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CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Sociology Set 2 with Solutions
Time: 3 Hours.
Max. Marks: 80
General Instructions:
- The question paper is divided into four sections.
- There are 38 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
- Section A includes questions No. 1-20. These are MCQ-type questions. As per the question, there can be one answer.
- Section B includes questions No. 21-29. These are very short answer-type questions carrying 2 marks each. The answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
- Section C includes questions No. 30-35. They are short answer type questions carrying 4 marks each. The answer to each question should not exceed 80 words.
- Section D includes questions No. 36-38. They are long answer type questions carrying 6 marks each. The answer to each question should not exceed 200 words. Question no. 36 is to be answered with the help of the passage given.
Section A (20 Marks)
Question 1.
“Human populations tend to grow at a much faster rate than the rate at which the means of human subsistence can grow. Therefore, humanity is condemned to live in poverty forever because the growth of agricultural production will always be overtaken by population growth.” Which among the following said the above-mentioned statement? [1].
(a) Thomas Robert Malthus
(b) Dudley Kirk
(c) Emile Durkheim
(d) Max Weber
Answer:
(a) Thomas Robert Malthus
Question 2.
The most infamous pandemic was ‘The Spanish Flu’ which affected large parts of the world population and is thought to have killed at least 40 million people in __ [1].
(a) 1874-75
(b) 1893-94
(c) 1918-19
(d) 1931-32
Answer:
(c) 1918-19
Question 3.
Assertion (A) According to the Census of India 2011 still more people are living in rural areas, but the population of urban areas has increased. [1].
Reason (R) About 68.8% population lives in rural areas and 31.2% of people live in urban areas.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and R is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but R is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Answer:
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Question 4.
Which among the following sentences is not correct about social inequality and exclusion? [1].
(a) Social inequality and exclusion are social because they are not about individuals but about groups.
(b) They are social in the sense that they are not economic, although there is usually a strong link between social and economic inequality.
(c) They are systematic and structured there is a definite pattern to social inequalities.
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(d) None of the above
Question 5.
Sociologists use the term social stratification to refer to a system by which categories of people in a society are ranked in a hierarchy. This hierarchy then shapes people’s identities and experiences, their relations with others as well as their access to resources and opportunities. Which among the following statement is not a key principle of social stratification? [1].
(a) Social stratification is a characteristic of society, not simply a function of individual differences.
(b) Social stratification persists over generations.
(c) Social stratification is supported by patterns of belief or ideology.
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(d) None of the above
Question 6.
“A state is a body that successfully claims a monopoly of legitimate force in a particular territory.” Which among the following said this above-mentioned argument?[1].
(a) Max Weber
(b) Herbert Spencer
(c) David Emile Durkheim
(d) Judith Butler
Answer:
(a) Max Weber
Question 7.
Assertion (A) Jewish Americans may be citizens of Israel as well as the USA. Reason (R) Dual citizenship law allows citizens of a particular state to also simultaneously – be citizens of another state. [1].
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and R is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Answer:
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and R is the correct explanation of (A).
Question 8.
The Report of the States Re-organisation Commission (SRC) which was implemented on________, has helped transform the political and institutional structure of India. [1].
(a) 15th August 1950
(b) 26th January 1952
(c) 1st November 1956
(d) 26th November 1956
Answer:
(c) 1st November 1956
Question 9.
Identify the concept that is associated with Sanskritisation. [1].
I. Self-consciousness
II. Modernisation
III. De-Sanskritisation
IV Cultural imitation
(a)I and II
(b)II andIII
(c) II, III, and IV
(d) III and IV
Answer:
(c) II, III, and IV
Question 10.
One kind of emergence of a westernized sub-cultural pattern through a minority section of Indians, who first came in contact with Western culture. [1].
(a) Westernisation
(b) Development
(c) Sanskritisation refers to the
(d) Culture
Answer:
(a) Westernisation
Question 11.
Which journal opposed the practice of polygamy among Muslims while other orthodox Muslims supported it? [1].
(a) Tahsib-e-Niswan
(b) Avian-i-Urdu
(c) Adabi Duniya
(d) Alamgir
Answer:
(a) Tahsib-e-Nissan
Question 12.
Assertion (A) There is a close connection between agriculture and culture. Reason (R) Both the culture and social structure in rural India are closely bound up with agricultural and the agrarian way of life. [1].
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Answer:
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Question 13.
Assertion (A) Green Revolution was a time in which agricultural production increased significantly as a result of new inventions. Reason (R) New technology, seeds, and fertilizers were used during Green Revolution. [1].
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Answer:
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Question 14.
“The kind of agriculture where peasants primarily produce for themselves and are unable to produce for the market.” Which type of agriculture is defined in the above statement? [1].
(a) Subsistence agriculture
(b) Contract farming
(c) Bondage agriculture
(d) Surplus agriculture
Answer:
(a) Subsistence agriculture
Question 15.
An industry defined by the investment of capital mode into it is known as [1]
(a) Large-scale industry
(b) Medium-scale industry
(c) Small-scale industry
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above
Question 16.
The Bombay Textile Strike of____ was led by the trade union leader Dr. Datta Samant.[1].
(a) 1972
(b) 1982
(c) 1928
(d) 1963
Answer:
(b) 1982
Question 17.
Assertion (A) Employment by the government was a major avenue for increasing the well-being of the population, but now even that is coming down. Reason (R) Those who do have regular salaried jobs are becoming more precarious as contract labor becomes more prevalent. [1].
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Answer:
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Question 18.
Which of the following persons propounded Resource Mobilisation Theory? [1].
I. Mancur Olson
II. McCarthy
III. Zald
IV Max Weber
(a)I and II
(b)II andIII
(c) II, III, and IV
(d)I and IV
Answer:
(b) II and III
Question 19.
Which of the concept is associated with Hooligans having their shared understanding of right and wrong? [1].
(a) Morality.
(b) Moral society.
(c) Civilised society.
(d) Moral economy.
Answer:
(d) Moral economy.
Question 20.
Which of the following is an ecological movement? [1].
(a) Chipko Movement.
(b) Guerrilla Movement.
(c) Deccan Riots.
(d) Indian National Movement.
Answer:
(a) Chipko Movement.
Section B (18 Marks)
Question 21.
What is meant by the ‘age structure’ of the population?[2].
Answer:
The age structure of the population refers to the proportion of persons in different age groups relative to the total population. The age structure changes in response to changes in levels of development and the average life expectancy.
Question 22.
What was the main objective of Satyashodhak Samaj? [2].
Answer:
The main objective of Satyashodhak Samaj was to secure human rights and social justice for low-caste people. It was founded by Jyotirao Phule in 1873.
Question 23.
What do you mean by the term ‘social exclusion? [2].
Answer:
Social exclusion refers to ways in which individuals may become cut off from full involvement in the wider society. Social exclusion is not accidental but systematic. It is the result of the structural features of society
Question 24.
The notion of minority groups is widely used in sociology and is more than a merely numerical distinction – it usually involves some sense of relative disadvantage. Thus, privileged minorities such as extremely wealthy people are not usually referred to as minorities. Briefly explain the meaning of ‘privileged minorities’. [2].
Answer:
Privileged minorities refer to a special group of minorities for whom some special provisions have been made. For example, religious minorities like the Parsis or Sikhs may be relatively well-off economically. But they may still be disadvantaged in a cultural sense because of their small numbers relative to the overwhelming majority of Flinders.
Question 25.
Modernization and secularisation are a part of a set of modern ideas. How are the two processes linked? [2].
Answer:
Modernization and secularisation are closely linked as both are part of a set of modern ideas. Modernization refers to an improvement in technology whereas secularisation means wider acceptance of all religions. It has been assumed that modern societies have become increasingly secular.
In short, modernization involves a process of secularisation, it systematically challenges religious institutions’ beliefs and practices. Modernization often leads to changes in attitudes toward religion and the celebration of festivals, changes in ceremonies, taboos, and sacrifices.
Question 26.
Green Revolution was initiated in the 1960s and 1970s mainly in the areas having assured irrigation as the new seeds and methods of cultivation needed a sufficient amount of water. It was mainly targeted at the wheat and rice-growing areas. Mention any two positive consequences of the first phase of the Green Revolution in India. [2].
Answer:
The Green Revolution of the 1960s and 1 970s brought many positive consequences to Indian farmers and agriculture during the first phase. These were:
(i) There was a sharp increase in agricultural productivity due to the introduction of new technology.
(ii) For the first time, India gained self-sufficiency in food grain production.
Question 27.
Discuss the main features of industrialization in the early years of Indian Independence.
OR
Define the term informal/unorganized sector with reference to India. [2].
Answer:
The main features of industrialization in the early years of India’s Independence are as follows:
(i) The first modern industries in India were cotton, jute, coal mines, and railways. After independence, the government took over the commanding heights of the economy which involves defense, power, transport, and communication.
(ii) The government also tried to encourage the small-scale sectors through special incentives and assistance.
(iii) In India’s mixed economic policy, some sectors are reserved for the government while others are for the private sector.
OR
The term unorganized or informal sector consists of small and scattered units that need not be registered with the government. It is the sector where employees may not get proper salaries or wages, pensions, and other social security benefits. In India, over 90% of the workforce comes from the unorganized or informal sector.
Question 28.
Briefly explain the theory of Resource Mobilisation in the context of social movement. [2].
OR
Elaborate on the theory of Collective Action with regard to sociological study.
Answer:
The theory of Resource Mobilisation was proposed by Me Carthy and Mayer Nathan Zald. This theory states that a social movement’s success depends on its ability to mobilize resources or means of different sorts. If a movement can manage resources such as leadership, organizational capacity, and communication facilities and use them within the available political opportunity structure, it is more likely to be effective.
OR
The theory of collective action was proposed by Mancur Olson in the book titled The Logic of Collective Action. He argues that a social movement is an aggregation of rational individuals pursuing their self-interest.
According to this theory, a person becomes a member of a social movement only when he has some benefit from it. In short, people join a social movement to gain maximum benefit from themselves. Olson’s theory is based on the notion of rational utility-maximizing individuals.
Question 29.
Elaborate on the term ecological movement by giving an example. [2]
OR
What are counter-movements? Explain it with examples.
Answer:
The ecological movement is a diverse scientific, social and political movement for addressing environmental issues. The Chipko Movement is an example of the ecological movement in the Himalayan foothills. It not only raised the issue of social inequality between the villagers and the government but also raised the issue of ecological sustainability.
OR
Counter movements mean a social movement opposed to another social movement. Whenever one social movement starts up another group starts a movement to undermine the active group. For example, social movements often arise with the aim of bringing about changes on a public issue such as ensuring the right of the tribal population to use the forests or the rights of displaced people to settlement and compensation.
Section C (24 Marks)
Question 30.
Who was Thomas Robert Malthus? Elaborate on his theory about population growth.
OR
Describe the theory of demographic transition. Why is the transition period associated with a ‘population explosion’? [4].
Answer:
Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834 AD) was an English cleric, scholar, and influential economist in the field of political economy and demography. Malthus’s theory about population growth is outlined in his book Essay on Population (1798). He argued that human populations tend to grow at a much faster rate than the rate at which the means of human subsistence (especially food, but also clothing and other agriculture-based products) can grow.
Therefore, humanity is condemned to live in poverty forever because the growth of agricultural production will always be Overtaken by population growth. Because population growth always outstrips growth in the production of subsistence resources, the only way to increase prosperity is by controlling the growth of the population. He believed that a balance between population growth and food supply can be established through preventive and positive checks.
OR
The theory of demographic transition proposes that population growth is linked to overall levels of economic development and that every society follows a typical pattern of development-related population growth which are as follows:
There are three basic stages of population growth:
(i) Primitive Stage This stage shows low and slow population growth in a society. In this stage, society is underprivileged and technologically backward. The per capita earning capacity of the unskilled society remains meager and minimum as people are involved in meager work. People suffer from malnutrition and ailments resulting in higher death rates.
(ii) Second Stage This is the phase of transition from underdeveloped to developing countries. The birth rate is high due to the presence of the patriarchal society and the death rate is low due to the availability of medical facilities.
(iii) Third Stage This is the stage of low population growth rate in developed countries, where both the birth rate and death rate have been reduced. The birth rate is low due to awareness and high literacy. The death rate is low due to the availability of medical facilities. The transitional stage (second stage), is characterized by the movement from a backward to an advanced stage. In this stage, the population growth rate is very high and death rates are brought down relatively quickly through advanced methods of disease control, public health, and better nutrition. That’s why this stage is associated with a ‘population explosion’.
Question 31.
What is meant by the terms ‘caste’ and ‘varna’? Elaborate on the precise relationship between varna and jati. [4].
Answer:
The term ’caste’ is essentially taken from the Portuguese word ’casta’ which means pure breed. Caste as an institution is uniquely associated with the Indian sub-continent. Although a central aspect of the Hindu society, it has spread itself to major non-Hindu communities especially Muslims, Christians, and Sikhs. It refers to a broad institutional arrangement that is referred to in the Indian languages by two distinct terms, varna and jati.
The word varna literally means color, but it refers to the fourfold division of society into- Brahmana, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra. This term, however, excludes the panchamas or the fifth category which comprises outcastes, foreigners, slaves, conquered people, and others. The precise relationship between varna and jati has been the subject of much speculation and debate among scholars.
The most common interpretation is to treat varna as a broad all-India aggregative classification, while jati is taken to be a regional or local sub-classification involving a much more complex system consisting of hundreds or even thousands of castes and sub-castes. This means that while the four varna classification is common to all of India, the jati hierarchy has more local classifications that vary from region to region.
Question 32.
Who was M.N. Srinivas? Define the meanings of ‘Sanskritisation’ and ‘Dominant Caste’ in the context of Indian societies. [4].
Answer:
Mysore Narasimhachar Srinivas was one of India’s foremost sociologists and social anthropologists. He was known for his works on the caste system and terms such as ‘Sanskritisation’ and ’dominant caste’. ‘Sanskritisation’ refers to a process whereby members of a (usually middle or lower) caste attempt to raise their own social status by adopting the ritual, domestic and social practices of a caste (or castes) of higher status.
‘Dominant caste’ is a term used to refer to those castes which had a large population and were granted land rights by the partial land reforms affected after Independence. The land reforms took away rights from the erstwhile claimants, the upper castes who were ‘absentee landlords’ in the sense that they played no part in the agricultural economy other than claiming their rent.
Question 33.
What is meant by the term ‘Regionalism’? What are the major factors of regionalism in India? [4].
Answer:
Regionalism is a strong feeling of pride or loyalty that people have towards their regions including a desire to govern themselves. There are major factors of regionalism in India as follows:
(i) Regionalism in India is rooted in India’s diversity of languages, cultures, tribes, and religions.
(ii) It is encouraged by the geographical concentration of these identity markers in particular regions and fuelled by a sense of regional deprivation.
(iii) Indian federalism has been a means of accommodating these regional sentiments from presidencies to states. After independence, the Indian state continued with the British-Indian arrangement dividing India into large provinces called presidencies. Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta were the three major presidencies.
(iv) Soon after Independence and the adoption of the Constitution, all these units of the colonial era had to be reorganized into ethnolinguistic states within the Indian union in response to strong popular agitations.
Question 34.
What do you mean by the term Commercialised agriculture with regard to the Indian context also elaborates on the notion of feminization of the agricultural labor force.
OR
What are the major consequences of the commercialization of agriculture in India? Elaborate. [4].
Answer:
Commercialization of agriculture means the production of crops for sale in the market rather than for self-consumption. It began during British rule. This brought a change in home consumption to cultivation for the market. Revolutionary changes occurred in agrarian property relations towards the end of the 18th century. The commercialization of Indian agriculture started post-1813 when the industrial revolution in England gained pace.
Feminization of agricultural labor refers to the process of increasing the participation of women in the agricultural labor force. Their participation does not ensure equal treatment and wages, and women feel insecure as they are paid less for the equal amount of work they carry out in the field. The increasing migration of rural men has led to the feminization of the agriculture sector, with the participation of women in agriculture and allied activities becoming more significant.
OR
The major consequences of the commercialization of agriculture in India are as follows:
(i) The commercialization of agriculture was beneficial to British planters, traders, and manufacturers, who were provided with the opportunity to make huge profits by getting commercialized agricultural products at throwaway prices.
(ii) Indian moneylenders advanced, cash advances to the farmers to cultivate the commercial crops and if the peasants failed to pay them back in time, the land of peasants came under the ownership of moneylenders.
(iii) Commercialisation of agriculture did not encourage the growth of the land market because the major profit of commercialization went to company traders and mediators.
(iv) Commercialisation affected traditional relations between agriculture and industry. In India, traditional relations acted as factors for each other’s development which were hampered.
Question 35.
What are backward classes? Explain backward class movements in India. [4].
Answer:
Backward class people is a collective term used by the government of India, for castes that are economically and socially disadvantaged and face or may have faced discrimination on account of their birth. According to Article 340 of the Indian Constitution, President shall establish a commission to examine the conditions for the improvement of social and backward classes. The backward Classes Movement meant ‘the non-Brahmin Movement’ in its earlier stage.
The notion-Brahmin Movement had two objectives, first, demanding the approval of supplementary concessions and privileges (which would cause discrimination against the Brahmins) to surpass Brahmins in education and social position, and second, achieving self-respect. For example, Self-Respect Movement in Tamil Nadu had been started by E. V. Ramaswamy Naicker. This movement was against Brahmin, North, Hindi, Sanskrit, and anti-God.
Section D (18 Marks)
Question 36.
Untouchability is a pan-Indian phenomenon, although its specific forms and intensity vary considerably across regions and socio-historical contexts. The so-called ‘untouchables’ have been referred to collectively by many names over the centuries. Whatever the specific etymology of these names, they are all derogatory and carry a strongly pejorative charge. In fact, many of them continue to be used as forms of abuse even today, although their use is now a criminal offense. Explain some of the policies designed to address caste inequality in the context of contemporary India. [6].
Answer:
Untouchability is an extreme aspect of the caste system where members of certain castes are considered untouchable by upper castes. The three main dimensions of untouchability i.e. exclusion, humiliation- subordination, and exploitation are equally important in defining the phenomenon of untouchability.
For example, Dalits experience untouchability in different ways in India. They are prohibited from sharing drinking water sources or participating in collective religious worship, social ceremonies, and festivals.
Untouchability is associated with economic exploitation of various kinds, most commonly through the imposition of forced, unpaid (or underpaid) labor or the confiscation of property. There are some policies designed to address caste inequality in the context of contemporary India. At the state level, there are special programs for Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Scheduled Castes (SC). The OBCs have also been added to these special provisions.
Some laws passed to end, prohibit and punish caste discrimination are:
(i) Caste Disabilities Removal Act of 1850, disallowed the curtailment of the rights of citizens due solely to a change of religion or caste. It allowed entry of Dalits to government schools.
(ii) Constitution Amendment (93rd Amendment) Act of 2005, for introducing reservation for OBCs in institutions of higher education.
(iii) Scheduled castes and Scheduled tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act of 1989, to abolish untouchability (Article 17) and introduced reservation provisions.
(iv) Prevention of Atrocities of 1 989 Act revised and strengthened the legal provisions against Dalits and Adivasis.
Question 37.
Study the diagram given below and answer the following questions [6].
(a) Define the term primary, secondary and tertiary sectors.
(b) According to 2018-2019, how many people were employed in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors?
(c) In the year 2018-19, how many percent of workers were enrolled in self-employment and casual wage labor?
Answer:
(a) The primary sector of the economy includes any industry involved in the extraction and production of raw materials, such as farming, logging, fishing, forestry, and mining. In the Primary sector of the economy, activities are undertaken by directly using natural resources. Agriculture, Mining, Fishing, Forestry, Dairy, etc. are some examples of this sector. The secondary sector of the economy includes the industries where finished products are made from natural materials produced in the primary sector.
Industrial production, cotton fabric, sugarcane production, etc. activities come under this sector. The tertiary sector of the economy is also known as the service sector. This sector’s activities help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors. By itself, economic activities in the tertiary sector do not produce goods, but they are an aid or support for production.
(b) In India, in 2018-19, nearly 43% were employed in the primary sector (agriculture and mining), 17% in the secondary sector (manufacturing, construction, and utilities), and 32% in the tertiary sector (trade, transport, financial services, etc.)
(c) In India, in 2018-19 the percentage of workers enrolled was about 52% in self-employment and about 24 % in casual wage labor.
Question 38.
What is industrialisation? How did British industrialisation lead to de-industrialisation and urbanisation in India? [6].
OR
Colonialism in India introduced a wide array of changes in every sphere. Explain.
Answer:
Industrialization refers to the emergence of machine production, based on the use of inanimate power resources like steam or electricity. British industrialization brought about radical changes in the Indian economy.
There were changes not only in the field of the economy but also in other aspects of Indian society. De-industrialization and urbanization are the two important changes that were also the products of British industrialization in India. They are discussed as follows:
De-industrialization
(i) Some sectors of the Indian economy underwent de-industrialization due to the industrial policies of the Britishers in India. Indian silk and cotton fabrics could not compete with the Manchester products. Therefore, there was a heavy blow to the domestic as well as the international market of Indian cotton and silk textiles. Thus, these industries were adversely affected.
(ii) Similarly, the village industries were more or less destroyed, as their products could not compete with the cheap imports of machine-made goods from Europe.
Urbanization
(i) British industrial policy in India led to the decline of many towns and cities, but at the same time, it also facilitated urbanization in some parts of India. Since the main purpose of the Britishers was to earn maximum gain and benefit, they developed coastal cities like Chennai, Mumbai, and Kolkata to facilitate different types of exports and imports.
(ii) Besides, they also developed Fort William for defense purposes. They also developed towns and cities which had spacious bungalows, apartment houses, well-planned streets, and recreational facilities.
OR
Colonialism introduced a wide range of changes in every sphere is it legal or cultural or architectural. British colonialism brought about a wide range of changes in society. The contradiction between the modern and liberal ideas of the West and their absence in colonized India brought many social changes. Almost every aspect of human life was affected in India. Some of the areas in which the influence of colonialism can be seen are as follows:
Law System Indian legal and police system is based on the British model. Besides, Britishers brought laws such as the Forest Acts and Transport of Native Labourers Act which affected the lives of pastoralists, laborers, and people in general. Architecture It was also influenced by the Britishers. They developed towns in India that had spacious bungalows, elegant apartment houses, planned streets, and trees on both the houses of the street.
Culture It is a way of life and British colonialism has deeply affected Indian cultural life. The English language is widely used in India and it is a doorway to various opportunities. Roadside eateries and canteens also have bread omelets and cutlets on their menu. We are also habitual to driving on the left side of the road like the British.
Education Indian education system is mostly based on the British model. India also has a great number of literary writings in English. Political System Indian parliamentary system functions are more or less similar to that of the British. Our Constitution also has the influence of the British system.