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CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Sociology Set 1 with Solutions
Time: 3 Hours.
Max. Marks: 80
General Instructions:
- The question paper is divided into four sections.
- There are 38 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
- Section A includes questions No. 1-20. These are MCQ-type questions. As per the question, there can be one answer.
- Section B includes questions No. 21-29. These are very short answer-type questions carrying 2 marks each. The answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
- Section C includes questions No. 30-35. They are short answer type questions carrying 4 marks each. The answer to each question should not exceed 80 words.
- Section D includes questions No. 36-38. They are long answer type questions carrying 6 marks each. The answer to each question should not exceed 200 words. Question no. 36 is to be answered with the help of the passage given.
Section A (20 Marks)
Question 1.
“Famines were also a major and recurring source of increased mortality.” Which of the following is not a cause of famines? [1].
(a) Continuing poverty and malnutrition in an agro-climatic environment.
(b) Inadequate means of transport and communication.
(c) Failure of entitlements
(d) Increasing birth rates
Answer:
(d) Increasing birth rates
Question 2.
Assertion (A) The Population Pyramid shows a bulge in the middle age groups, due to the opportunity provided by the demographic structure. Reason (R) This is due to the high birth rate in the middle age groups. [1].
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Answer:
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
Question 3.
The interaction of the tribal communities with the mainstream has generally been on terms unfavorable to the tribals. Many tribal identities today are centered on ideas of_______ to the overwhelming force of the non-tribal world. [1].
(a) Resistance and cooperation.
(b) Cooperation and opposition.
(c) Resistance and opposition.
(d) Movement and opposition.
Answer:
(c) Resistance and opposition.
Question 4.
Assertion (A) Tribes are pristine societies uncontaminated by civilization. Reason (R) Tribes should really be seen as ‘secondary’ phenomena arising out of the exploitative and colonialist contact between pre-existing states and non-state groups like the tribals. [1].
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Answer:
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Question 5.
Which of the following makes the Dominant Castes dominant? [1].
I. Small population
II. Land rights
III. Intermediate caste
IV Decisive role in regional politics
(a)I and II
(b)I and III
(c) II, III, and IV
(d)I and IV
Answer:
(c) II, III, and IV
Question 6.
The _________ family is often seen as symptomatic of India. [1].
(a) Nuclear.
(b) Patriarchal.
(c) Patrilineal.
(d) Extended.
Answer:
(d) Extended.
Question 7.
The person who is refused a job because of his/her caste may be told that he/she was less qualified than others and the selection was done purely on merit. This is an example of [1].
(a) Discrimination.
(b) Social stratification.
(c) Egalitarianism.
(d) Stereotype.
Answer:
(a) Discrimination.
Question 8.
A person from a well-off family can afford expensive higher education. Someone with influential relatives and friends may through access to good advice, recommendations, or information management get a well-paid job. Which of the following is true in the given context? [1].
I. There are multiple forms of capital.
II. Different forms of capital cannot be converted into the other.
III. The forms of capital overlap.
(a)I is false.
(b)I andII are true.
(c)I andIII are true.
(d) I,II andIII are true.
Answer:
(c) I and III are true.
Question 9.
Historically, states have tried to establish and enhance their political legitimacy through nation-building strategies. They sought to secure _____the loyalty and obedience of their citizens through policies of assimilation or integration. Attaining these objectives was not easy, especially in a context of cultural diversity where citizens, in addition to their identifications with their country, might also feel a strong sense of identity with their community- ethnic, religious, linguistic, and so on. Two nation-building strategies used were [1].
(a) Assimilation and Integration.
(b) Assimilation and Sanskritisation.
(c) Integration and Sanskritisation.
(d) Westernisation and Sanskritisation.
Answer:
(a) Assimilation and Integration.
Question 10.
The challenge is in reinvigorating India’s commitment to practices. [1].
(a) Pluralism.
(b) Institutional accommodation.
(c) Conflict resolution through democratic means.
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.
Question 11.
While a few villages are totally absorbed in the process of expansion, only the land of many others, excluding the inhabited area, is used for urban development_______ The growth of the third type of urban impact on the surrounding villages. [1].
(a) metropolitan.
(b) small.
(c) ghetto cities account for.
(d) Heritage.
Answer:
(a) metropolitan.
Question 12.
With the growth of the 20th century, there was an attempt in several Indian languages to drop Sanskrit words and phrases. [1].
(a) Brahminical.
(b) Anti-Brahminical.
(c) Women’s movement.
(d) Tribal.
Answer:
(b) Anti-Brahminical.
Question 13.
Which of the following is not a result of contract farming? [1].
(a) It disengages many people from the production process.
(b) Makes their own indigenous knowledge of agriculture irrelevant.
(c) It is ecologically sustainable.
(d) Caters primarily to the production of elite items.
Answer:
(c) It is ecologically sustainable.
Question 14.
Assertion (A) Members of low-ranked caste groups had to provide labor for a fixed number of days per year to the village zamindar. Reason (R) Lack of resources and dependence on the landed caste for economic and social support meant that many working poor were tied to landowners in hereditary labor relationships. [1].
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Answer:
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Question 15.
Women are also emerging as the main source of agricultural labor leading to__________ labor force. [1].
(a) Feminisation of agriculture.
(b) Womanisation of agriculture.
(c) Reformation of agriculture.
(d) Restoration of agriculture.
Answer:
(a) Feminisation of agriculture.
Question 16.
“The spate of farmer’s suicides that has been occurring in different parts of the country since 1997-98 can be linked to the ‘agrarian distress’ caused by structural changes in agriculture and changes in economic and agricultural policies.” Which of the following is not a reason for agrarian distress? [1].
(a) Changed cropping pattern.
(b) Changing patterns of landholdings.
(c) Heavy migration to cities.
(d) Shift to cash crops.
Answer:
(c) Heavy migration to cities.
Question 17.
In outsourcing, work is allocated by_______ countries to __________ countries. [1].
(a) developed, developing
(b) underdeveloped, developed
(c) developing, underdeveloped
(d) developing, developed
Answer:
(a) developed, developing.
Question 18.
Assertion (A) Earlier architects and engineers had to be skilled draughtsmen, now the computer does a lot of the work for them. Reason (R) The use of machinery deskills workers. [1].
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Answer:
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Question 19.
‘Stand Up India Scheme’ and ‘Make in India’ are programs that will help realize the [1].
(a) benefits of a high dependency ratio.
(b) demographic dividend.
(c) the benefit of a high death rate.
(d) the benefit of a high fertility rate.
Answer:
(b) demographic dividend.
Question 20.
Assertion (A) In Modern Foods, 60% of the workers were forced to retire in the first five years. Reason (R) This was due to complacency at work. [1].
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but {R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Answer:
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
Section B (18 Marks)
Question 21.
The growth rate of India in the decade 1911-21, exhibited a diverse pattern. State two reasons. [2].
Answer:
The growth rate of India in the decade 1911-21 exhibited diverse patterns this was due to
(i) Negative growth rate of -0.03%
(ii) Lower growth rate was recorded due to the 1918-19 influenza epidemic which killed about 12.5 million persons of the total population of the country.
Question 22.
Not all of the changes in Social Institutions brought about by the British were intended or deliberate. Give an example to justify the statement. [2].
Answer:
The given statement is true that not all of the changes that occurred in the caste system within the colonial period were deliberate or intended. It is because the British administrators initially began to understand the complexities of the caste system in an effort to learn a way to efficiently govern the country. This learning included methodical and intensive surveys as well as reports on the customs and manner of the tribes and castes of the country.
Intervention by the colonial states had a huge impact on the institution of caste through the land revenue system. For example, the land revenue settlements and related arrangements as well as laws gave legal recognition to the customary caste-based rights of the upper castes making them land owners in a modern sense.
Question 23.
“In both English and Indian fictional writings, we often encounter an entire group of people classified as ‘lazy’ or ‘cunning’.” What are the problems with such a classification? [2].
OR
“In all regions of the world persons with disabilities face attitudinal barriers, including prejudice, low expectations, and even fear. Negative attitudes about disability impact all aspects of the lives of persons with disabilities, including the ability to access education, participate in non-exploitative work, live where and with whom one chooses, marry and start a family and move about freely within the community.” Suggest any two ways by which an attitudinal change can be brought about to remedy the conditions of people with disabilities.
Answer:
The problems with classifications based on the given statement are as follows:
(i) Even though it is a general statement, it is not necessarily true for every individual in the group.
(ii) Even for individuals who may be categorized under such statements, situations may vary where they might be lazy or hardworking which generic statements do not take into account.
OR
Two ways in which an attitudinal change can be brought about to remedy the condition of people with disabilities is given are as follows:
(i) Efforts need to be made to increase awareness among the general population.
(ii) Our infrastructure needs to be able to support the growth and development of children with special needs.
Question 24.
“Every human being needs a sense of stable identity to operate in this world. Questions like — Who am I? How am I different from others? How do others understand and comprehend me? What goals and aspirations should have?- constantly crop up in our life right from childhood.” How are these questions answered? [2].
OR
The state is indeed a very crucial institution when it comes to the management of cultural diversity in a nation. How?
Answer:
These questions will be answered depending on the nature of our socialization. Socialization is the process of continuous dialogue, negotiation, and even struggle against such as set societal norms, values, and institutions. Socialization builds our social understanding and builds our relationship with the rest of the world. We View the world on the basis of the values we have grown up practicing or learning.
OR
The state plays a very crucial role in the management of cultural diversity in the following ways:
(i) Collective efforts led by the state need to be made in order to end the cultural exclusion of diverse groups.
(ii) State must be able to build multiple and complementary identities.
(iii) Responsive policies provide a framework and structure to build a nation based on diversity and unity.
Question 25.
What is the difference between assimilationist and integrationist policies? [2].
Answer:
Assimilationist Policies Policies that promote assimilation are aimed at persuading, encouraging, or forcing all citizens to adopt a uniform set of cultural values and norms. These values and norms are largely those of the dominant social group. Other, non-dominant or sub-ordinate groups in society are expected or required to give up their own cultural values and adopt the prescribed one.
Integrationist Policies Policies promoting integration are different in style, but not in an overall objective, they insist that the public culture be restricted to a common national pattern, while all ‘non-national’ cultures are to be relegated to the private sphere. In this case, too, there is the danger of the dominant group’s culture being treated as a ‘national’ culture
Question 26.
Using the example of Kumud Parade, show how the process of Sanskritisation is gendered. [2].
Answer:
Sanskritisation refers to a process whereby members of a (usually middle or lower) caste attempt to improve their own social status by adopting the ritual, domestic and social practices of higher status. The example of Kumud Pawde, one can see in her autobiography as recounts now a Dalit woman became a Sanskrit Teacher.
The double discrimination of being a Dalit and a woman restrict a woman’s social mobility. She is not only dominated by the upper caste against her low caste but she is also dominated by men of her own caste due to the patriarchal set-up. Thus, the process of Sanskritisation is equally gendered.
Question 27.
What was unique about the social reform movements of the 19th century? [2].
Answer:
The social reform movements of the 19th century were unique in several ways. Some of the important features are as follows:
(i) It challenged colonial rule in India and brought changes in social practices that discriminated against women and lower castes.
(ii) The social reforms of the 1 9th century were characterized by modernity and mixed ideas. It was a creative combination of modern liberal ideas of the West and the newly perceived traditional literature.
(iii) These movements were to purify and rediscover an Indian civilization that would be conformant to the European ideals of rationalism, monotheism, and individualism.
Question 28.
Differentiate between the Zamindari system and the Ryotwari system with regard to the consequence on agricultural prosperity. [2].
Answer:
With regard to the consequences on agricultural prosperity, the Zamindari and Ryotwari systems can be differentiated in the following ways
| Zamindari System | Ryotwari System |
| The Zamindari system was introduced by Cornwallis in 1793 through the Permanent Settlement Act. |
The Ryotwari system was introduced by Thomas Land revenue system. Munro in 1820, was the |
| Under this system, zamindars were recognized as the owner of the land and were given the right to collect the rent from peasants. | handed over the peasants and the British government collected taxes directly from the peasants. Under this system, ownership rights were |
| The exploitation of land and labor, high taxes, and no development in the agricultural fields led to an overall stagnation of agricultural produce and prosperity. | Cultivators had more incentive to invest in agriculture which resulted in the areas being relatively more productive as compared to those under the zamindari system. |
Question 29.
“In places like Bengaluru, Hyderabad and Gurugram, where many firms or call centers are located, shops and restaurants have also changed their opening hours and are open late.” Give reasons. [2].
OR
Industrial Society is characterized by alienation. How?
Answer:
The late hours of IT cities such as Gurugram or Bengaluru and Hyderabad are due to several reasons. Some of them include:
(i) Overtime as a Culture of IT Work It is an inbuilt function of the industry that seeks to increase productivity with every minute of the day. In order to meet the deadlines and sometimes finish even before the deadline is expected out of employees and thus they end up extending their work hours.
(ii) The Hoax of Flexible Time Overtime is also normalized by creating an illusion of freedom to choose individual work hours, but the practice is that workers end up working for as long as is needed to finish the assignment.
OR
According to Karl Marx, Alienation is a condition in industrial societies wherein a person is disconnected from the product he/she is producing. For them, work is something that they have to do only in order to survive. For laborers, industrialization involves a detailed division of labor in which people do not see the end result of the production process as they are producing only one small part of a product.
Also, their work is repetitive and exhausting. Yet for them, this work is better than being unemployed. This leads to alienation for people, who don’t enjoy their work and see it as something they have to do in order to survive and even that survival depends on whether the technology has room for any human labor.
Section C (24 Marks)
Question 30.
In the context of identities, why did tribal societies get more and more differentiated? [4].
OR
One of the most significant yet paradoxical changes in the caste system in the contemporary period is that it has tended to become ‘invisible’ for the upper caste, urban middle, and upper classes. Elaborate.
Answer:
Two broad sets of issues have been most important in giving rise to tribal movements.
(i) The control over vital economic resources like land and especially forests.
(ii) Issues relating to matters of ethnic-cultural identity.
The two can often go together, but with the internal differentiation of tribal society, they may also diverge. The reasons why the middle classes within tribal societies may assert their tribal identity may be different from the reasons why poor and uneducated tribals join tribal movements. Ultimately, the relationship between these kinds of internal dynamics and external forces will shape the future.
OR
One of the most significant changes in the caste system is that it was becoming invisible for the upper caste, urban middle, and upper classes because they have benefitted the most from the development policies. On the contrary, their caste status ensures that these groups have the economic and educational resources to take advantage of the opportunities offered by rapid development.
They were able to take advantage of the following:
(i) subsidized education especially professional education in science, technology, medicine, and management.
(ii) Expansion of state sector jobs in early decades after independence. Their superiority ensured that they did not face any serious competition. As this privilege was passed to their future generations, they came to believe that their advancement was not related to caste. The matter is further complicated by the fact that such a privilege was not enjoyed by every upper-caste person.
On the other hand, for the SCs and STs, caste has been more visible eclipsing other dimensions of their identity. Because of their lack of education, and social capital as well as the fact that they must face competition, they cannot lose their caste identity which is the only thing that the world recognizes.
Question 31.
Why is it hard to define a nation? [4].
Answer:
A nation is a peculiar sort of community that is easy to describe, but hard to define because many specific nations are founded on the basis of common cultural, historical, and political institutions like a shared religion, language, ethnicity, history, or regional culture which can be described. But it is hard to define the features and characteristics that a nation possesses. For example, there are many nations that do not share a single common language, religion, ethnicity, and so on.
On the other hand, there are many languages, religions, and ethnicities that are shared across nations. Thus, the nation is a community that has been able to acquire a state of its own. It is also seen that states are finding it more and more necessary to claim that they represent a nation. A feature of the modern era is the establishment of democracy and nationalism as dominant sources of political legitimacy.
Question 32.
How are capitalism and colonialism linked? [4].
Answer:
Capitalism and colonialism are linked because British colonialism was based on a capitalist system that directly interfered to ensure the greatest profit and benefit to British capitalism. Every policy was aimed at strengthening and expanding British capitalism. Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and organized to accumulate profits within a market system.
Western colonialism was inextricably connected to the growth of Western capitalism which became a dominant economic system. This had a lasting impact on the way capitalism developed in a colonized country like India.
Question 33.
How did the Land Ceiling Act prove to be toothless in most of the states? [4].
Answer:
Land Ceiling Act proved to be toothless in most of the states due to the following reasons:
(i) Land Ceiling Act imposed an upper limit on the amount of land that can be owned by a particular family.
(ii) Possession of surplus land (above the ceiling limit) held by each household and redistribute to landless families.
(iii) The ceiling varies from region to region, depending on the kind of land its productivity, and other such factors.
(iv) In most cases landowners managed to divide the land among relatives and others, including servants, in so-called Benami transfers.
(v) In some places some rich farmers actually divorced their wives (but continued to live with them) in order to avoid the provisions of the Land Ceiling Act, which allowed a separate share for unmarried women, but not for wives.
Question 34.
“The more mechanized an industry gets, the fewer people are employed.’’ Explain with a suitable example.
OR
Mahatma Gandhi saw mechanization as a danger to employees. Explain. [4].
Answer:
The more mechanized an industry gets, the fewer people are employed however they have to work at the pace of the machine. While production has gone up, the number of permanent jobs in the factory has gone down. The firm has outsourced all services like cleaning, and security, as well as the manufacture of parts.
Outsourcing and just-in-time keep costs low for the company, but the workers are very tense because if the supplies fail to arrive, their production targets get delayed, and when they do arrive they have to run to 4 keep up. Thus, they get exhausted and leave their jobs.
For example, the fear of high mechanization and low labor employment came to the front in the case of Maruti Udyog Ltd. In Maruti Udyog Ltd. two cars roll off the assembly line every minute. Workers get only 45 minutes of rest in the entire day. Two tea breaks of 7.5 minutes each and one lunch break of half an hour. Most of them are exhausted by the age of 40 and take voluntary retirement.
OR
Mahatma Gandhi saw mechanization as a danger to employment because machines help to increase production but it also creates a danger that eventually machines will replace workers. He was critical of machines because they left thousands of people without work. He wanted to use machines with the help of labor and not to make him unemployed.
He opposed the craze of those industrialists who called labor-saving machinery. He objected to the craze for machinery, not machinery as such. The craze is for what they call labor-saving machinery.
Question 35.
Differentiate between old and new social movements. [4].
Answer:
The difference between old and new social movements are as follows:
| Old Social Movements | New Social Movements |
| The old social movements clearly saw the reorganization of power relations as a central goal. | The new social movements were not about changing the distribution of power in society but about, quality-of-life issues such as having a clean environment. |
| The old social movements functioned within the frame of political parties. | The new social movements not only include political but also non-political formations such as non-governmental organizations, women’s groups, environmental groups, and tribal activists. |
| It is restricted to certain regions/nations. | It is international in scope. |
| Indian National Congress led the Indian National Movement and the Communist Party of China led the Chinese Revolution are examples of the old social movement. | Ecological movements like the Chipko movement and the anti-nuclear movement are examples of the new social movement. |
Section D (18 Marks)
Question 36.
“_____The contractor’s men who were traveling to Reni from Joshimath stopped the bus shortly before Reni. Skirting the village, they made for the forest. A small girl who spied on the workers with their implements rushed to Gaura Devi, the head of the village Mahila Mandal (Women’s Club). Gaura Devi quickly mobilized the other housewives and went to the forest.
Pleading with the laborers not to start felling operations, the women initially met with abuse and threats. When the women refused to budge, the men were eventually forced to retire.” How are environmental movements also about economics and identity issues? Elaborate, [6].
Answer:
Environmental movements often also contain economic and identity issues because these are questioning the modern view of development based on the unchecked use of natural resources and greater exploitation of natural resources.
These movements are not just about environmental protection, they are also about fighting for economic and identity issues, There are following examples that interlink both the economic and identity issues with the environmental movements:
(ii) In the Jharkhand movement, tribals opposed the acquisition of land for large irrigation projects and boycotted the nationalization of forest produce. One of the key issues is the alienation of tribals from forest lands. Thus, in this case, environmental movements are associated with the identity of tribals.
Question 37.
The Declining Sex Ratio in India, 1901-2011
| Year | Sex ratio tall age groups) | Variation over the previous decade | Child Sex ratio (0-6 years) | Variation over the previous decade |
| 1901 | 972 | – | – | – |
| 1911 | 964 | -8 | – | – |
| 1921 | 955 | -9 | – | – |
| 1931 | 950 | -5 | – | – |
| 1941 | 945 | -5 | – | – |
| 1951 | 946 | + 1 | – | – |
| 1961 | 941 | -5 | 976 | – |
| 1971 | 930 | -11 | 964 | -12 |
| 1981 | 934 | +4 | 962 | -2 |
| 1991 | 927 | -7 | 945 | -17 |
| 2001 | 933 | +6 | 927 | -18 |
| 2011 | 943 | + 10 | 919 | -8 |
(a) Give reasons for the declining sex ratio.
(b) In your opinion, what steps should be taken to deal with this bias against the girl-child? [6].
Answer:
(a) There are several reasons for the decline in the sex ratio some of which includes:
(i) Preference for sons
(ii) Raising women is considered a wasteful investment as they have to get married ultimately.
(iii) Girl marriage is considered a burden due to the prevalence of the dowry system.
(b) Necessary steps need to be taken in order to fight the bias against girl children which can include the following steps:
(i) Education needs to become the agent of spreading progressive, gender-neutral, and women empowering.
(ii) Efforts towards the prevention of infanticides and foeticides have to be scaled up.
Question 38.
Elaborate on state and non-state initiatives addressing caste and tribal discrimination. [6].
OR
What are the major concerns for the Adivasis today?
Answer:
There have been several state and non-state initiatives to address caste and tribal discrimination. Some of them are as follows: State initiatives
(i) The constitution has special provisions and programs aimed at the social and economic upliftment of ‘Schedule tribes’ and ‘Schedule castes’.
(ii) The state’s policy of reservation aims at reserving some seats in public educational institutions and workspaces so as to ensure their representation. The 93rd Amendment Act brought Other Backward Classes under the purview of reservation.
(iii) The Caste Disabilities Removal Act, of 1850 disallowed the curtailment of the rights of citizens on the basis of religion and or caste.
(iv) Article 17 of the Indian constitution abolished untouchability and introduced the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989.
Non-State Initiatives
(i) Leaders and educationists such as Periyar, Jyotiba Phule, Savitri Phule, Babasaheb Ambedkar, lyotheedas led social reform movements aimed at increasing education, literacy, and access of the so-called low castes and women.
(ii) Ambedkar called for a complete annihilation of caste and believed that only a complete wiping out of the rigid social system can ensure and overall development of the country.
(iii) Political organizations such as Bahujan Samajwadi Party in Uttar Pradesh, and Dalit Sangharsh Samiti in Karnataka helped in creating a space in terms of political representation of Dalits. These organizations have been able to coordinate a national upliftment of Dalits in terms of political representation.
(iv) Dalit literature has grown manifolds and so has the readership. In addition to this, Dalit scholars have made their marks in various other literary fields – all of which were once systematically kept out of their reach including Sanskrit, Marathi, Kannada, and Tamil. Telugu and Hindi.
OR
As opposed to the beliefs of founding members of modern India, the social issues surrounding caste and tribal discrimination still haven’t found amicable solutions. Even today, Adivasis continue to face discrimination and social exclusion at the hands of the larger society.
Some of their major concerns about Adivasis today are as follows:
(i) The government monopoly over forests continued and the exploitation of forests accelerated.
(ii) The policy of capital-intensive industrialization adopted by the Indian government required mineral resources and power-generation capacities which were concentrated in Adivasi areas.
(iii) Adivasi lands were rapidly acquired for new mining and dam projects. In the process, millions of Adivasis were displaced without any appropriate compensation or rehabilitation.
(iv) The projects such as the Sardar Sarovar dam on the river Narmada in Western India and the Polavaram dam on the river Godavari in Andhra Pradesh displace hundreds of thousands of Adivasis, driving them to greater destitution.
(v) These processes continue to prevail and have become even more powerful since the 1990s when economic liberalization policies were officially adopted by the Indian government. It is now easier for corporate firms to acquire large areas of land by displacing Adivasis.
(vi) In spite of the heavy odds against them and in the face of their marginalization, many tribal groups have been waging struggles against outsiders (called ‘dikes’) and the state.
(vii) In post-Independence India, the most significant achievements of Adivasi movements include the attainment of statehood for Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh, which were originally part of Bihar and Madhya Pradesh respectively.