats and Oils Have you ever gotten grease on your clothes from foods that contain fats or oils ?

Fats are found in foods such as meat . butter , and cheese . Oils are found in foods such as corn . sunflower seeds , peanuts . and olives . Fats and oils have the same basic structure . Each fat or oil is made from three fatty acids and one alcohol named glycerol . There is one main between fats and oils . however . Fats are usually solid at room temperature , whereas oils an uid . The temperature at which a fat or an oil becomes a liquid depends on the chemical structure of its fatty acid molecules . You may hear fats and oils described as saturated or Like saturated . the fatty acids of saturated fats have no double bonds between carbon atoms . Unsaturated fatty acids are found in oils . Monounsaturated oils have fatty acids with one double bond . Polyunsaturated oils have fatty acids with many double bonds . Saturated fats lend to have higher melting points than oils have . Cholesterol Another important lipid is ( kuh irs tuh . waxy substance found in all animal cells . The body cholesterol to build cell structures and to form that serve as chemical . Unlike other lipids , cholesterol is not a source of energy . The body produces the cholesterol it needs from other nutrients . Foods that come from . eggs . and provide . do not produce cholesterol . Although cholesterol is often found in the same foods as saturated fats . they are compounds . An excess level of cholesterol in the blood can contribute to heart disease . 50 can fats . And saturated fats can the level of cholesterol in the blood . For this reason it is wise to limit your intake of both nutrients . I are sources at cholesterol In the diet ?

26 . I The Of Mock , or Complex carbohydrates . proteins . lipids , proteins are and nucleic acids are all large organic acids . Although molecules . They are built of smaller protein are molecules linked in different patterns . never , each ' What are the chain can twist and building blocks of proteins ?

hem , forming complex dimensional shapes Amino acids Nucleic Acids DNA Is made from four different ( kinds of nucleotides . In each DNA Complex carbohydrates are polymers . WEN ' of simple , Starch and cellulose , both made of , differ In how their molecules are arranged . Each fat or oil molecule is made from one short glycerol molecule and three long fatty acids . Nucleic Acids The fourth class of organic in living things is nucleic acids . Nucleic acids ( noo ik ) are very large organic molecules made up of carbon . oxygen , hydrogen . nitrogen . and phosphorus . There an two types of nucleic and RNA . You have probably heard of DNA . or acid sec ry buh noo . ik ) RNA stands for ribonucleic acid ( ry boh noo ik ) 9321

Vi ( li ' i i wit Carbon Chemistry 27 Vitamins and Minerals Sources at vitamins and minerals include fruits . vegetables . nuts , meats , and dairy products Observing Which of these foods can you identify in the painting ?

322 Nucleotides DNA and RNA . of of ' in nucleic acids are ' nucleotides uh In ' Il the living things , billions of There are tour kinds of in DNA . RNA is also built of only four kinds of nucleotides . but the ( Ull ( iii in . DNA and Proteins Thu uniting living thing on ' in their . tit ) Ni ' a related in . The order ( it , in turn . determine the sequence it in by a living . that proteins ( tell . Living , dit ' from one another ( DNA . and . one ( Ill ' The in ii grow the cells in at lower or in you . When living things reproduce . they pass DNA and the information it carries to the next generation Reading Chan , What are the building blocks of nuclei acids ?

Other Nutrients til ' at carbon . oxygen . up most of birth , or the total inns of living . The that male up arc , nu ) UlL , and li things also ( as ( Organisms require water . vitamins . minerals , and salts to support the functioning of large molecules . Water Yum ' tu ' makes up most of your , including Ki of the liquid part ! and other div iii part ul . blood and carried the built . I ' such its the nutrients . take place in ' in the and tire '

Vitamins Vitamins are organic compounds that serve as helper molecules in a variety of chemical reactions in your body . For example , vitamin , or ascorbic acid . is important for keeping your skin and gums healthy . Vitamin helps your bones and teeth develop and keeps them strong . Minerals Minerals are elements in the form of ions needed by your body . Unlike the other nutrients discussed in this chapter . minerals are not organic compounds . Minerals include calcium . iron . iodine . sodium . and potassium . They are tant in many body processes . Salts Salts are ionic compounds found in your body as solved ions . One important salt is sodium chloride . it supplies sodium ions . which help in the contraction of muscles and in the transmission of messages through nerves . Other salts are vital to such functions as the healthy growth of bones and teeth online or keeping blood balanced . If you eat a variety of foods . you are more likely to get the vitamins . minerals . and salts you ) need . A balanced diet of . vegetables . and sources oi Links on wan compounds , and calcium the nutrients your body uses . What is I vitamin ?

I II . Reading writing Vocabulary Skill Use Clues to Determine . Explaining Why does your body need water Meaning Reread the paragraph on cholesterol to survive ?

under the heading lipids . What clues help you , and How do understand the meaning of the word ?

vitamins and sang differ ?

Reviewing Key Concepts min a . Naming What are the four main classes of organic compounds required In Snell ?

things ?

Classifying To what class of ur ' compounds does each of the following ' belong glucose . RNA . cholesterol . cellulose . and oil ?

what do the ads say Making How is each class ' they of organic used by the ?

Comparing ind Contrasting Compare the it to um um blocks ui complex carbohydrates with those found in proteins . we ' Identifying What nutrients help support the of large molecules in organisms ?

969 323 Are You Getting Your Vitamins ?

Problem Fruit juices contain vitamin , an important nutrient . which juice should you drink to obtain the most vitamin ?

Skills Focus controlling variables . interpreting data , inferring Materials small cups I plastic dropper starch solution I iodine solution vitamin solution samples of beverages ( orangejuice , apple juice , sports drink , drink ) Procedure Vitamin Test . Using a plastic dropper , place 25 drops of tap water into one of the small cups Add drops of starch solution . Add drop of iodine solution to the cup . Iodine solution can stain skin or clothing . Observe the color of the mixture . Save this cup to use ( or comparison in Step . Using afresh dropper , place 25 drops of vitamin solution into another ( up . Add drops of starch solution . Consumer Lab . Add drop of iodine solution to the cup and swirl . Continue adding iodine a drop at a time , swirling after each drop . until you get a dark blue color similar to the color obtained in Step . Record the number oi iodine drops . Save the cup from Step and use it for parison during Part . PART Comparison Test . Make a data table in your notebook similar to the one on the next page . Which beverage sample do you think has the most vitamin ?

which do you think has the least ?

Rank your beverage samples according to your predictions .

. Controlling why did you have to 93151 TIM ! add the same amount of starch to each of Test . Drops of manna Actual ' he , punk . Predicting What would happen if someone ' forgot to add the starch to the beverage before they began adding . Measuring Of the ( our drinks you tested , whith took the most drops of iodine before APP changing color ?

Which took the fewest ?

most vitamin ?

Which had the ieast ?

How do you know ?

Inferring when you tested orange juice , the color of the first few drops of the iodine faded away . What do you think happened to . Adapt the procedure from Part so you can the iodine ?

compare the amount of vitamin In your beverage samples to the vitamin solution . drink i . I . Interpreting Data Which beverage had the . Communicating if a beverage scored low in your test for vitamin does that mean it . Carry out your procedure after your teacher is good for you ?

Write a paragraph in approves . which you explain what other factors might make a beverage nutritious or take away Analyze and Conclude from its nutrient value . Controlling Variables What was the purpose , for the es . of the mixture of starch and Design an Experiment Water in Step 27 Funds are often labeled with expiration dates . Controlling Variables What was the purpose ' a 339 ' 009 50 , he 39 or me mug , and ing . Design an experiment to find out if the , 47 Vitamin content of orange juice changes over time at different temperatures . Obtain your teacher permission before carrying out your investigation . Drawing Conclusions What do you think caused differences between your data from Step and Step ?

a 325 Chapter ' Properties of Carbon Key Concepts uf ability In in with itself and other elements , carbon a central role in the . and ) are out forms of the . Key terms diamond graphite Carbon Compounds Key Concepts . Many properties in terms of melting points . boiling points . electrical . and . mir water . Also . all arc . The ( urban in it ) un ring may be straight , or . In to a single laund , twu atom can turm double bond a bond . If um clement substituted for at Alum in at . in . Many have . fi ' smells . Organic compounds can he linked together to with or cu of atoms . Key terms ) group polymer 3260 Study Guide locus of its ability to combine in many ways with itself and with other elements . urban has a central role in the chemistry at living organisms . Polymers and Composites Key ! I ul ) form when ) link large numbers of in a pattern . Many one or more ' I . You can help reduce . waste by . Key Terms protein aud plastic Life With Carbon Key ( The four classes of organic compounds hy living thing al ' lipids ' acid The energy released by down the body to urry its life . The body uses proteins from fund to build and ( parts and In cull activities . I ( math for , rain , as in your do ! When living they DNA and the it carries to the new . require water . and salts to help the large molecules . Key Terms fatty mu cholesterol ) te nuclei Acid starch DNA RNA lipid

Review and Assessment Target Reading Skill HINT HINT HINT HINT Comparing and Contrasting in your . copy the Venn and nucleic acids . the diagram and a title . A ( Ii in whith the ull i ) i ) in pattern similar in geodesic dome in a . full . A only and is as a . monomer , an . polymer . is we iii polymer . The molecules from which cellulose in are . aunts . is a type of ( iL ' acid . lipid . cellulose . rim . i For Visit corn ?

tide ' repair Reviewing Key Ter Choose the letter of the best answer . Complete the following sentences so that your answers clearly explain the key terms . Methane and acetic are of organic compounds , which . and ' that . and . i ( are ul proteins . which iii . and starch arc . are defined as 10 . is ( monomer Web Site You are writing a feature article on carbon for a chemistry Web site . in your . describe our forms of the element carbon . Include in your descriptions how the carbon arranged and howthe bonds between the carbon atoms other the properties of the substance . Include any helpful illustrations . Assessment Carbon Chapter 327

Review and Assessment Checking Concepts 11 . does dash represent when mitten um ) in a til chain or ring , of atoms ?

12 . What . graphite . and ( have in common ?

13 . How you , i ) in fruit such as it 14 . Nam min that are ( in nature . Tell where . 15 . and are both ' does your treat the ) 16 . and LUI lId the fatty in this that are with hilly acids in oils that liquids . 17 . Relating Cause and Effect What oi the ) it to the such varied array ?

king Cri ally 18 . Applying Concepts hi ) Which an Explain your . in 19 . Making Judgments The plastic rings that hold are tu living things in the ) I . Do you think ) wit ( he allowed to continue using plastic rings ?

what could replace them . 20 . Posing Questions fructose ) 300 . What else do you need to know ' to ( il be ( I ' 3200 Applying Skills Use the following structural formulas to answer Questions . I ' i ( i 21 . Classifying Which type of arc A and ?

in the did you to ' your ?

22 , Observing is the correct subscript for the . in thu ) and it ?

will you tall ?

24 . Would you ' Iu at different properties ?

25 . Problem Solving What lurid would mull ilan organic were ' with A ?

What properties would you the compound in have ?

Assessment yuur data tabla in , along with the labels from which you collected our data . nini nut nutrients that are in all and the found in unit a few .

Choose the letter of the best . I . What kind of molecule is made of a chain of many smaller molecule bonded together ?

A monomer I polymer carbonyl group amino acid . Living organisms are made of molecules consisting largely of the elements hydrogen . nitrogen . oxygen . phosphorus . sulfur , and A calcium . I sodium . carbon . iron . The formula represents an A amino acid . I organic acid . alcohol . ester . I . Material is an organic compound that mixes poorly with water and is highly . OI the following choices , is most likely at A carbohydrate . I ester . alcohol . hydrocarbon . Which of the following is an example of a synthetic polymer ?

A cellulose I protein nylon starch . Th smaller that make up complex carbohydrates are called A sugars . I amino acids . Fatty acids . Standards Practice at use the structural diagrams below and your of science to answer Questions . I I I I I I ?

I ! I I I I I ' I are organic compounds having the same chemical formula , but different structural formulas . Which pair of compounds are ?

A I and I and land . Which structural diagram represents an unsaturated hydrocarbon ?

A I . What is the ratio atoms to hydrogen atoms in the compound represented lvy ?

A Hal 610 I I a 10 . Explain why . lipids . and proteins are important parts of a balanced diet . chapter 319 Chapter ( Atoms and Bonding Atoms of different elements combine to form compounds by gaining , losing , or sharing electrons . How is the reactivity of elements related to valence electrons ?

I How do ions form bonds ?

What holds bonded atoms together ?

How do metal atoms combine ?

Chapter Chemical Reactions TEE . Chemical reactions are processes in which atoms are rearranged into different combinations of molecules . How can you tell when a chemical reaction occurs ?

How is matter conserved during chemical reactions ?

What factors affect the rate of a chemical reaction ?

What are the three things necessary to maintain a fire ?

Chapter Solutions , Acids , and Bases Acids taste sour , turn blue litmus paper red , and produce hydrogen ions ( in water . Bases taste bitter . turn red litmus paper blue . and produce hydroxide ions ( OK ) in water . What are the characteristics of solutions , and suspensions ?

Why is solubility useful in identifying substances ?

What are the properties oi acids and bases ?

What does tell you about a solution ?

Chapter Carbon Chemistry llama . Because of its ability to combine in many ways with itself and with other elements , carbon has a central role in the chemistry of living organisms . What are four forms of pure carbon ?

What are some properties shared by organic compounds ?

What organic compounds are required by living things ?

Bob and Ted are cooking a meal to share with friends . For the side dish . they decide to make a potato dish using a recipe they found in a cookbook . The main ingredients lor the recipe are potatoes , vinegar , and sea salt . As Bob places the potatoes into a pot of cold water . Ted goes to the pantry and takes out the salt . Another name for salt is sodium chloride . because it is a compound made up of sodium ions and chlorine ions . Ted pours the salt into the pot and turns on the stove so that the potatoes can simmer . When raw potatoes are boiled , they become softer because the boiling breaks down the cell membranes , allowing water and carbohydrates to leave . The breaking down of the cell membranes is a chemical reaction . After thirty minutes . Ted drains the potatoes and puts them in a bowl . while Bob gets the vinegar out of the pantry . Vinegar contains acetic acid , which gives it its your taste . They add the vinegar and the rest of the salt to the potatoes and stir . The last ingredient they add is olive oil . Although the oil mixes with the rest of the ingredients , no chemical reaction takes place when it is added . How many valence electrons does a I . Which of the following is a polymer that sodium atom have ?

Chapter ) humans can digest ?

Chapter ) cellulose polyester starch nylon which of the is not a chemical . Summary write a paragraph summarizing reaction ?

Chapter ) the changes that take place while the synthesis decomposition potato recipe is prepared . Which changes replacement conservation of matter are chemical . and which are physical ?

which of the following values would be closest to that of vinegar ?

Chapter ) a . la . 11 14 33 !